Water purification by foaming in a bubble column is a major challenge for research. It lead s to the development of innovative airlift column operated under depression. Sea water clarification by bubble column is well documented, but for freshwater remains insufficiently studied. Extraction of suspended clay particles in freshwater is carried out in an airlift column. The system used is under depression and operates in a closed circuit , thanks to a recirculation tank. Methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) and soluble casein are used as surfactants to allow extraction. Clay used is fine and ultra-ventilated and a turbidimeter is used to measure turbidity. This study showed that the combined use of methyl isobutyl carbinol and casein in the airlift column makes it possible to completely clarify water loaded with clay particles. A turbidity of less than 1 NTU is obtained after 30 minutes of extraction.
Suspended solid particles extraction in a liquid by the air flotation technique dispersed through airlift columns is a very promising water treatment technique. Several studies have highlighted the exceptional abilities of this technique [
Analysis of foams formed in polluted fish farming waters revealed that organic proteins present in these waters, play a leading role in the concentration of suspended solid particle [
The first studies of solid-liquid separations focused on the foaming extraction of dissolved proteins using airlift columns. The principle is to generate a foam through an air bubbling mechanism in a protein solution [
As solid particles in suspensions are hydrophilic, it’s accepted that protein surfactants as well as polysaccharides which are at the origin of foam formation, transform the hydrophilic interface of these particles into a hydrophobic interface. As a result of this interface transformation, hydrophobic-interface particles become adsorbent to the air bubble interface and thus allow their separation by foaming [
For sea water clarification, the process does not require the use of surface-active substances, but for the clarification of freshwaters, it is essential to use surface-active products in order to ensure solid-liquid separation by airlift. Vacuum airlift column is an innovation of the Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics of the INSA-Lyon and of the French Research Institute for the Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER). The vacuum airlift technique has the advantage of being simple and economical.
Barrut et al. [
Thus, in the context of this study, two surfactant substances are combined to ensure the clarification of water loaded with fine ultra-ventilated clay particles suspended in ordinary water. The first one is soluble casein, a molecule extracted from milk, which was tested in the framework of the solid-liquid separation by bubble column by Suzuki and Maryuama [
The study we present in this paper aims to highlight the capabilities of a vacuum bubble column to be able to ensure the function of solid-liquid separation in fresh water using surfactants. To our knowledge, there are no other studies on the capabilities of a vacuum bubble column to provide the foaming-frothing function in freshwater. This study aims to fill this gap.
The experimental device is shown in
The different components for the airlift are:
• Two concentric vertical tubes equipped with pressure taps.
• A column base consisting of a square bottom containing the bubble diffusers and connected to the raceway via two PVC pipes.
• A column cone shaped head for retrieving the formed foam enriched with solid particles.
• A plexiglass crop tray connected to the cone by a flexible pipe.
The recirculation raceway is made of transparent PVC. The liquid effluent is first spilled into this raceway before it passes through the column. The tank has a 104 liters capacity and is connected to the base of the vacuum column by two 50 mm PVC pipe. The inlet pipe to the column is connected to the inner tube of the airlift column and the return pipe to the tank is connected to the outer tube of the airlift. A BUSH brand vacuum pump connected to the column through the harvest tray allows putting the column under depression, to ensure the harvest of suspended particles as part of the solid-liquid separation.
The measurement instrumentation consists of an ultrasonic flow meter mounted on the pipes connecting the raceway to the base of the column; a mass flow meter and a monometer for pressurized air measurements upstream of the column.
The air injection system consists of fine circuit and fine ceramic bubble diffusers. For air injection experiments in the column, the diffusers are connected to the laboratory compressed air supply. This compressed air passes through an oiling filter to get rid of its oil. In the process of evaluating the solid-liquid separation of the depression column, the experimental device consists of an air column under vacuum, thus measuring instruments specific to the separation function:
• One turbidity meter;
• A scale for measuring the mass of clay and casein;
• A blood pressure meter for measuring the surface tension of the liquid;
• A heated electrical stirrer for the preparation of the casein solution.
A turbidity meter is used to measure turbidity. The device used is PCE-TUM 20 characterized by an optical structure allowing it to read low values of turbidities (0.00 NTU) as well as high values up to 1000 NTU. The unit of measurement adopted is the nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU). The calibration of the apparatus is carried out with two standard solutions supplied with the apparatus, including a standard solution of 0 NTU and a standard solution of 100 NTU.
In this experimental study, two surfactants are used to ensure the solid-liquid separation function of the airlift under depression. The first one is 4-Methyl-2-pentanol (C6H14O), methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC), it is an organic anionic surfactant and an alcohol used in the synthesis of corrosive additives for lubricants, paint or fine chemistry with a molar mass of 102.174 g∙mol−1and density is 0.8075 g∙cm−3. At ambient temperature, it is a low viscosity, colorless and irritating liquid. Its toxicity level is 2.6 g∙kg−1 for rats and 359 mg∙l−1 for fish. It should be noted that MIBC is very biodegradable, it decomposes to 94% in 20 days in the open air.
The second surfactant is casein, a natural protein extracted from milk. Proteins have characteristic functional properties regardless of their origin, plant (wheat, soy) or animal (milk). Casein derivatives are used as emulsifiers and foaming agents in many food systems. Its toxicity is very low, it is toxic beyond 1.103 g∙kg−1 for rats. An emulsifier normally acts as a surface active agent and allows the miscibility of two dissimilar liquids. Their emulsifying action is the result of a simultaneous presence in the molecule, of groups that attract oil (hydrophobic groups) and groups that attract water (hydrophilic groups). Their actions as emulsifying and stabilizing agents of emulsions are manifested by the reduction of surface tension due to the adsorption of emulsifiers to the water/oil interface and by extending their hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions in the aqueous or oil/air phases, respectively. This action is all the more important since the molecule is linear and has a high adsorption value. A high concentration of emulsifying agent is required to form a viscous layer that allows for good stabilization of emulsions, stabilization of dispersions by decreasing the total free surface energy that limits coalescence and flocculation.
Once dissolved in the liquid phase, the proteins will gather at the gas-liquid interface, forming a mesh that will help stabilize the foam. In addition, the bubbles will begin to adopt a polyhedral shape, creating a flat strip at the intersection that will serve as a drainage channel. If the slats are broken the bubbles will coalesce and the suspended solids will gather at the interface of the new formed bubble.
Extraction of clay particles in suspension is carried out with a mixture of fresh water and ultra-ventilated green clay with20 µm particles. The procedure of the solid-liquid separation process is made in four steps presented below.
In order to quantify the effect of these substances on liquid properties, surface tension measurements of the aqueous solution were carried out using the Kibron tensiometer. The results obtained are summarized in
• Step 1: 104 liters of water are introduced into the experimental device added with 9.6 g of green clay. The mixture is initially stirred manually and thereafter, the column is started to ensure the homogenization of the clay with all the water contained in the base of the column and the raceway during five minutes with an air flow of 20 l∙min−1;
Solution | Surface tension |
---|---|
Water | 72.20 |
Casein | 50.40 |
MIBC | 56.20 |
Casein + MIBC | 63 |
• Step 2: The next step is the preparation of the surfactant solutions and their addition to the effluent to be treated. For each additive, several concentrations have been tested in order to determine their impact on the separation function. For each one, the casein powder is dissolved and stirred in hot water and then poured into the raceway. The fluid contained in the column is homogenized by rising the water in the column put under depression using the vacuum pump. Once the column is brouzght back to the atmospheric pressure, the water of the column and the raceway mix. The repetition of this operation allows a better homogenization of the solution.
For MIBC, supplied in liquid form, the desired dose is introduced directly into the water. The mixing is done exactly as in the case of casein.
• Step 3: The next step is to take a first sample of the mixture to measure its initial turbidity which indicates the amount of solid matter in suspension. The turbidimeter is previously calibrated with buffer solutions.
• Step 4: This step consists in starting the process of solid-liquid separation by frothing-foaming. To do this, the vacuum pump is operated to raise the liquid level to the top of the airlift. Then the compressed air is injected into the column through the mass flow meter and the ceramic diffusers placed at the bottom of the column. Since the air flow is fixed, the valve of the vacuum pump is adjusted to maintain the level of the two-phase mixture at 20 cm above the inner tube.
MIBC is first tested as a surfactant in the process of extracting suspended clay particles. The experiment with several concentration of added MIBC was not satisfactory from the point of view of suspended particles separation. Foaming with MIBC is not very important and the harvest is very dilute and is not enriched with suspended particles. Even after two hours of column operation, a good separation efficiency could not be achieved. On the other hand, a reduction in the size and coalescence of bubbles is significantly observed.
Given these findings, it was decided to operate the column with a mixture of casein and MIBC. This combination MIBC + casein was made with an optimal dose of casein for extraction: 0.014 g∙l−1. Experiments are conducted for two air flow rates: 15 and 20 l∙min−1. For each one, two doses of MIBC were tested: 0.005 and 0.003 ml∙l−1. The results of the tests are shown in
We note that for all the tests, the separation exceeds the 97% with however better results in the presence of 0.005 ml∙l−1 of MIBC for which turbidity is less than 1 NTU, the separation reaches 99% in 30 minutes (
During the first ten minutes of extraction (
Soluble casein and MIBC used as surfactants in the dispersed air flotation foaming process gave excellent solid-liquid separation efficiency. This study has demonstrated the enormous potential of vacuum airlift column to ensure solid-liquid separation of suspended particles in fresh water. Reduction of turbidity is greater than 99%. The results clearly show that the vacuum airlift column can completely clarify the water charged with suspended clay particles after 30 minutes in the case of the actual column prototype.
For future studies on the vacuum airlift column, it would be important to evaluate the liquid-liquid separation capabilities of this bubble column. Also, further study of the concentration of solid particles in the foam could provide a better understanding of the foaming process and further improve the extraction device.
Finally, as the surfactants are accessible at low cost, in large quantities and are especially weakly toxic, the vacuum airlift column system may well be deployed in rural areas where people have difficulty in accessing drinking water and are often forced to consume water contaminated with suspended particles.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Barkaï, A.H., El Hajem, M., Bongo, D. and Champagne, J.-Y. (2019) Freshwater Purification by Vacuum Airlift Column Using Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol and Casein. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 9, 230-239. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2019.94019