The effects of land use and cover changes and the application of the Urbanity Index were analyzed to identify critical or non-critical naturalness scenery in the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), over a period of 30 years. Between 1986 and 2016, the main significant land use change was the reduction of the agricultural anthropic and the increase of the natural vegetation land use areas. About 90% - 80% of the total study areas were characterized by anthropic pattern features, with a predominantly agricultural matrix. The conversion of agricultural anthropic into natural areas resulted in increased naturalness landscape and a gain in the stock of natural capital. The increase in the natural vegetation area, mainly to the north and east of the region, set in a steep relief, became remarkable after 1990. The Urbanity Index values evidenced a highest naturalness condition (natural vegetation areas) to the northern and eastern, while a smaller naturalness condition (agricultural and non-agricultural areas) to the southern and western and central of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul. These changes are related to a non-impaired (northern and eastern) and a impaired scenery (southern, western and central portion) of the ecological sustainability of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul, after a 30-year period (1986-2016). These results pointed out that land use transitions resulted in a consolidated farming scenario in which agricultural intensification coincided with the reduction of farming area and increased naturalness as a reverse trend to the agricultural frontier dynamics.
The intensification of changes in land use and cover has been associated with one of the key aspects of socioeconomic development [
The conversion of natural vegetation into agricultural anthropogenic uses on a global scale has been pointed out as the main direct factor of pressure on biodiversity and ecosystem services losses, and the emission of greenhouse gases [
Environmental changes induced by activities, both locally and globally, in space and time, have led to the use of approaches aimed at the compromise of ecological sustainability [
Anthropic effects are related in landscapes with the agriculture and ongoing urbanization. A series of changes in landscape and biological characteristics during the conversion of natural to anthropic land use have been described [
There is a growing demand with existing indicators to assess land use changes related to anthropogenic influences on landscape patterns and processes [
This work presents an empirical analysis of the effects of land use on the dynamics of composition and naturalness, to identify critical or favorable scenarios for the ecological sustainability of a biocultural landscape of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil, based on a descriptive view of the urbanity index, over a 30-year period (1986 to 2016). The impacts of an anthropogenic past resulting from land use transitions, inducing changes in landscape naturalness, have resulted in essential information from the current and historical ecological sustainability scenarios of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul, like a support for decision-making for the management of regional biodiversity. Comply with the needs to facilitate the integration of planning and priority in designating areas of outstanding environmental value, or even, what natural vegetation patches areas should be kept in view the maintenance and continuity of ecological processes to ensure ecosystemic services provided to human well-being.
The Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul (RS, Brazil) is located between the geographic coordinates 27˚12'59" to 28˚00'47" south latitude, and 51˚49'34" to 52˚48'12" west longitude. It has an extension of 591,610 ha and covers the territorial limits of 31 municipalities: Aratiba, Áurea, Barra do Rio Azul, Barão de Cotegipe, Benjamim Constant do Sul, Campinas do Sul, Carlos Gomes, Centenário, Charrua, Cruzaltense, Entre Rios do Sul, Erebango, Erechim, Erval Grande, Estação, Faxinalzinho, Floriano Peixoto, Gaurama, Getúlio Vargas, Ipiranga do Sul, Itatiba do Sul, Jacutinga, Marcelino Ramos, Mariano Moro, Paulo Bento, Ponte Preta, Quatro Irmãos, São Valentim, Severiano de Almeida, Três Arroios, and Viadutos (
The territorial limits present a significant diversification in the appropriation of the study area, influencing the interaction between the socioeconomic factors and the biophysical components. The regional economy is based on a highly technified agriculture, mainly with soy, maize and wheat crops, and livestock [
The study area includes the Pampa/Prairies and Atlantic Forest Biomes, the latter represented by the Atlantic Forest with Araucarias and Semidecidual Atlantic Forest, considered components of the Subtropical Atlantic Forest. The Atlantic Forest with Araucarias (Mixed Ombrophylous Forest) corresponds to the natural distribution area of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, occupying about 68% of the study area; while Pampa/Prairies and Semideciduous Atlantic Forest areas occupy, approximately, 17% and 13%, respectively, of the study area [
The climate of the region is characterized as humid subtropical temperate (type Cfa and Cfb of Köppen-Geiger), with annual average temperature of 17 ± 1˚C. The pluviometric regime is regular, with annual average rainfall ranging between 1900 and 2200 mm. The altitude varies from 280 to 900 m, with predominance of flat to wavy relief to the south, and waved to slope to the north of the study area [
The land use and cover changes were analyzed based on four LandSat 5 images of the TM sensor (bands 3, 4 and 5), in October 1986, 1991, 2001, 2011, and a
LandSat 8 image of the OLI sensor (bands 4, 5 and 6), September 2016, Orbit-Point 222/079. The georeferencing of the images was performed in the Idrisi Selva 17.0 software [
The mapping and identification of land use and cover types were obtained based on supervised digital classification, using the Idrisi MaxLike (Maximum Likelihood Classification) command. The land use classification was adapted from the Land Use Technical Manual [
The sample units of the types of land use and cover of the study area were collected over the 30-year period, to ensure the accuracy and the terrestrial truth patterns. The accuracy was evaluated by the Kappa Coefficient, based on the application of the Errmat module from Idrisi.
The quantitative area values of the land use class were estimated in relation to the extension of the study area, over a 30-year period (1986-2016). The thematic maps of land use and cover, over a 30-year period (1986-2016), were developed in MapInfo Professional 8.5 software.
The naturalness condition of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul, over a 30-year period (1986-2016) was evaluated by the Urbanity Index (UI) [
where U: corresponds to urban area; A: agricultural area; F: forest area, and W: aquatic and wetland areas.
The spatial representation of the UI was obtained based on the Raster Vector Area and Image calculator commands in the IDRISI Selva software and fuzzy logic (transformed by a linear function with a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 1). This representation considers the maximum naturalness condition (UI = 0), and the minimum naturalness condition (UI = 1), which correspond to the predominance of strongly human-altered systems. Non-impaired scenario to conservation biology and ecological sustainability are related to lower naturalness UI ≤ 0.3 values, whereas impaired scenario with high naturalness UI ≥ 0.7 values [
The naturalness performance was obtained by the transition matrix of the different classes of IB area values, over a 30-year period (1986-2016), using the CrossTab (Cross Tabulation) command from Idrisi. The thematic maps of the naturalness levels related to the UI area values were elaborated using MapInfo Professional.
The land use and cover area values, referring of the UI area values, over a 30-year period, were statistically compared based on a cluster analysis, in a statistical environment R [
The landscape spatial pattern of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul was configured by four (04) land use classes: Natural, Aquatic, Agricultural Anthropic, and Non-Agricultural Anthropic, and their respective areas, over a 30-year period (1986-2016). These classes were later categorized into nine types of land cover: native vegetation, wetlands, water bodies, agriculture, pasture, forestry, bare soil, urbanized area, and road net (
The landscape composition was described based on land use and cover changes, expressing the performance of anthropic activities in determining the predominant type of land use, over a 30-year period. The agricultural anthropic land use (agriculture, bare soil, pasture, and forestry) showed the highest area values, occupying between 85% and 70% of the total study area, over the last 30 years (1986-2016) (
Land use classes | Land cover types | 1986 | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 | 2016 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area (ha) | Area (%) | Area (ha) | Area (%) | Area (ha) | Area (%) | Area (ha) | Area (%) | Area (ha) | Area (%) | ||
Natural | Native vegetation | 68,970.05 | 11.66 | 92,829.37 | 15.69 | 129,758.77 | 21.93 | 138,542.50 | 23.42 | 150,302.90 | 25.41 |
Sub-total | 68,970.05 | 11.66 | 92,829.37 | 15.69 | 129,758.77 | 21.93 | 138,542.45 | 23.42 | 150,302.85 | 25.41 | |
Aquatic | Wetlands | 4506.77 | 0.76 | 4236.02 | 0.72 | 3999.38 | 0.68 | 3897.60 | 0.65 | 3671.67 | 0.62 |
Water bodies | 7543.83 | 1.28 | 9488.40 | 1.60 | 14,022.78 | 2.37 | 15,738.76 | 2.67 | 14,969.55 | 2.53 | |
Sub-total | 12,050.60 | 2.04 | 13,724.42 | 2.32 | 18,022.16 | 3.05 | 19,636.36 | 3.32 | 18,641.22 | 3.15 | |
Agricultural anthropic | Agriculture | 140,477.44 | 23.74 | 236,582.93 | 39.99 | 241,497.30 | 40.82 | 219,831.90 | 37.16 | 190,788.90 | 32.25 |
Pasture | 35.645,64 | 6,03 | 44.330,64 | 749 | 61,431.55 | 10.38 | 83,675.90 | 14.14 | 80,180.35 | 13.55 | |
Forestry | 10,151.95 | 1.72 | 12,726.92 | 2.15 | 8669.50 | 1.47 | 8230.80 | 1.39 | 11,056.79 | 1.87 | |
Bare soil | 317,430.97 | 53.66 | 183,610.14 | 31.04 | 123,879.81 | 20.94 | 111,515.30 | 18.85 | 129,716.70 | 21.93 | |
Sub-total | 503,706.00 | 85.14 | 477,250.63 | 80.67 | 435,478.20 | 73.61 | 423,254.00 | 71.54 | 411,742.70 | 69.60 | |
Non-agricultural anthropic | Urban area | 3479.18 | 0.59 | 4401.41 | 0.74 | 4946.74 | 0.84 | 6773.07 | 1.14 | 7519.06 | 1.27 |
Road net | 3404.17 | 0.58 | 3404.17 | 0.58 | 3404.17 | 0.58 | 3404.17 | 0.58 | 3404.17 | 0.58 | |
Sub-total | 6883.35 | 1.16 | 7805.58 | 1.32 | 8350.91 | 1.41 | 10,177.24 | 1.72 | 10,923.23 | 1.85 | |
Total | 591,610.00 | 100.00 | 591,610.00 | 100.00 | 591,610.00 | 100.00 | 591,610.00 | 100.00 | 591,610.00 | 100.00 |
The agricultural anthropic land usehas been initially substituted by a natural one; non-agricultural anthropic land use makes up anthropic matrix as a consequence of ongoing urbanization (
The intensification of the farming mechanization in the South of Brazil, since 1980, with an increase in agricultural productivity per unit area, has been identified as one of the driver of the agricultural reduction area, and the consequent reduction of deforestation and natural vegetation recovery [
The replacement of agricultural anthropic areas with subsequent natural vegetation recovery has been described like a feature of regions where socio-economic factors strongly influence land use changes [
the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul were previously related by [
The increase in pasture areas of 44,534.71 ha (7.52%), between 1986 and 2016 (
The total area of non-agricultural anthropogenic use (urban and road net areas) for the North Region of Rio Grande do Sul increased by 4039.88 ha, over a 30-year period (
There was no change in road net value area (3404.17 ha) in the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul between 1986 and 2016 (
The increase in the total area of aquatic environments, equivalent to 7425.72 ha, was mainly supported by the floodplain areas of the Itá and Foz do Chapecó hydroelectric power plants, both on the Uruguay River, and by the Monjolinho Hydroelectric Power Plant, on the Passo Fundo River. Conversely, the reduction of the wetlands (835.10 ha) was observed, over a period of 30 years (1986-2016) (
In order to quantify temporal and spatial naturalness dynamics the UI area values of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul were categorized into ten classes (0.0---|0.1 / 0.1---|0.2 / 0.2---|0.3 / 0.3---|0.4 / 0.4---|0.5 / 0.5---|0.6 / 0.6---|0.7 / 0.7---|0.8 / 0.8---|0.9 / 0.9---|1.0), and later at four levels of: 1) high naturalness (natural areas with or without minimal anthropogenic interference); 2) medium/high naturalness (natural areas with anthropic influence); 3) medium/low naturalness (anthropogenic areas intentionally established by human activities with reduced self-regulation capacity); 4) low naturalness (predominance of non-agricultural anthropogenic areas with reduced self-regulation capacity). The area values (ha/%) occupied for each naturalness level, and the temporal and spatial naturalness dynamics of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul, over a 30-year period (1986-2016), are represented in
Three naturalness performances of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul, over a 30-year period, were identified: 1) increased naturalness (areas of high and medium/high naturalness) resulting, respectively, from the increase of natural areas with or without minimal anthropic influence, and of natural areas with anthropic influence, equivalent to changes from 0.94% to 2.63%, and from 13.33% to 26.29%, of the total study area (
Even considering the trend towards improvement in the naturalness performance, particularly, for the period 2001-2016, the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul continues under the influence of pressure factors related to the continuity of agricultural and non-agricultural anthropic land uses. This trend is supported by the predominance of areas with medium/low and low naturalness, categorized by UI values between > 0.5 to 1.0 (
A cluster analysis between the land use area values, together with a naturalness
Urbanity index class | Naturalness level | 1986 | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 | 2016 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area (ha) | Area (%) | Area (ha) | Area (%) | Area (ha) | Area (%) | Area (ha) | Area (%) | Area (ha) | Area (%) | Total study area (%) 1986 016 | |||
0.0---|0.1 | High | 5.18479 | 0.88 | 7.13974 | 1.21 | 14.62513 | 2.47 | 15.01566 | 2.54 | 15.54889 | 2.63 | 0.94 2.63 | |
0.1---|0.2 | 362.76 | 0.06 | 721.55 | 0.12 | 940.487 | 0.16 | 968.64 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
0.2---|0.3 | Medium/ high | 2.88025 | 0.49 | 3.26772 | 0.55 | 1.71113 | 0.29 | 8.11644 | 1.37 | 3.101,19 | 0.52 | 13.33 26.29 | |
0.3---|0.4 | 4.15142 | 0.70 | 11.10433 | 1.88 | 10.08166 | 1.70 | 17.40777 | 2.94 | 14.50599 | 2.45 | |||
0.4---|0.5 | 71.79563 | 12.14 | 87.23971 | 14.75 | 122.94576 | 20.78 | 118.92582 | 20.10 | 137.96074 | 23.32 | |||
0.5---|0.6 | Medium/low | 388.39793 | 65.64 | 369.95597 | 62.53 | 325.57925 | 55.03 | 254.28803 | 42.98 | 299.10757 | 50.56 | 85.35 70.51 | |
0.6---|0.7 | 107.48992 | 18.17 | 101.73020 | 17.20 | 103.49513 | 17.49 | 131.22960 | 22.18 | 111.68046 | 18.88 | |||
0.7---|0.8 | 9.09410 | 1.54 | 8.05887 | 1.36 | 9.84101 | 1.66 | 39.36550 | 6.65 | 6.32478 | 1.07 | |||
0.8---|0.9 | Low | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.25965 | 0.55 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.38 0.57 | |
0.9---|1.0 | 2.25320 | 0.38 | 2.39191 | 0.40 | 2.39044 | 0.40 | 3.03289 | 0.51 | 3.38038 | 0.57 | |||
Total | 591,610.00 | 100,00 | 591,610.00 | 100,00 | 591,610.00 | 100.00 | 591,610.00 | 100.00 | 591,610.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
levels, and the time period (1986, 1991, 2001, 2011, and 2016), identified two scenery of ecological sustainability for the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul, over a 30-year period. One with a impaired ecological sustainability related to agricultural anthropic area values, related to higher naturalness UI values (0.5---|0.8 and 0.8---|1.0), particularly, for 1986 and 1991; and another with a non-impaired ecological sustainability reveled by the increase of natural and aquatic areas, associated to lower naturalness UI values (0.0---|0.2 e 0.2---|0.5), for 2001, 2011 and 2016 (
Compromising conditions represented by UI values (0.8---|1.0) were related to the anthropic (agricultural and urban) areas, while non-compromising conditions to ecological sustainability represented by UI values (0.0---|0.2) were related to aquatic and natural areas (
Over a 30-year period (1986-2016), a process of land appropriation was observed, with anthropic agricultural land use constituting the main responsibility of causing changes in the landscape composition of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul. The landscape spatial composition resulting from the conversion and substitution of one land use type by another configured an increase in the stock of natural vegetation immersed in a predominantly anthropic matrix, with agriculture and bare soil as the most representative land cover types. The natural vegetation increase became noticeable from 1990, mainly in areas located to the north and east of the study area, set out in more steep relief.
The land use and cover transitions emphasized that farming intensification reduced the agricultural production area, with approximately 90% to 80% of the total area of the North Region of Rio Grande do Sul, remaining unchanged in relation to the different types of land use and cover, over a 30-year period (1986-2016).
The conversion of anthropic agricultural into natural areas resulted in three naturalness performances of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul, over a 30-year period: 1) increase in naturalness level (high and medium/high naturalness areas) resulting from the increase of natural areas, with or without a minimal anthropic influence, and natural areas with anthropic influences, respectively;
2) decrease of the naturalness level (low naturalness area), specifically related to the urbanization process; 3) reduction in the area of the agricultural anthropic matrix supporting the substitution of the farming to natural vegetation areas.
The values of land use areas associated with UI values, over a 30-year period (1986, 1991, 2001, 2011, and 2016) identified a scenery with impaired ecological sustainability related to lower naturalness level due to the high area values of anthropic agricultural land use, particularly, for 1986 and 1991; and another one of a non-impaired ecological sustainability related to a higher naturalness level due to the increase of the natural and aquatic land use areas, for 2001, 2011 and 2016.
The impacts of an anthropogenic past result from changes in land use, induce changes in landscape naturalness, and provide essential information for the current and historical ecological sustainability scenery of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul, as a support for decision-making for the management of regional biodiversity. It’s also make it possible for policy makers, scientists and stakeholders to identify at a glance the land uses which are hindered or enhanced under various scenarios of land use change, over the 30-year period. Overlaying UI values and municipalities limits enable us to provide essential information about current and historical land use, and the monitoring of naturalness dynamics of each territorial municipality, in time and space, identifying which of them the amount of natural area is below of a critical threshold.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Rovani, I.L., dos Santos, J.E., Decian, V.S. and Zanin, E.M. (2019) Assessing Naturalness Changes Resulting from a Historical Land Use in Brazil South Region: An Analysis of the 1986-2016 Period. Journal of Environmental Protection, 10, 149-163. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2019.102010