In the present work, the collinear equilibrium points of the restricted three-body problem are studied under the effect of oblateness of the bigger primary using an analytical and numerical approach. The periodic orbits around these points are investigated for the Earth-Moon system. The Lissajous orbits and the phase spaces are obtained under the effect of oblateness.
One of the most important object in astrodynamics is the restricted three-body problem, which has many applications in space missions. It deals with the motion of an infinitesimal mass under the effect of gravitational attraction of two bodies, called primaries, which move in a Keplerian orbit around their common center of mass.
This problem has five libration points: three of them are called the collinear points L 1 , L 2 and L 3 , which lie on the line joining the two primaries; the other two are called the triangular points L 4 and L 5 [
The existence of the periodic orbits near the collinear libration points was treated by many authors. Grgory A. [
Using a barycentric-synodic coordinate system ( ξ , η , ζ ) and dimensionless variables, the equations of motion of a test particle in the circular restricted three-body problem under the effects of oblateness of the bigger primary can be expressed as
ξ ¨ − 2 n η ˙ = U ξ (1)
η ¨ + 2 n ξ ˙ = U η (2)
ζ ¨ = U ζ (3)
where,
U ξ = ξ n 2 − ( 1 − μ ) ( μ + ξ ) R 1 3 − ( A ( 1 − μ ) ) ( ξ − μ ) R 1 5 − μ ( μ + ξ − 1 ) R 2 3 , (4)
U η = n 2 η − η ( 1 − μ ) R 1 3 − η ( A ( 1 − μ ) ) R 1 5 − η μ R 2 3 (5)
U ζ = − ζ ( 1 − μ ) R 1 3 − ζ ( A ( 1 − μ ) ) R 1 5 − ζ μ R 2 3 (6)
where R 1 = μ + ξ and R 2 = μ + ξ − 1.
The mean motion n of the primaires is given by n 2 = 1 + ( 3 / 2 ) A , where A = ( r e 2 − r p 2 ) / ( 5 R 2 ) is the oblateness coefficient of m 1 having the equatorial and polar radii as r e and r p , respectively.
The collinear equilibrium points can be obtained by solving Equations (4), (5) and (6) when η = ζ = 0 that yields
U ξ = ξ n 2 − ( 1 − μ ) ( μ + ξ ) R 1 3 − ( A ( 1 − μ ) ) ( ξ − μ ) R 1 5 − μ ( μ + ξ − 1 ) R 2 3 (7)
The coordinate of the collinear Points L 1 , L 2 and L 3 are
ξ 1 = μ − 1 − x 1 , ξ 2 = μ − 1 + x 2 , ξ 2 = μ + x 3
where x 1 , x 2 and x 3 satisfy seventh degree polynomials:
( 3 A + 2 ) x 1 7 + ( − 3 A μ + 15 A − 2 μ + 10 ) x 1 6 + ( − 12 A μ + 30 A − 8 μ + 20 ) x 1 5 + ( − 18 A μ + 30 A − 12 μ + 22 ) x 1 4 + ( − 12 A μ + 15 A − 4 μ + 14 ) x 1 3 + ( − 6 A μ + 6 A + 8 μ + 4 ) x 1 2 + 8 μ x 1 + 2 μ = 0 (8)
( 3 A + 2 ) x 2 7 + ( 3 A μ − 15 A + 2 μ − 10 ) x 2 6 + ( − 12 A μ + 30 A − 8 μ + 20 ) x 2 5 + ( 18 A μ − 30 A + 12 μ − 22 ) x 2 4 + ( − 12 A μ + 15 A − 4 μ + 14 ) x 2 3 + ( 6 A μ − 6 A − 8 μ − 4 ) x 2 2 + 8 μ x 2 − 2 μ = 0 (9)
( 3 A + 2 ) x 3 7 + ( 3 A μ + 6 A + 2 μ + 4 ) x 3 6 + ( 6 A μ + 3 A + 4 μ + 2 ) x 3 5 + ( 3 A μ + 2 μ − 2 ) x 3 4 + ( 3 A μ − 3 A + 2 μ − 2 ) x 3 3 + ( 6 A μ − 6 A − 8 μ − 4 ) x 3 2 + 8 μ x 3 − 2 μ = 0 (10)
Each of Equations (8), (9) and (10) has three complex pairs roots, whose equal imaginary parts in magnitude and only one real number represents the position of corresponding collinear point. The intersections of curves for
To study the motion of an infinitesimal neighborhood around the libration points the variationally variables ( ξ , η , ζ ) are introduced such that
ξ = x − x L i , η = y − y L i , ζ = z − z L i
where, x L i , y L i , z L i represent the shift around the collinear points.
The resulting linear variationally equations for motion about L i are written as follows,
ξ ¨ − 2 n η ˙ = ξ U x x + η U x y + ζ U x z , (11)
η ¨ + 2 n ξ ˙ = η U y y + ζ U y z + ξ U x y , (12)
ζ ¨ = ζ U z z . (13)
where,
U x x = 1 − 3 A ( 1 − μ ) 2 ( ( μ + x ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 5 / 2 + 15 A ( 1 − μ ) ( μ + x ) 2 2 ( ( μ + x ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 7 / 2 + 3 A 2 − 3 μ ( μ + x − 1 ) 2 ( ( μ + x − 1 ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 5 / 2 + μ ( ( μ + x − 1 ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 3 / 2 − 1 − μ ( ( μ + x ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 3 / 2 + 3 ( 1 − μ ) ( μ + x ) 2 ( ( μ + x ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 5 / 2
U y y = 1 − 15 A ( 1 − μ ) y 2 2 ( ( μ + x ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 7 / 2 − 3 A ( 1 − μ ) 2 ( ( μ + x ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 5 / 2 + 3 A 2 + 3 μ y 2 ( ( μ + x − 1 ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 5 / 2 + 3 ( 1 − μ ) y 2 ( ( μ + x ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 5 / 2 − μ ( ( μ + x − 1 ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 3 / 2 − 1 − μ ( ( μ + x ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 3 / 2
U z z = 5 A ( 1 − μ ) z 2 ( ( μ + x ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 7 / 2 − A ( 1 − μ ) ( ( μ + x ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 5 / 2 + 3 μ z 2 ( ( μ + x − 1 ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 5 / 2 + 3 ( 1 − μ ) z 2 ( ( μ + x ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 5 / 2 − μ ( ( μ + x − 1 ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 3 / 2 − 1 − μ ( ( μ + x ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 3 / 2
U x y = U y x = 15 A ( 1 − μ ) y ( μ + x ) 2 ( ( μ + x ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 7 / 2 − 3 μ y ( μ + x − 1 ) ( ( μ + x − 1 ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 5 / 2 + 3 ( 1 − μ ) y ( μ + x ) ( ( μ + x ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 5 / 2
U x z = U z x = 15 A ( 1 − μ ) z ( μ + x ) 2 ( ( μ + x ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 7 / 2 − 3 μ z ( μ + x − 1 ) ( ( μ + x − 1 ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 5 / 2 + 3 ( 1 − μ ) z ( μ + x ) ( ( μ + x ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 5 / 2
U y z = U z y = 15 A ( 1 − μ ) y z 2 ( ( μ + x ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 7 / 2 + 3 ( 1 − μ ) y z ( ( μ + x ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 5 / 2 + 3 μ y z ( ( μ + x − 1 ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 5 / 2
Because of all the libration points are in-plane, the partial derivatives containing z-components are vanished. Therefore, Equations (11) through (13) become
ξ ¨ − 2 n η ˙ = ξ U x x + η U x y (14)
η ¨ + 2 n ξ ˙ = η U y y + ξ U x y (15)
Then characteristic equation corresponding to Equations (14) and (15) is [
λ 4 + ( λ ( − U x x − U y y + 4 n 2 ) ) λ 2 + U x x U y y − U x y 2 = 0 (16)
At the collinear points the values of U x x > 0 , U y y < 0 and U x y = 0 hence U x x U y y − U x y 2 < 0 so the roots of the characteristic Equation (16) are found to be λ 1 , 2 = ± λ , λ 3 , 4 = ± i s , λ and s are real. Let the variational of elements depend on time given by
ξ = A i ∑ i = 1 4 e λ i t (17)
η = β i ∑ i = 1 4 e t λ i (18)
where A i and β i are constant coefficients. and β i = A i ( λ i 2 − U x x ) 2 λ i − U x y = A i c i , ( i = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ).
To get the values of constants A i and β i . Let ξ 0 , η 0 , ξ ˙ 0 and η ˙ 0 be the initial coordinates and components of velocity then Equations (17) and (18) give at t = 0
ξ 0 = A 1 + A 2 + A 3 + A 4 (19)
ξ ˙ 0 = A 1 λ 1 + A 2 λ 2 + A 3 λ 3 + A 4 λ 4 (20)
η 0 = c 1 ( A 1 + A 2 ) + i c ( A 3 + A 4 ) (21)
η ˙ 0 = c 1 λ 1 ( A 1 + A 2 ) + i s c ( A 3 + A 4 ) (22)
By putting A 1 = A 2 = 0 to eliminate unstable frequencies λ 1 and λ 2 , then the Equations (19) through (22) become
ξ 0 = A 3 + A 4 (23)
η 0 = i c ( A 3 + A 4 ) (24)
η ˙ 0 = i s c ( A 3 + A 4 ) (25)
ξ ˙ 0 = A 3 λ 3 + A 4 λ 4 (26)
A 3 = ξ 0 2 − η 0 i 2 c (27)
A 4 = ξ 0 2 + η 0 i 2 c (28)
Then Equations (17) and (18) become
ξ = 1 2 ξ 0 ( e − i s t + e i s t ) + ( η 0 i ) ( e i s t − e − i s t ) 2 c = η 0 s i n ( s t ) c + ξ 0 c o s ( s t ) (29)
η = 1 2 ( c ξ 0 ) ( e i s t − e − i s t ) + 1 2 i η 0 ( e − i s t + e i s t ) = η 0 cos ( s t ) − c ξ 0 sin ( s t ) (30)
Lissajoues Orbits at Collinear Points for Earth-Moon SystemTo get the Lissajoues orbits around collinear points under the effect of oblateness, put η 0 = 0 , in Equations (29) and (30) then A 3 = A 4 = A ξ = 1 2 ξ 0
ξ [ t ] = A ξ cos ( s t + φ ) (31)
η [ t ] = − A ξ sin ( s t + φ ) (32)
ζ [ t ] = A ζ cos ( σ + t v ) (33)
where, φ and σ are the phase angle.
Equations (31), (32) and (33) are used to determine the halo and Lissajoues orbits around any collinear libration points under the effect of oblateness.
To get the periodic orbits about the libration points the following technique will be used. This technique depends on the solution of the system of Equations (1), (2) and (3) taken into account the location of libration point as initial values, it is needed to reduce the order of the differential equations system as follows, let
x ˙ ( t ) = u ( t ) (34)
y ˙ ( t ) = v ( t ) (35)
z ˙ ( t ) = w ( t ) (36)
u ˙ ( t ) = n 2 x ( t ) + 2 n v ( t ) − ( 1 − μ ) ( μ + x ( t ) ) R 1 ( t ) 3 − μ ( μ + x ( t ) − 1 ) R 2 ( t ) 3 − A 1 ( μ + 1 ) ( μ + x ( t ) ) R 1 ( t ) 5 (37)
v ˙ ( t ) = n 2 y ( t ) − 2 n u ( t ) − ( 1 − μ ) y ( t ) R 1 ( t ) 3 − μ y ( t ) R 2 ( t ) 3 − A 1 ( μ + 1 ) ( μ + x ( t ) ) R 1 ( t ) 5 (38)
w ˙ ( t ) = − ( 1 − μ ) z ( t ) R 1 ( t ) 3 − μ z ( t ) R 2 ( t ) 3 (39)
The system of Equations (31), (32) and (33) are used to generate the periodic orbits around libration point L2 which
this system using Implist Runge Kutta method.
Periodic orbits around collinear points in the restricted three-body problem have been studied under the effect of oblateness due to the bigger primary which enables the uses of these effects in the space missions. The obtained Lissijous orbit is one aim of the maneuvers through the path of any space craft.
A | L1 | λ 1,2 | λ 3,4 |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.837659 | ±2.93205 | ±2.33438 i |
0.001 | 0.837799 | ±2.95411 | ±2.34699 i |
A | L2 | λ 1,2 | λ 3,4 |
0 | 1.1551 | ±2.17167 | ±1.87026i |
0.001 | 1.00501 | ±2.2905. | ±1.93957i |
A | L3 | λ 1,2 | λ 3,4 |
0 | −1.1551 | ±0.276486 | ±1.02477i |
0.001 | −1.15476 | ±0.278137 | ±1.02144i |
The authors are grateful for the referees and the editor for their constructive suggestions.
Ibrahim, A.H., Ismail, M.N., Zaghrout, A.S., Younis, S.H. and El Shikh, M.O. (2018) Lissajous Orbits at the Collinear Libration Points in the Restricted Three-Body Problem with Oblateness. World Journal of Mechanics, 8, 242-252. https://doi.org/10.4236/wjm.2018.86020