An experiment was carried out at the Agroforestry and Environment Research Farm, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh, during April, 2014 to January 2015. The experiment was laid out in two factors Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Among the two factors, one factor like A was two production systems: S 1 = Mango + Turmeric and S 2 = Turmeric (sol e crop); another factor like B was three turmeric variety: V1 = BARI Holud-1, V2 = BARI Holud-2 and V3 = BARI Holud-3. So, the treatment combinations were: S1V1 = Mango + BARI Holud-1, S1V2 = Mango + BARI Holud-2, S1V3 = Mango + BARI Holud-3, S 2 V 1 = sole cropping of BARI Holud-1, S 2 V 2 = sole cropping of BARI Holud-2 and S 2 V 3 = sole cropping of BARI Holud-3. The result of the experiment revealed that interaction effect of production systems and variety was found significant on plant height, number of leaf per plant, length of leaf blade, breadth of leaf blade, number of finger per rhizome, fresh and dry yield per hectare. The higher fresh yield of turmeric (34.75 t/ha) and dry yield (6.10 t/ha) was found from S1V1 treatment (Mango + BARI Holud-1). Whereas the lowest fresh yield (33.41 t/ha) and dry yield (4.93 t/ha) was found from S2V2 treatment (sole cropping of BARI Holud-2). However, the suitability of the cultivation of different turmeric variety under mango based agroforestry systems may be ranked as S1V1 > S2V1 > S1V3 > S2V3 > S1V2 > S2V2. Finally it may be concluded that, BARI Holud-1 would be the best variety to be grown under mango based agroforestry.
Turmeric is very important spices as well as a medicinal plant in Bangladesh. Common Bangladeshi people traditionally use various spices in curry in their daily life. Among them, turmeric (Curcuma longa) is the most important one. Besides making curries, it is also used for medicine as a carminative and aromatic stimulant to the gastrointestinal tract [
Again, mango is the king of oriental fruits belongs to the genus Mangifera of the family Anacardiaceae. The genus Mangifera contains several species that bear edible fruit. Mango has become naturalized and adapted throughout the tropics and subtropics. Mango plays an important part in the diet and cuisine of many diverse cultures. This delicious fruit is particularly rich in nutrients such as protein, vitamin A, fiber, thiamine, ascorbic acid etc. The fruit is eaten as green, processed pickles, pulps, jams and is frozen or dried. Mango trees are usually between 3 and 10 m (10 - 33 ft) tall but can reach up to 30 m (100 ft) in some forest situation. The canopy is evergreen. Mango trees are recognized as national tree of Bangladesh, and eaten throughout the world. Mango covered 78,196 acres area under garden having total production of 304,187 metric tons in 2007-2008 [
The experimental site was selected in the existing Mango orchard of the Agroforestry & Environment Research Farm, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh. The geographical location of the site was between 25˚13' latitude and 88˚23' longitude.
The experimental plot was situated in a medium high land belonging to the old Himalayan Piedmont Plain area (AEZ 01). Land was well-drained as drainage system was well developed. The soil texture was sandy loam in nature. The soil contains Sand = 65%, Silt = 30%, Clay = 5%, CEC (meq/100g) = 8.07, pH = 5.35, Organic matter = 1.06%, Total nitrogen = 0.10%, Sodium (meq/100g) = 0.06, Calcium (meq/100g) = 1.30, Magnesium (meq/100g) = 0.40, Potassium (meq/100g) = 0.26, Phosphorus (μg/g) = 24.0, Sulphur (μg/g) = 3.2, Boron (μg/g) = 0.27, Iron (μg/g) = 5.30 and Zinc (μg/g) = 0.90
The experimental site was situated under the tropical climate characterized by heavy rainfall from July to August and scanty rainfall the rest period of the year. In April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December 2014 and January 2015 maximum air temperature was (32.8˚C, 13.9˚C, 33.2˚C, 32.0˚C, 32.4˚C, 32.0˚C, 31.6˚C, 28.70˚C, and 27.20˚C) and Minimum (21.1˚C, 21.5˚C, 23.2˚C, 25.8˚C, 26.2˚C, 25.0˚C, 21.0˚C, 19.68˚C, 18.45˚C, and 16.10˚C), RH (83%, 77%, 82%, 85%, 84%, 89%, 90%, 24.77%, 23.56% and 21.65%) and total Rainfall (54, 213, 333, 369, 466, 97, 10, 5, 18 and 12 mm).
Duration of the experiential period was from April 2014 to February 2015.
Turmeric rhizome was collected from spices research center, Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute, Bogra.
BARI Holud-1: Plant height long, life cycle 270 - 280 days, fresh Rhizome weight 400 - 420 g/plant, number of finger/rhizome 7 - 8, Yield 35 - 40 T/h.
BARI Holud-2: Plant height medium, life cycle 270- 290 days, fresh Rhizome weight 375 - 380 g/plant, number of finger/rhizome 7 - 8, Yield 30 - 35 T/h, color deep yellow.
BARI Holud-3: Plant height medium, life cycle 270 - 290 days, fresh Rhizome weight 400 - 420 g/plant, number of finger/rhizome 7 - 8, Yield 30 - 35 T/h, color deep yellow.
The experiment was laid out following a two factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Total number of experimental plot was 9. The size of each unit plot was 5 m × 5 m. Among the two factors, factor A was two production systems; S1 = Mango + Turmeric, S2 = Turmeric on sole cropping. Another factor B was three Turmeric varieties; V1 = BARI Holud-1, V2 = BARI Holud-2, V3 = BARI Holud-3. So there were 6 treatments combinations and these were; S1V1 = Mango + BARI Holud-1, S1V2 = Mango + BARI Holud-2, S1V3 = Mango + BARI Holud-3, S2V1 = sole cropping of BARI Holud-1, S2V2 = sole cropping of BARI Holud-2, and S2V3 = sole cropping of BARI Holud-3.
1st layer (upper layer): Mango tree, Scientific name: Mangifera indica L., Variety: Amropali, Family: Anacardiaceae, Spacing: 5 m × 5 m, Establishment: 2008, Planting direction: East-West, 2nd layer was turmeric.
The seed rhizome of turmeric was planted maintaining a row to row distance of 50 cm, a plant to plant distance of 25 cm and a depth of 10 cm. The weight of each seed-rhizome was of 15 - 20 g.
Weeding is done as felt necessary. Ear thing up was done thrice; the first one after 60, the second one after 90 and the final one after 110 days of planting. Some plants were rotten by water logging condition. This condition was controlled by drainage.
Recommended doses of fertilizers were used as Urea (N@135 kg/ha), TSP (P2O5@30 kg/ha), MP (K2O@90 kg/ha), Gypsum (S@10 kg/ha), Zinc Sulfate (Zn@2 kg/ha), Borax (B@1.5 kg/ha), Cowdung (5 ton/ha).
The heights were measured from the ground level to the tip of the longest shoot at an interval of 30 days starting from 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 DAP. The number of tillers per plant, number of leaves per plant, length of leaf blade and breath of leaf blade data are collected at an interval of 30 days starting from 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 DAP. The number of finger per selected plant was counted at harvest time. The weight of fresh rhizome per selected plant was recorded with the help of a balance at the time of harvest. After harvest, rhizome of 10 selected plants were weighed and dried in an oven for 24 hours at 70˚C till constant weight. After drying the dry rhizome weighed and mean weight was calculated.
Data were statistically analyzed using the “Analysis of variance” (ANOVA) technique with the help of computer package MSTAT-C. The mean differences were adjudged by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) [
The tallest plant of turmeric (66.63 cm, 83.44 cm, 109.40 cm 129.10 cm and 102.8 cm at 90 DAP, 120 DAP, 150 DAP, 180 DAP and 210 DAP) was recorded in S1V1 (Mango + BARI Holud-1) treatment combination. On the other hand, the shortest plant of turmeric (49.60 cm, 64.53 cm, 71.23 cm, 94.47 cm and 68.20 cm at 90 DAP, 120 DAP, 150 DAP, 180 DAP and 210 DAP) was recorded in S2V3 (Sole cropping of BARI Holud-3) (
Treatments | Plant height | Number of tiller/plant | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
90 DAP | 120 DAP | 150 DAP | 180 DAP | 210 DAP | 90 DAP | 120 DAP | 150 DAP | 180 DAP | 210 DAP | |
S1V1 | 66.63a | 83.44a | 109.40a | 129.10a | 102.80a | 2.33a | 2.73a | 3.26a | 4.03a | 4.03a |
S1V2 | 61.17c | 70.65c | 86.27c | 106.50c | 81.60c | 1.73ab | 2.13ab | 2.56ab | 3.06bc | 3.06bc |
S1V3 | 56.40d | 67.30d | 83.57c | 101.40d | 74.53d | 2.03ab | 2.33ab | 2.76ab | 3.26bc | 3.26bc |
S2V1 | 63.37b | 77.57b | 103.00b | 116.10b | 95.07b | 2.13ab | 2.53ab | 3.13ab | 3.73ab | 3.73ab |
S2V2 | 53.73e | 65.14de | 78.63d | 100.50d | 72.40d | 1.53b | 1.86b | 2.43b | 2.86c | 2.86c |
S2V3 | 49.60f | 64.53e | 71.23e | 94.47e | 68.20e | 2.13ab | 2.53ab | 2.73ab | 3.23bc | 3.23bc |
CV (%) | 1.52 | 2.11 | 2.15 | 1.92 | 1.43 | 15.38 | 14.53 | 13.38 | 11.02 | 11.02 |
(Note: Means with similar letter (s) in column of the table do not differ significantly by DMRT at P > 5% level).
Treatments | Number of leaf/plant | Length of leaf blade | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
90 DAP | 120 DAP | 150 DAP | 180 DAP | 210 DAP | 90 DAP | 120 DAP | 150 DAP | 180 DAP | 210 DAP | |
S1V1 | 8.03a | 10.03a | 14.73a | 15.73a | 12.03a | 45.83a | 54.10a | 62.07a | 68.47a | 60.40a |
S1V2 | 6.96b | 8.83c | 12.60c | 13.63b | 10.57bc | 34.67c | 42.80c | 52.07c | 59.33c | 50.33c |
S1V3 | 6.73b | 8.33d | 12.17c | 13.13b | 9.733c | 31.23e | 40.63d | 49.93d | 55.83d | 48.77d |
S2V1 | 7.16ab | 9.56b | 14.23b | 15.17a | 11.63ab | 43.67b | 52.23b | 60.20b | 66.03b | 58.23b |
S2V2 | 6.33b | 8.53cd | 12.20c | 12.73b | 9.333c | 32.60d | 40.03d | 49.77d | 56.57d | 48.47d |
S2V3 | 6.16b | 8.16d | 12.13c | 12.53b | 9.533c | 28.37f | 38.03e | 46.87e | 54.10e | 46.17e |
CV (%) | 7.72 | 2.81 | 2.06 | 1.65 | 6.22 | 1.58 | 1.64 | 1.37 | 1.00 | 4.8 |
(Note: Means with similar letter (s) in column of the table do not differ significantly by DMRT at P > 5% level).
Treatments | Breadth of leaf blade | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
90 DAP | 120 DAP | 150 DAP | 180 DAP | 210 DAP | |
S1V1 | 11.03a | 13.67a | 16.40a | 18.80a | 15.13a |
S1V2 | 9.13b | 11.77b | 14.87bc | 16.23c | 13.20c |
S1V3 | 8.43cd | 11.17bc | 13.47de | 15.63cd | 12.83c |
S2V1 | 10.60a | 13.13a | 15.37b | 18.07b | 14.23b |
S2V2 | 8.73bc | 11.30bc | 14.07cd | 15.57cd | 12.87c |
S2V3 | 8.06d | 10.83c | 13.17e | 14.97d | 12.57c |
CV (%) | 3.61 | 2.70 | 3.04 | 2.16 | 3.40 |
(Note: Means with similar letter (s) in column of the table do not differ significantly by DMRT at P > 5% level).
of turmeric (434.30 g) was recorded in S1V1 (Mango + BARI Holud-1) treatment. On the other hand the lowest fresh weight of rhizome per plant of turmeric (356.70 g) was recorded in S2V2 (Sole cropping of BARI Holud-2) treatment combination (
Treatments | No. of finger/plant | Fresh wt. of rhizome/plant | Dry wt. of rhizome/plant | Fresh yield (t/ha) | Dry yield (t/ha) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1V1 | 28.00a | 434.30a | 75.13a | 34.75a | 6.01a |
S1V2 | 23.33cd | 370.00de | 63.98de | 30.80c | 5.11de |
S1V3 | 24.67bc | 408.30bc | 69.68bc | 32.53bc | 5.56bc |
S2V1 | 26.33ab | 417.70ab | 72.10ab | 33.41ab | 5.76ab |
S2V2 | 21.67d | 356.70e | 61.63e | 28.53d | 4.93e |
S2V3 | 21.33d | 389.00cd | 66.20cd | 31.12c | 5.28cd |
CV (%) | 5.67 | 3.23 | 3.06 | 3.03 | 2.98 |
(Note: Means with similar letter (s) in column of the table do not differ significantly by DMRT at P > 5% level).
The research revealed that the highest plant height, number of tillers per plant, number of leaves per plant, length of leaf blade and breath of leaf blade were found on BARI Holud-1of Turmeric variety under mango tree. It may be due to that this variety may have high efficiency of using space, air, water and sunlight. It also may have high genetic vigor than other variety. The present study revealed that the plant height increased with the decrease of light levels. Plant height depends on a number of factors such as availability of required quality of water, mineral nutrients, quantity, quality and duration of light, temperature, area of growing space and genetic set-up of the plants. Hillman [
The findings of the present investigation indicate that diversification of farming system and growing turmeric as ground layers crops in mango tree orchard is a viable option for increasing income of farmers. One turmeric variety like BARI Holud-1 has been grown successfully as intercrops in the floor of mango tree orchard. The presence of tree canopies did not influence on the growth and yield of turmeric variety so much. Moreover, among the three turmeric varieties, BARI Holud-1 gave the better yield both in the mango based agroforestry systems as well as in sole cropping. However, the suitability of the cultivation of different turmeric variety under mango based agroforestry systems may be ranked as S1V1 > S2V1 > S1V3 > S2V3 > S1V2 > S2V2. Finally it may be concluded that, BARI Holud-1 would be the best variety to be grown under mango based agroforestry.
I deeply expressed cordial thanks to Institute of Science and Technology of Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh for funding of this experiment.
Ali, M.M., Rahman, M.M., Islam, S., Islam, M.A., Alam, M.R., Bari, M.S. and Nahar, M.N. (2018) Varietal Performance of Turmeric under Mango Based Agroforestry System. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 9, 995-1003. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2018.95076