Objective: In this study, the influence and response relationship between the seasonal freezing-thawing process of soil and the spatial factor changes in the management and utilization of water resource processes were explored. Methods: The monitoring equipment in this study was arranged at different altitudes, gradients, and slope directions, such as the typical forest sample area in the Dayekou Basin of the Qilian Mountains. The spatial variation characteristics of the seasonal freezing-thawing process of the soil were analyzed, and a regression model was established. Results: 1) The results of this study determined that the rate of the soil’s freezing increased with the altitude in a trend of volatility. However, the rate of the thawing of the frozen soil was found to have an opposite trend. The variation degree of the freezing-thawing process increased with the altitude in a trend of volatility. The end time of the approximate soil freezing with altitude increased in a volatility trend ahead of schedule. However, the opposite was observed in the thawing rate of the frozen soil; 2) The rate of the soil’s freezing under the mosses of the spruce forest at an altitude of 3028 m was found to be the lowest. However, in the sub-alpine scrub forest at an altitude of 3300 m, a maximum in the spatial ordering was observed, with an average of 1.9 cm·d<sup>-1</sup>. The thawing rate of the frozen soil in scrub-spruce forest at an altitude of 3300 m was found to be minimal. However, in the sunny slope grassland at an altitude of 2946 m, a maximum in the spatial ordering was observed, with an average of 1.5 cm·d<sup>-1</sup>. In the spatial ordering of the variation degree of the process of freezing-thawing with an average of 1.2, the scrub-grassland at an altitude of 2518 m was found to be the lowest, and the scrub-spruce forest at an altitude of 3195 m was also low; 3) The soil freezing began on approximately October 20th, and the rate of soil freezing gradually became reduced. The arrival time of the frozen soil of up to 150 cm in depth in sub-alpine scrub forest was first observed at an altitude of 3028 m. However, the scrub-spruce forest at an altitude of 3100 m did not become frozen until approximately January 12th on average. Then, the thawing rate of the frozen soil increased gradually. The end time of the thawing was earliest observed in the sunny slope grassland at an altitude of 2946 m. However, the scrub-spruce forest at an altitude of 3100 m was found to be the last to thaw, and averaged approximately July 27th. The average durations of the freezing and thawing of the soil were 77 and 121 days, respectively, and the average duration of the entire process of freezing-thawing was 199 days; 4) This study’s established regression models of the duration time of frozen soil’s thaw, and the rate of frozen soil’s thaw, all passed the R test of goodness of fit, F test of variance, and t test. Conclusions: The characteristics of the seasonal freezing-thawing process of the soil with the spatial changes were seasonal. However, the characteristics under the different spatial factor influences were not the same.
The frozen earth changes are the main research content of a cryosphere, and the freezing-thawing process of soil directly affects basin runoff. It is known that, within a basin, the freezing-thawing process of soil tends to be sensitive to spatial changes. Therefore, in order to explore the basin runoff process, the spatial variation attributes of the freezing-thawing process of soil should be considered [
The Qilian Mountain is located on an intersection of three plateaus (i.e. the Qinghai-Tibet, Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang and Loess Plateaus), and has a very important geographic position in national forest hydrology and ecology research. A combination of the soil’s freezing-thawing hydrologic process as an inevitable hydrological phenomenon in this region, and the insufficient related research, has made it very necessary to carry out related research in this region. During the research regarding the spatial changes of the frozen soil in the Qilian Mountains or upstream of the Heihe River, seven thermometer boreholes were used to set thermometer tubes for ground temperature monitoring for the purpose of studying the frozen soil distribution characteristics [
In summary, there were few experimental results available to set the denser sample plots and frozen soil tubes in the basin for the long-term field monitoring of the frozen soil changes. There was also only a small amount of data regarding the changes in the spatial factors such as altitude, slope gradient, slope direction, and crown density factors, by which to study the freezing-thawing process of soil. Accordingly, the monitoring devices were set in typical sample plots with different elevations, slope gradients, slope directions, and forest stands throughout the entire basin to obtain the data for this study. The spatial variation characteristics of the soil’s freezing and thawing processes were analyzed to further resolve the stand structure of the basin, along with its function mechanism of water conservation, which provided a scientific basis and reference for the ecological hydrology.
The Qilian Mountains are located at the intersection of the Qinghai-Tibet, Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang and Loess Plateaus. This mountain range is classified as one of 50 nationally important eco-function areas, and one of 25 key eco-function areas by the National Ecological Function Regionalization and the National Major Function Area Planning, and thereby presents a very important ecological niche. The Dayekou Basin (38˚16'N - 38˚33'N, 100˚13'E - 100˚16'E) belongs to the Zhongshan climate zone of the Qilian Mountains, and extends East to Mazongliang, West to Xigouliang, North to Zhengnangou, and South to Pailugou. This basin originated from Yeniu Mountains, Sunan County. Six larger branches, namely Dongcha, Xicha, Toutangou, Xigouliang, Guantaigou and Shengou, converge at the Dayekou Reservoir, with an area of 80 km2, and control 98% of the basin catchment area, which indicates a typical closed basin (as shown in
The Qilian Sibina przewal ski is distributed as small blocks on the sunny and half sunny slopes. The shrubs which are dominant species include: Potentilla fruticosa Linn., Caragana jubata (Pall.) Poir, Salix gilashanica C. Wang et PYFu, and so on. The herbaceous plants mainly consist of Polygonum viviparum Linn., Carex heterostachya Bge., Stipa capillata Linn., and so on. This basin is closed, with soil and vegetation typicality in spatial changes, and is an ideal experimental zone to study basin eco-hydrological processes, with soil freezing and thawing as one of the important ecological factors.
In this research study, in accordance with the different basin elevations, slope directions, slope gradients, and vegetation types, as well as their representatives, 15 sample plots were set up in October of 2013 (the sample plot situation is labeled by a sample plot number in
Sample No. | Altitude/m | GPS-E | GPS-N | Sample/m | Forest type | Slope direction/˚ | Gradient/˚ | Crown density |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | 2518 | 100˚17'29.2" | 38˚34'49.4" | 20 × 20 | Moss spruce forest | 9 | 36 | 0.69 |
T2 | 2579 | 100˚17'18" | 38˚34'1" | 20 × 20 | Shrub grassland | 28 | 6 | 0.75 |
T3 | 2600 | 100˚18'2.7" | 38˚32'40.8" | 20 × 20 | Grass shrub forest | 26 | 34 | 0.60 |
T4 | 2610 | 100˚17'23.6" | 38˚34'3.2" | 20 × 20 | Moss spruce forest | 61 | 32 | 0.70 |
T5 | 2701 | 100˚17'10" | 38˚33'11" | 20 × 20 | Shrub grassland | 48 | 10 | 0.50 |
T6 | 2720 | 100˚17'6" | 38˚33'18" | 20 × 20 | Moss spruce forest | 47 | 30 | 0.70 |
T7 | 2840 | 100˚17'37" | 38˚33'5" | 20 × 20 | Grass spruce forest | 56 | 30 | 0.82 |
T8 | 2900 | 100˚18'2.7" | 38˚32'40.8" | 20 × 20 | Grass shrub forest | 61 | 12 | 0.50 |
T9 | 2923 | 100˚18'6" | 38˚32'42" | 20 × 20 | Moss spruce forest | 16 | 32 | 0.80 |
T10 | 2946 | 100˚17'59" | 38˚32'47" | 20 × 20 | Sunny slope grassland | 220 | 33 | 0.36 |
T11 | 3028 | 100˚17'59" | 38˚32'39" | 20 × 20 | Moss spruce forest | 10 | 25 | 0.70 |
T12 | 3100 | 100˚18'13" | 38˚32'31" | 20 × 20 | Shrub spruce forest | 22 | 27 | 0.70 |
T13 | 3195 | 100˚18'6" | 38˚32'25" | 20 × 20 | Shrub spruce forest | 69 | 35 | 0.66 |
T14 | 3300 | 100˚18'16" | 38˚32'20" | 20 × 20 | Shrub spruce forest | 39 | 34 | 0.70 |
T15 | 3300 | 100˚18'14.5" | 38˚32'7.8" | 20 × 20 | Subalpine shrub forest | 41 | 33 | 0.80 |
1) Every five days, observations were basically carried out from an altitude between 2500 and 3300 m throughout the year.
2) The eigenvalue parameter algorithm is shown as below:
C v = σ μ , μ = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N x i , σ = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − μ ) 2 (1)
In the equation, μ , σ , and C v are the average, standard deviation and variation coefficient of the freezing-thawing of soil, respectively; x i is the measured values of the soil’s freezing-thawing process; and N is the statistical number.
A correlation analysis method was used for the correlation analysis and modeling parameter screening of the freezing days, thawing days, freezing rate and thawing rate with altitude, slope direction, slope gradient, and crown density. Then, a stepwise regression analysis method was adopted to determine the regression model of the soil’s freezing-thawing and space factor, in order to establish a regression model for the R fitting, F variance, and t regression coefficient tests.
The soil’s freezing-thawing process included two stages: soil’ freezing, and soil thawing. Driven by the ground temperatures, these two processes occur alternately. In order to facilitate the research, the soil’s thickness is shown as an increase over a period of time overall, and is usually referred to as soil freezing. It may be referred to as soil thawing. As can be seen in
Altitude/m | Freezing rate/cm・d−1 | Thawing rate/cm・d−1 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | Standard deviation | Coefficient of variation | Lower limit | Upper limit | Average | Standard deviation | Coefficient of variation | Lower limit | Upper limit | |
2518 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 3.6 |
2579 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 2.9 |
2600 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 4.6 |
2610 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 4.9 |
2701 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 2.2 |
2720 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 2.7 |
2840 | 3.1 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 1.7 | 4.6 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 2.6 |
2900 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 2.1 |
2923 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 2.3 |
2946 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 2.2 | 4.0 | 2.9 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 6.9 |
3028 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 2.1 |
3100 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.8 |
3195 | 2.1 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 2.7 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 2.9 |
3300 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 4.4 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.9 |
3300 | 4.6 | 2.4 | 0.5 | 2.2 | 6.9 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 2.3 |
Mean | 1.9 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 2.7 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 3.1 |
with an altitude of 3100 m < moss spruce forest with an altitude of 2518 m < moss spruce forest with an altitude of 2720 m < shrub grassland with an altitude of 2701 m < grass shrub forest with an altitude of 2900 m < moss spruce forest with an altitude of 2923 m < moss spruce forest with an altitude of 2610 m < grass shrub forest with an altitude of 2600 m < shrub spruce forest with an altitude of 3195 m < shrub spruce forest with an altitude of 3300 m < grass spruce forest with an altitude of 2840 m < subalpine shrub forest with an altitude of 3300 m, averaged at 1.9 cm・d−1. The soil’s thawing rate was sequenced from smallest to largest as follows: the shrub spruce forest with an altitude of 3300 m < shrub spruce forest with an altitude of 3100 m < moss spruce forest with an altitude of 3028 m < shrub spruce forest with an altitude of 3195 m < grass spruce forest with an altitude of 2840 m < moss spruce forest with an altitude of 2923 m < subalpine shrub forest with an altitude of 3300 m < grass shrub forest with an altitude of 2900 m < moss spruce forest with an altitude of 2720 m < shrub grassland with an altitude of 2701 m < shrub grassland with an altitude of 2579 m < moss spruce forest with an altitude of 2518 m < moss spruce forest with an altitude of 2610 m < grass shrub forest with an altitude of 2600 m < sunny slope grassland with an altitude of 2946 m, averaged at 1.5 cm・d−1.
The variation coefficient was an indicator to study the variation degree of the freezing-thawing process of soil (
The changes in the different space factors, such as altitude, slope direction, and slope gradient, as well as the vegetation crown density, were found to have different effects on the starting and ending time of the soil’s freezing-thawing process. As can be seen in
of the soil with depths of 150 cm was sequenced from early to late as follows: the subalpine shrub forest with an altitude of 3300 m < grass spruce forest with an altitude of 2840 m < grass shrub forest with an altitude of 2600 m < scrub spruce forest with an altitude of 3300 m < moss spruce forest with an altitude of 2610 m < moss spruce forest with an altitude of 3028 m < shrub spruce forest with an altitude of 3195 m < grass shrub forest with an altitude of 2900 m < moss spruce forest with an altitude of 2923 m < shrub grassland with an altitude of 2701 m < sunny slope grassland with an altitude of 2946 m < moss spruce forest with an altitude of 2518 m < moss spruce forest with an altitude of 2720 m < shrub grassland with an altitude of 2579 m < shrub spruce forest with an altitude of 3100 m, averaged on January 12th. The data of soil’s thawing of the 150 cm deep soil also displayed small differences, and was averaged on March 27th. The soil’s thawing rate was observed to increase gradually over time, and is marked by a negative value in
Within the soil scope with a depth of 150 cm, the soil’s freezing-thawing duration displayed different responses to the changes in space factors, such as altitude, slope direction, and slope gradient, as well as the vegetation crown density. As shown in
The sample plot observations of the different space factors in the basin were selected for the correlation analysis. In the case of a = 0.1 (P < 0.1), the Chad threshold F0.1 (1, 14) was 3.102, and the correlation coefficient threshold r 0.1 = F 0.1 ( 1 , 15 ) / ( F 0.1 ( 1 , 15 ) + 15 ) was substituted to obtain r0.1 at 0.441. If the correlation coefficient was found to be greater than the critical value, it indicated a significant correlation. Meanwhile, if it was less than the critical value, this indicated insignificant correlations (the values with “*” in
Altitude /m | Slope direction/˚ | Gradient/˚ | Crown density | Freeze days/d | Thawing days/d | Freezing rate/cm・d−1 | Freezing rate/cm・d−1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Altitude/m | 1.000 | |||||||
Slope direction/˚ | 0.114 | 1.000 | ||||||
Gradient/˚ | 0.283 | 0.116 | 1.000 | |||||
Crown density | 0.122 | −0.688* | 0.218 | 1.000 | ||||
Freeze days/d | −0.395 | 0.029 | −0.455* | −0.264 | 1.000 | |||
Thawing days/d | 0.643* | −0.447* | 0.011 | 0.460* | −0.127 | 1.000 | ||
Freezing rate/cm・d−1 | 0.448* | −0.055 | 0.296 | 0.414 | −0.779* | 0.132 | 1.000 | |
Freezing rate/cm・d−1 | −0.424 | 0.711* | 0.134 | −0.613* | 0.151 | −0.859* | −0.223 | 1.000 |
Note: The values with * indicate significant correlations.
to the slope direction. The freezing rate had a significantly positive correlation with the altitude, a moderate correlation with the crown density, and rather weak correlations with the other factors. The thawing rate displayed a significantly positive correlation with the slope direction, a significantly negative correlation with the crown density, a moderate correlation with the altitude, and rather weak correlations with the other factors. Therefore, the freezing days with altitude and slope gradient; the thawing days with altitude, slope direction, and crown density; the freezing rate with altitude and crown density; and the thawing rate with altitude, slope direction, and crown density were preliminarily selected for this study’s regression analysis.
Dependent variables | Independent variables | R | R2 | R 2 ¯ | Standard error | F test value | Significance level |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Freeze days | Altitude, gradient | 0.533 | 0.284 | 0.165 | 21.840 | 2.379 | 0.135 |
Thawing days | Altitude, slope direction, crown density | 0.830 | 0.688 | 0.603 | 25.981 | 8.098 | 0.004 |
Freezing rate | Altitude, crown density | 0.575 | 0.331 | 0.220 | 0.821 | 2.971 | 0.090 |
Thawing rate | Altitude, slope direction, crown density | 0.875 | 0.766 | 0.702 | 0.480 | 11.991 | 0.001 |
Coefficients | Standard error | T Stat | P-value | Lower limit 95.0% | Upper limit 95.0% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | −179.923 | 85.148 | −2.113 | 0.058 | −367.332 | 7.485 |
Altitude | 0.110 | 0.028 | 3.961 | 0.002 | 0.049 | 0.171 |
Slope direction | −0.416 | 0.196 | −2.120 | 0.058 | −0.848 | 0.016 |
Crown density | 7.225 | 78.399 | 0.092 | 0.928 | −165.329 | 179.779 |
of the dependent variables’ variations, and that the altitude, slope direction, and crown density could be used to explain 60.3% of the thawing duration changes. The remainder could be explained by other factors, such as the micro topography changes of the land surface. The standard error indicated that the average error was between the predicted and measured values. The smaller the value was, the more ideal the fitting degree was. The F value shown in
In
Coefficients | Standard error | T Stat | P-value | Lower limit 95.0% | Upper limit 95.0% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 5.946 | 1.574 | 3.777 | 0.003 | 2.481 | 9.410 |
Altitude | −0.002 | 0.001 | −3.293 | 0.007 | −0.003 | −0.001 |
Slope direction | 0.013 | 0.004 | 3.534 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.021 |
Crown density | −0.298 | 1.449 | −0.206 | 0.841 | −3.488 | 2.892 |
P-values of the crown density are all greater than 0.5, which did not pass the t test, thus these were eliminated. Then, a stepwise regression analysis method was used to screen the thawing days with altitude and slope direction, as well as the thawing rate with altitude and slope direction, by again using the t test method (as in
In this study, the results of the above R fitting test were combined with those of the F variance and t regression coefficient tests, and the regression models of the thawing duration and thawing rate could be obtained as follows:
T a = 0.111 a − 0.429 e − 176.527 ( R 2 = 0.830 , P < 0.001 ) (2)
V a = 0.013 e − 0.002 a + 5.805 ( R 2 = 0.875 , P < 0.001 ) (3)
In the equation, T a and V a represent the soil’s thawing duration (d) and thawing rate (cm・d−1) with the different altitudes and slope directions, respectively; a and e are the basin’s altitude (m) and slope direction (˚), respectively.
It was determined in this study that the seasonal frozen soils were widely distributed in the Qilian Mountains, and were mainly comprehensively affected by topography, altitude, slope direction, slope gradient, slope position, soil type, composition, and structure, as well as other factors, which caused great differences in the freezing-thawing process within the basin. In particular, the spatial variation characteristics of the soil’s freezing and thawing displayed seasonal variation laws over time. However, under the influence of different space factors, the presented characteristics were found to not be identical. The soil’s freezing and thawing process is complex. The soil’s freezing process and the soil’s thawing process display different response sensitivities to space factor changes. It was preliminarily determined in this study that the altitude and slope direction had the most significant effects on the soil’s thawing process. The soil layer in the alpine glacier permafrost zone and the seasonal frozen soil layer in the mid-low mountains were determined to be the links to connect the “solid reservoir”, “green reservoir”, and river water systems. Due to the unique hydrothermal properties, a special underlying surface is formed which is beneficial to the river runoff, and thereby plays a role in water conservation and river runoff regulation. In this study, the fitting relationship between the soil’s freezing-thawing process and the topographic space factors was considered as a rough estimation relationship, with more focus on a single factor, and less focus on comprehensive factors. In the future, scientific research in this area should pay closer attention to the spatial inter-annual and seasonal changes in the soil freezing and thawing process, as well as the response characteristics to latitude and longitude. Therefore, through further research, the exploration of the spatial response relationship between global climate warming and soil’s freezing-thawing may potentially provide reference data for human responses to worsening ecological environment problems.
1) The soil freezing rate showed a trend of fluctuation increases with rising altitude, while the soil’s thawing rate displayed the opposite trend. The soil’s freezing-thawing variation degree presented a trend of fluctuation increase with rising altitude. The ending time of the soil freezing showed a trend of fluctuation in advance with the rising altitude, while the trend of the thawing was found to be the opposite.
2) In the spatial sequence, the soil’s freezing rate averaged at 1.9 cm・d−1. The soil’s thawing rate averaged at 1.5 cm・d−1. The soil freezing variation degree averaged at 0.4. Finally, the soil’s thawing variation degree averaged at 1.2.
3) The soil freezing began on approximately October 20th, and the soil freezing rate became gradually reduced. The frozen soil thickness reached 150 cm averaged on January 12th. The soil’s thawing to a soil depth of 150 cm had smaller time differences, averaged on March 27th. Then, the soil’s thawing rate gradually increased. The soil’s thawing ended and averaged on July 27th. The average durations of the soil’s freezing, soil’s thawing, and total soil’s freezing-thawing were 77, 121, and 199 days, respectively.
4) The established thawing duration and thawing rate regression models all passed the R fitting, F variance, and t regression coefficient tests.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Niu, Y. and An, J.L. (2018) Response Relationship between the Seasonal Freezing-Thawing Process of Soil and Spatial Factor Changes in the Dayekou Basin of the Qilian Mountains. Open Journal of Ecology, 8, 417-431. https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2018.88025