Objectives: Previous studies have demonstrated the role of inflammation in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was found to be a useful inflammatory marker for predicting adverse outcomes. We hypothesized that an elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio would be associated with increased mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Methods: The study consisted of 40 patients with acute coronary syndrome who were admitted to Cardiology Department — Menoufia University Hospitals. The primary endpoint was all-cause in-hospital as well as 30-day mortality, and the patients were divided into three tertiles according to their admission NLR results. Results: All-cause 30-day mortality in the three groups based on NLR was 0.0 % , 7.7 % and 28.6%, in the low-, middle- and high-NLR groups, respectively (P < 0.05; χ2 test). In a logistic regression analysis, including baseline demographic, clinical, and biochemical covariates, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was an independent predictor of mortality (OR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.185 - 5.007, P < 0.05). Conclusion: An elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a simple, relatively inexpensive and universally available inflammatory marker, seems to be a predictor of 30-day mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome.
Many factors including diabetes, hypertension, smoking and dyslipidemia, all of which contribute to endothelial injury is the basis of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Along with other risk factors like genetic predisposition, they can lead to the development of this syndrome [
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) represents a spectrum of clinical symptoms compatible with acute myocardial ischemia and it ranges from unstable angina (UA) to non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) to ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). UA and NSTEMI are closely related conditions: their pathophysiologic origins and clinical presentations are similar, but they differ in severity [
White blood cells (WBC) play a key role in this active process and numerous studies reported a relationship between leucocytes and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) as well as the development of acute coronary syndrome [
Many inflammatory biomarkers had been put under study to investigate their predictive value in predicting MACE and death after ACS, and it was found that NLR has a promising predictive power among those biomarkers [
This is a prospective observational study that included consecutive adult patients > 18 years of age admitted to Cardiology Department―Menoufia University Hospitals with ACS in order to study the relationship between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio at time of admission and in-hospital as well as 30-day mortality. This study included 40 patients.
ACS was defined as any group of clinical symptoms compatible with acute myocardial ischemia and covers the spectrum of clinical conditions ranging from unstable angina (UA) to non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) to ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) [
All patients > 18 years of age admitted with ACS and not having any of the exclusion criteria were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were essentially based on conditions which can alter total or differential leucocytic counts. So, patients with history of trauma, surgery, neoplasm, or infectious disease 30-day before admission were excluded from our study. We also excluded patients with history of current use of immunosuppressant (including corticosteroids) and patients with post-admission complications such as cardiogenic shock, serious arrhythmias with hemodynamic instability, or heart failure. All patients were subjected to informed consent, thorough history taking and clinical examination, 12 lead surface ECG. They were also subjected to routine laboratory analysis with special concern to complete blood count (CBC), and biochemical measurements of myocardial necrosis markers. The blood samples to assess neutrophilic count, lymphocytic count and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were collected within 1 hour after admission to the hospital. Patients were categorized into tertiles (three groups) on the basis of their admission NLR values, as low, intermediate, and high NLR groups. Echocardiography was performed for each patient in the coronary care unit. All data were analyzed, at least 3 cardiac cycles for each parameter and the average results were obtained. We measured left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVESD) and Ejection fraction (EF): calculated by modified Simpson’s method. The hospitalization period for every patient was recorded. Correlation between level of NLR and in-hospital as well as 30-day mortality was done.
Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software version 22.0 (SPSS Inc, Illinois). Patient demographic characteristics were presented as mean and standard deviation for continuous variables with normal distribution, median and interquartile range for continuous variables with non-normal distributions and as proportions (percentages) for categorical variables. For continuous variables comparison between the three population subgroups was done by One-way ANOVA test, followed by Post Hoc (Tukey) test whenever significant difference is found. Simple two- or three-group comparisons were performed using χ2 (Chi-square) test for categorical variables. Pearson’s correlation and simple linear regression were conducted between patients’ admission EF as a dependent variable and their admission NLR as an independent variable. Also logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the respective independent effects of several variables on 30-day mortality. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are reported for covariates of statistical significance. We used Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, to assess 30-day mortality outcome in relation to NLR tertiles. The Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve was used to demonstrate the sensitivity and specificity of NLR and its respective optimal cutoff value for predicting mortality outcome. The confidence interval was set to 95% and the margin of error accepted was set to 5%. So a P value lower than 0.05 was considered significant.
The study population consisted of 40 consecutive patients with ACS. In all, 67.5% of the patients were male, and mean age of patients was 63.3 ± 5.42 years. In all, 22 (55%) patients were hypertensive, 22 (55%) patients were diabetic, 24 (60%) patients were hyperlipidemic, and 20 (50%) patients were smokers. 8 (20%) patients were diagnosed as UA, 22 (55%) as NSTEMI and 10 (25%) as STEMI. Mean admission laboratory results was 10.33 ± 2.34 (×109/L) for TLC, while it was 6.28 (5.27, 8.49) ×109/L for absolute neutrophilic (N) count, 1.69 (1, 2.23) ×109/L for absolute lymphocytic (L) count and 3.76 (2.3, 8.56) for NLR.
Variable | Low NLR (<3) n: 13 | Intermediate NLR (3 - 4.7) n: 13 | High NLR (>4.7) n: 14 | P |
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Age, years Men, n (%) HTN, n (%) DM, n (%) HPL, n (%) Smoker, n (%) TLC, (×109/L) N count, (×109/L) L count, (×109/L) EF, % ACS type, n (%) UA NSTEMI STEMI Mortality, n (%) In-hospital 30-day | 60.9 ± 4.1 8 (61.5%) 5 (38.5%) 5 (38.5%) 9 (69.2%) 5 (38.5%) 8.7 ± 1.5 4.9 ± 0.81 2.3 ± 0.16 55.4 ± 8.3 6 (46.2%) 6 (46.2%) 1 (7.6%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) | 63.6 ± 2.5 8 (61.5%) 8 (61.5%) 9 (69.2%) 8 (61.5%) 7 (53.8%) 10.2 ± 1.8 6.6 ± 1 1.7 ± 0.16 49.5 ± 8.8 2 (15.4%) 8 (61.5%) 3 (23.1%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (7.7%) | 65.2 ± 7.5 11 (78.6%) 9 (64.3%) 8 (57.1%) 7 (50%) 8 (57.1%) 12 ± 2.4 8.9 ± 1.9 1.0 ± 0.14 41.6 ± 10.9 0 (0.0%) 8 (57.1%) 6 (42.9%) 2 (14.3%) 4 (28.6%) | 0.115 0.548 0.341 0.283 0.589 0.59 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.01 <0.05 0.142 <0.05 |
Abbreviations: HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; HPL, hyperlipidemia; TLC, total leucocytic count; N count, neutrophilic count; L count, lymphocytic count; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; EF, ejection fraction; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; UA, unstable angina; NSTEMI, non-ST elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI, ST elevation myocardial infarction. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, or number (percentage).
statically significant difference as regard to TLC between groups III & I (P < 0.001). While there was no significant difference between group II and any of either Group I or III. While as regard N and L counts, both revealed highly statistically significant difference between any two of the three groups of study population (P < 0.001). There was statistically significant difference between the three studied groups regarding LV systolic function with P-value < 0.05, which on Post Hoc analysis revealed statically significant difference between groups III & I (P < 0.05). While there was no significant difference between group II and any of either Group I or III. A simple linear regression was conducted to predict patients’ EF based on their NLR values. A significant regression equation was found (F(1,38) = 26.412, P < 0.001), with an R2 of 0.410. It elaborated that patients’ average EF decreased by 2.195 unit (i.e. %) for each unit increase of NLR. It’s also shown that there was a statistically significant difference between the three studied groups regarding the type of ACS with a P-value < 0.05. Concerning mortality outcome there was a statistically significant difference found between the three studied groups regarding 30-day mortality outcome with a P-value < 0.05. On comparison between each two groups as regard 30-day mortality outcome, the statistically significant difference was only found between group I and III with a P-value < 0.05. On the other hand there wasn’t a statistically significant difference between the study groups as regard in-hospital mortality.
In Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, the 30-day mortality rate was 28.6% in the high-NLR group versus 7.7% & 0.0% in the intermediate & low-NLR groups respectively, with a statistical significant gradient between groups I & III with a P-value < 0.05 (
N count was 9 (8.8, 12.1) × 109/L, L count was 0.95 (0.94, 1.1) × 109/L, NLR was 9.4 (9.1, 10.1).
A univariate binary logistic regression was conducted using 30-day mortality outcome as a dependent variable and each of the following as an independent variable; age, gender, HTN, DM, smoking, dyslipidemia, admission lab results, EF and ACS type. All covariates showed non-significant results except for absolute N count and NLR. It showed that NLR is an independent predictor of 30-day mortality with P-value < 0.05 (OR = 2.44 & 95% CI = [1.185 - 5.007]) (
The major finding of our study is that NLR is an independent predictor of 30-day mortality in patients with ACS. The results of our study regarding the age showed that there was no statistically significant value between the older age and NLR which was also manifest in a previous study [
Variable | OR | 95% CI | P |
---|---|---|---|
N count (×109/L): | 1.76 | 1.093 - 2.839 | <0.05 |
NLR: | 2.44 | 1.185 - 5.007 | <0.05 |
*Multivariate regression including both variables together couldn’t be conducted due to expected multicollinearity as a result of existing significant correlation between both variables. Abbreviations: NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; N count, neutrophilic count; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
observed between DM and NLR in several previous studies which is concordant to our results [
Moving to admission lab findings, we found a significant association between TLC and NLR which was also the case in a number of previous studies [
With reference to LV EF, our study results are in accordance with the results of several previous studies [
In our study we found the distribution of ACS type among the population of the study groups was significantly different which is concordant to what was observed in a previous study, but discordant to another one [
Finally, in relation to mortality outcome, our study results as regard to in-hospital mortality aren’t in the same line with results observed in several previous studies, all of which showed highly statistical significant difference between the study groups in relation to in-hospital mortality [
Although the number of patients enrolled in our study is relatively small, the results are quite comparable to larger studies. Duration of ACS symptoms may have an important impact on NLR levels but was not addressed in current study. A longer-term (more than one month) of follow up may be needed for more comprehensive assessment of relationship between NLR and long-term mortality outcome. Additionally, we could not compare NLR with other inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, myeloperoxidase, tumor necrosis factor-α or interleukin (IL)-6, because they were not routinely obtained in our study population. Finally, this study was observational and single-institutional in nature, which possibly restricted us from identifying and analyzing all potential confounding factors.
Based on the results of the current study, it can be concluded that NLR, a simple, relatively inexpensive and universally available inflammatory marker, is an independent predictor of 30-day mortality and can provide an additional level of risk stratification in patients diagnosed with ACS. Further studies in larger cohorts are needed for the validation of these findings to better define the role of NLR in clinical decision making in patients with ACS.
I’d like to thank my thesis advisor Dr. Ahmed Emara, Prof. of Cardiology at Menoufia University. The door to Prof. Emara’s office was always open whenever I ran into a trouble spot or had a question about my research or writing. He consistently allowed this paper to be my own work, but steered me in the right the direction whenever he thought I needed it.
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
El Shafey, W.E.H., Emara, A.M., Mosa, W.F. and El-Sharnouby, K.H. (2018) Predictive Value of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Outcomes of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome. World Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases, 8, 265-275. https://doi.org/10.4236/wjcd.2018.85026