This article puts forward the gray markov prediction model to predict mine gas emission by combining grey system theory and markov chain theory. And GM (1, 1) model is established in the first place for grey data by the model. To eliminate the error, and improve the prediction accuracy of the model, secondary parameters fitting was done on the basis of GM (1, 1) model. And we get second parameter fitting for trend prediction. Then using Markov state transfer probability matrix prediction method to do quadratic fitting for its predictive value, which can improve the prediction precision of the volatile random variables. It proves the prediction results of the model are satisfactory by analyzing history data of gas emission prediction. This conclusion broadens the application scope of grey forecast model and provides a new method for mine gas emission scientific forecast.
Gas disaster is one of the most serious disasters in coal mine, the prevention and control of gas has been the focus of every country coal mine safety. Precisely predicting the amount of mine gas emission has important practical significance for guiding the design of mine and production safety. Mine gas emission prediction methods can be divided into mine statistical method, the point source prediction method, the gas gradient method, the mathematical model of coal bed gas content and gas geology, and so on at present [
Grey system was firstly put forward by Deng julong in 1982 [
Single sequence 1 order linear model, one of the series forecast, short for GM (1, 1). We set the original observation sequence as x 0 ( t ) ( t = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , n ) . And make a accumulation: x ( 1 ) = { x ( 1 ) ( 1 ) , x ( 1 ) ( 2 ) , ⋯ , x ( 1 ) ( n ) } , in which, x ( 1 ) ( k ) = ∑ i = 1 k x ( 0 ) ( i ) , k = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , n
We can establish an albino form:
d x ( 1 ) d t + a x ( 1 ) = U (1)
In the formula, a and U are undetermined constants.
Then, solving the parameter by means of least square method:
( a ^ u ^ ) = ( B T B ) − 1 B T Y n (2)
In which,
B = [ − 1 / 2 [ x ( 1 ) ( 1 ) + x ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ] 1 − 1 / 2 [ x ( 1 ) ( 2 ) + x ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ] 1 − 1 / 2 [ x ( 1 ) ( n − 1 ) + x ( 1 ) ( n ) ] 1 ] , Y n = ( x 0 ( 2 ) x 0 ( 3 ) ⋮ x 0 ( n ) ) (3)
At the same time, BT is the transposed matrix of matrix B.
Grey prediction equation of x ( 0 ) is,
x ^ ( 1 ) ( k + 1 ) = ( x ( 0 ) ( 1 ) − u a ) e − a k + u a (4)
Equation (4) is the time response of GM (1, 1) model equation. There are large amount of data proved that original data will produce error if we use Equation (4) to fit. In order to improve the fitting precision and prediction precision, we do secondary parameter fitting to Equation (4) [
x ^ ′ ( 1 ) ( k + 1 ) = α e − a k + β (5)
According to the first estimate of a value a and estimation of original series x ( 1 ) to α and β.
x ( 1 ) ( 1 ) = α e 0 + β x ( 1 ) ( 2 ) = α e − a + β ⋮ x ( 1 ) ( n ) = α e − a ( n − 1 ) + β written in matrix form is
x ( 1 ) = G ( α β ) (6)
In which, x ( 1 ) = [ x ( 1 ) ( 1 ) , x ( 1 ) ( 2 ) , ⋯ , x ( 1 ) ( n ) ] T , G = ( e 0 1 e − a 1 ⋮ ⋮ e − a ( n − 1 ) 1 ) , according to the least square method,
( α β ) = ( G T G ) − 1 G T x ( 1 ) (7)
At last, second parameter fitting of GM (1, 1) model was got, combined Equation (7) with Equation (5).
Markov prediction is a kind of forecast method based on markov theory, suitable for stochastic volatility forecast problem. According to markov chain, the data sequence is divided into several states, E 1 , E 2 , ⋯ , E n to represent. According to time sequence, we will transfer time off for t 1 , t 2 , ⋯ , t n , probability of sequence, which By Ei after k step into Ej, expressed by p i j ( k ) , that is
p i j ( k ) = n i j ( k ) N i (8)
state Ei after the number of k step into Ej, while Ni represent the total number of occurrence of state Ei. So, state transition probability matrix of K steps is
R ( k ) = ( p 11 ( k ) p 12 ( k ) ⋯ p 1 j ( k ) p 21 ( k ) p 22 ( k ) ⋯ p 2 j ( k ) ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ p j 1 ( k ) p j 2 ( k ) ⋯ p j j ( k ) ) (9)
By means of state transfer probability matrix, we can determine the sequence in the variable of the state and its maximum probability max [ p i j ( k ) ] , and identify the next step of the variable. Then, according to the turning probability, we modified the forecast value by means of markov [
Because of the markov state transfer probability matrix has the ability of tracking variables random fluctuations and ineffectiveness, we combine the State transfer probability matrix and the organic combination of GM (1, 1) model to realize the complementary advantages, thus the prediction precision of the model can be improved.
There is a mine gas outburst seriously in Huaibei mining group Co., LTD whose safety is very serious, so that we cannot ignore the prediction and prevention of the mine gas. The relative mine gas emission from 1996 to 2008 is shown in
1) We establish GM (1, 1) model for the original sequence x 0 ( t ) ( t = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , n ) ,
x ^ ( 1 ) ( k + 1 ) = 324 .44839e 0.031747 k − 313 .84839 (10)
Let be
x ^ ( 0 ) ( k + 1 ) = x ^ ( 1 ) ( k + 1 ) − x ^ ( 1 ) ( k ) (11)
trend fitting values and residual can be calculated by Equation (9) and Equation (10), which is
Δ x ( i ) = x ^ ( 0 ) ( i ) − x ( i ) ,
and the relative error is Δ p ( i ) = Δ x ( i ) x ( 0 ) ( i ) .
The calculation results are shown in
The second parameter fitting for grey GM (1, 1) model is
x ^ ′ ( 1 ) ( k + 1 ) = 325 .97679e 0.031747 k − 315 .72746 . (12)
At the same way we can also figure out residual error and relative error, which can be seen in
2) The model needs to be test with posterior error and qualified one can be used in extreme value forecast. After Markov correction posterior ratio c = 0.022 and p = 1, which can be seen in
3) We divide quadratic fitting error of GM (1, 1) forecast model according to different state and establish markov model. Because of the uncertainty of the state boundaries, this example uses the optimal algorithms when solving the state transition probability matrix [
The state of the residual sequence is shown in
4) After the trend values can be obtained with quadratic fitting of GM (1, 1) model, we do Markov correction for the residual and get second fitting values. Next, we can get the second residual error and relative error, as shown in
Mine gas emission in 2017 could be forecast by using the grey Markov model. And according to Equations (9) (10) and
R ( 1 ) = ( 0 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 0.33 0.67 0 1 0 0 0.5 0.25 0 0.25 )
years | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gas emission quantity (m3/t) | 10.60 | 9.80 | 11.30 | 10.40 | 12.50 | 11.70 | 13.20 |
years | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | |
Gas emission quantity (m3/t) | 11.30 | 13.80 | 14.20 | 12.90 | 14.50 | 14.90 |
Time | Observed values | GM (1, 1) model | GM (1, 1) model with the second parameter fitting | GM (1, 1) with second parameter fitting-Markov model | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fitted values (m3/t) | Relative error % | Fitted value (m3/t) | residual (m3/t) | Relative error % | Fitted value (m3/t) | Residual (m3/t) | Relative error % | ||
2005 | 10.60 | 10.60 | 0.00 | 10.60 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 10.60 | 0 | 0.00 |
2006 | 9.80 | 10.47 | −6.79 | 10.16 | −0.36 | −3.72 | 9.66 | 0.14 | 1.43 |
2007 | 11.30 | 10.80 | 4.40 | 10.85 | 0.45 | 3.95 | 11.60 | −0.3 | −2.65 |
2008 | 10.40 | 11.15 | −7.23 | 11.20 | −0.80 | −7.73 | 10.70 | −0.3 | −2.88 |
2009 | 12.50 | 11.51 | 7.91 | 11.57 | 0.93 | 7.48 | 12.32 | 0.18 | 1.44 |
2010 | 11.70 | 11.88 | −1.56 | 11.94 | −0.24 | −2.04 | 11.44 | 0.26 | 2.22 |
2011 | 13.20 | 12.27 | 7.08 | 12.32 | 0.88 | 6.64 | 13.07 | 0.13 | 0.98 |
2012 | 11.30 | 12.66 | −12.05 | 12.72 | −1.42 | −12.58 | 11.50 | −0.2 | −1.77 |
2013 | 13.80 | 13.07 | 5.29 | 13.13 | 0.67 | 4.84 | 13.38 | 0.42 | 3.04 |
2014 | 14.20 | 13.49 | 4.99 | 13.56 | 0.64 | 4.54 | 14.31 | −0.11 | −0.77 |
2015 | 12.90 | 13.93 | −7.96 | 13.99 | −1.09 | −8.47 | 12.77 | 0.13 | 1.01 |
2016 | 14.50 | 14.38 | 0.85 | 14.44 | 0.06 | 0.39 | 14.69 | −0.19 | −1.31 |
2017 | 14.10 | 14.84 | −5.25 | 14.91 | −0.81 | −5.74 | 14.41 | −0.31 | −2.2 |
State boundaries | [−1.45 - −1.00] | [−1.00 - 0.00] | [0.00 - 0.50] | [0.50 - 1.00] |
---|---|---|---|---|
State | I | II | III | IV |
Years | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
State | III | II | III | II | IV | II | IV | I | IV | IV | I | III |
Because the relative mine gas emission in 2016 is GM (1, 1) model prediction error III state, but max ( p 3 i ) = p 32 so the relative gas emission error in this area in 2017 is most likely to turn to II state. According to Mark off revised forecast, the maximum possible value of the relative gas emission in this area in 2017 is 14.41 m3/t known when this area is known. The relative annual gas emission is 14.10 m3/t, and the relative error is −2.2%. The prediction accuracy is fully consistent with the actual requirements.
In this paper, we established a grey Markov model to forecast the relative gas emission in Huaibei coal mine. And we got the conclusion as follows:
1) We combined grey forecast model with Markov model, and established grey Markov model to forecast mine gas emission. New model both has the advantages of grey model and Markov model. We can not only use less data establishing model to forecast overall trend but also suitable for volatile random sequence forecast. The accuracy of new established model is significantly higher than the grey system GM (1, 1) model and the second parameter fitting of GM (1, 1) model.
2) We combined grey system GM (1, 1) forecast model and Markov chain to supply a new way to understand the characteristic of gas emission. Its advantage is the historical data can be fully used, and weakening many uncertain factors. So it can extend the application of grey system prediction and Markov chain prediction.
3) The proposed mine years relative gas emission prediction model also can be used to forecast different depth excavation working face gas emission and gas emission in the process of working face. And it has strong portability.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Wang, Y., Yao, D.X. and Lu, H.F. (2018) Mine Gas Emission Prediction Based on Grey Markov Prediction Model. Open Journal of Geology, 8, 939-946. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2018.810056