Producing Brazilian Cerrado plants, especially ones endangered, is essential for your maintenance. In this way, fertilization is furthermore uncertain. Here, we demonstrate the impact of soil addition of nitrogen (N, 4.20, 18.90, 31.50, 44.10 and 59.85 mg·dm -3 ) and phosphorus (P, 9.56, 57.38, 95.62, 133.86 and 181.67 mg·dm -3 ) fertilizers levels on the development and on nutrients uptake by Jacaranda decurrens subsp. symmetrifoliolata (carobinha), species of the Brazilian Cerrado, in a long term pot trial. The N and P addition together increased plant height and N concentration in roots. N and P also increased the P concentration and content on the roots in young plants, but in the older plants, isolated effect of both was stronger than their combined action. The N addition promoted branching, production of dry leaves and dry xylopodium, contents of K, Ca and P on the leaves, and N content on the roots. However, the N reduced xylopodium diameter, leaf area, and Mg contents in the young plants, but increased them in the older plants. The P addition increased stem diameter and dry biomass, P concentration and N content on the leaves, Ca content on the roots and also reduced N concentration on the leaves. However, the P addition increased Mg concentration on the roots in the young plants and reduced it in the older plants. In general, N levels ranging between 25.69 - 38.85 mg·dm -3 and P levels between 84.39 - 109.23 mg·dm -3 promote more effectively the plant development. Thus, N and P fertilization can promote the aerial development of plant and a differential allocation of nutrients between the carobinha tissues.
Even though the flora of the Brazilian Cerrado is rich in economically important species, their cultivation is still incipient. An aggravating factor is that many of them are endangered, either due to deforestation or because of indiscriminate exploitation, without an appropriate crop management [
Soil enrichment with nutrients may promote or delay the development of native species in the Brazilian Cerrado [
Based on the exposed situation, we investigated the effect of soil fertilization with N and P on the development and nutrients uptake by the carobinha.
The experiment was carried out between April 2012 and June 2014, under a 2 m × 2 m (height, width) tunnel with 50% shading and a plastic roof, locate at 22˚11'44.45''S latitude, 54˚56'07.31''W longitude and 460 m altitude. The plants were cultivated in vases with 5.70 kg substrate (very clayey dystroferric Red Latosol; 1.20 kg∙dm−3; pH CaCl2 = 4.33; P = 1.71 mg∙dm−3; K = 0.041 cmolc∙dm−3; Al = 1.2 cmolc∙dm−3; Ca = 0.67 cmolc∙dm−3; Mg = 0.18 cmolc∙dm−3; H + Al = 2.99 cmolc∙dm−3; T = 3.89 cmolc∙dm−3; V = 22.9%). After addition of 24.54 g limestone (221.55 g Ca kg−1 and 126.64 g Mg kg−1, PRNT = 1000 g∙kg−1, Calpar®, Paraná, Brazil) and 200 mL water kg−1 to the substrate, the vases were incubated for 14 days.
Five nitrogen (N) (N1: 4.20, N2: 18.90, N3: 31.50, N4: 44.10 and N5: 59.85 mg∙dm−3) and five phosphorus (P) (P1: 9.56, P2: 57.38, P3: 95.62, P4: 133.86 and P5: 181.67 mg∙dm−3) fertilizers levels and cycles were tested. Their combinations were defined based on the experimental matrix Plan Plueba III, which suggested nine treatments (1: N2P2, 2: N4P2, 3: N2P4, 4: N4P4, 5: N3P3, 6: N1P2, 7: N5P4, 8: N2P1 and 9: N4P5) arranged in randomized blocks and four repetitions. The experimental unit consisted of four vases. Phosphorus was provided by Ca2(H2PO4) (187.7g P kg−1 + 150g Ca kg−1), nitrogen by (NH4)2SO4 (210 g N kg−1 + 220 g S kg−1), and potassium (120 mg∙dm−3) by KCl (498.1 g K kg−1).
After incubation, one 70-day-old carobinha plantlet was transferred to each vase. Total P was applied on the same day; 40% N and K were added 30 days later; and the remaining was applied 60 (30%) and 90 (30%) days after transplanting (DAT). At 151 DAT, 0.15 mL of a 1.2 kg L−1 fertilization solution (60 g Ca L−1, 12 g Mg L−1, 24 g S L−1, 2.4 g B L−1, 3 g Cu L−1, 12 g Mn L−1, 0.432 g Mo L−1 and 12 g Zn L−1; Supra Mix®, Supra Fertilizantes) were added to each vase. The substrate was kept at 70% of the field capacity.
Plant height and stem diameter were measured during the experimental cycle (between 44 and 672 DAT). At 259 DAT and 770 DAT, two entire plants were harvested in order to determinate xylopodium diameter; number of leaves and branches; leaf area; and the production of leaves, stems, xylopodium, and fresh and dry roots. The material was dried in a drying oven with forced air ventilation, at 60˚C ± 5˚C, until it reached a constant weight.
The substrate collected before correction and at 259 DAT was dried, under natural conditions, grinded and sieved (<2 mm). Then, were determined the pH (CaCl2), H + Al [SMP method, ln (H + Al) = 8.0857763 − 1.0621553 × pH SMP], K (flame photometry, Melich 1), Ca and Mg (atomic absorption spectrophotometry-AAS, Varian SpectrAA-240 FS, Varian), Al (volumetry) and P (spectrophotometry, Melich 1). Sum of bases (Ca + Mg + K), cation exchange capacity (CEC) (sum of bases + H + Al) and base saturation (sum of basis/CEC) were also calculated.
The leaves and roots from each sample were grinded using a knife grinder type Willye (0.841 mm). K (flame photometry), Ca and Mg (atomic absorption spectrophotometry), total N (Kjeldahl acid digestion) and P (spectrophotometry) were determined. The nutrient contents in the tissues were calculated by multiplying the nutrient concentration by the dry mass.
The open source software R [
Without the effect of the experimental unit, the linear models were tested (lm, lattice package) [
Both N (p = 0.10) and P (p = 0.52) had no effect on soil pH (CaCl2). The N addition elevated of K contents (p = 0.01) and slight increased the levels of H + Al (p = 0.07). Intermediate N doses (24.85 mg∙dm−3) increased K levels to highest (0.34 cmolc∙dm−3) (maximum P),
Dependent variable (dv) | Transformation for Normality† | Fitted models | Multiple R² | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Soil chemistry | ||||
K | dv−0.41 | ŷ = −0.041849(p = 0.730)b1 − 0.0816(p = 0.044)b2 − 0.044357(p = 0.276)b3 − 0.052133(p = 0.189)b4 + 0.116161(p = 0.018) N + 0.007102(p = 0.205) P − 0.01165(p = 0.019)N | 0.359(p = 0.039) | |
Mg | - | ŷ = 4.879078(p < 0.000) b1 − 0.155711(p = 0.228)b2 − 0.027805(p = 0.833)b3 − 0.022856(p = 0.858)b4 − 0.008871(p = 0.010)N + 0.003007(p = 0.008)P | 0.291(p = 0.063) | |
P | dv0.46 | ŷ = 0.83309(p = 0.911) ‡ b1a + 2.38973(p = 0.182)b2 + 1.8747(p = 0.307)b3 + 1.1502(p = 0.516)b4 + 2.27874(p = 0.295) N - 2.44087(p = 0.033) P - 0.25923(p = 0.237)N + 0.36121(p < 0.000)P | 0.922(p < 0.000) | |
P expected/P soil | - | ŷ = 0.2687536(p = 0.009)b1 + 0.0353915(p = 0.125)b2 + 0.0289716(p = 0.220)b3 + 0.0173949(p = 0.444)b4 + 0.0394384(p = 0.161) N − 0.0514625(p = 0.001) P − 0.0038727(p = 0.170)N + 0.0029828(p = 0.001)P | 0.454(p = 0.013) | |
Growth and development | ||||
Plant height | dv−0.19 | N and P effects: ŷ = 5.425592(p = 0.005) + 0.413743(p = 0.361) N + 0.653603(p = 0.008) P − 0.144198(p = 0.037)N − 0.055969(p = 0.008)P + 0.101196(p = 0.177) N * P Plant age effect: y ^ = 2.91918 + ( 2.91918 − 15.23677 / 1 + ( x / 204.283 ) 9.23491 ) | - 0.694 (Χ² = 12.534, k = 524) | |
Stem diameter | dv−0.05 | N and P effects: ŷ = 2.4122229(p = 0.026) + 0.1398655(p = 0.629) N + 0.5901713(p = 0.000) P − 0.0189229(p = 0.515)N − 0.0254747(p = 0.004)P Plant age effect: y ^ = 1.29818 + ( 8.80959 − 1.29818 ) × x 7.83389 224.89332 7.83389 + x 7.83389 | - 0.681 (Χ² = 4.570, k = 536) | |
Branching | dv0.10 | ŷ = 1.624617(p = 0.101)b1 + 0.657073(p = 0.465)b2 − 0.845044(p = 0.362)b3 + 0.157073(p = 0.861)b4 + 0.052074(p = 0.024)N − 0.009139(p = 0.218)P + 3.281516(p < 0.000)Hb | 0.364 (p = 0.000) | |
Xylopodium diameter | dv0.10 | ŷ = 12.44178(p = 0.001)b1 − 1.027(p = 0.230)b2 − 1.88898(p = 0.035)b3 − 2.47894(p = 0.005)b4 − 1.78980(p = 0.207) N + 0.04876(p = 0.771) P + 0.20118(p = 0.162)N − 5.07082(p = 0.325)H + 5.49379(p = 0.008) N * H + 0.09654(p = 0.684) P *H − 0.56656(p = 0.007)N*H | 0.744 (p < 0.000) | |
Leaf area | dv0.35 | ŷ = 465.37492(p < 0.000)b1 − 49.56625(p = 0.247)b2 − 69.63742(p = 0.116)b3 − 68.42314(p = 0.112)b4 − 10.62847(p = 0.044)N + 0.31991(p = 0.518)P + 0.20204(p = 0.011)N2 − 416.06656(p = 0.000)H + 14.188(p = 0.061)N * H − 0.40932(p = 0.559)P * H − 0.25522(p = 0.025)N2 * H | 0.705 (p < 0.000) | |
Dry leaves | dv0.50 | ŷ = 8.628721(p < 0.000)b1 − 0.091967(p = 0.893)b2 − 0.740256(p = 0.297)b3 − 0.811167(p = 0.239)b4 − 0.152607(p = 0.071)N − 0.005056(p = 0.526)P + 0.003567(p = 0.006)N2 − 8.059523(p < 0.000) H + 0.183065(p = 0.131)N * H + 0.003525(p = 0.754)P * H − 0.003959(p = 0.031)N2 * H | 0.798 (p < 0.000) | |
Dry stems | dv0.40 | ŷ = 0.67805(p = 0.654)b1 − 0.3142(p = 0.376)b2 − 0.70753(p = 0.056)b3 − 0.67275(p = 0.061)b4 − 0.2451(p = 0.573) N + 0.48083(p = 0.033) P + 0.03615(p = 0.407)N − 0.02617(p = 0.048)P | 0.201 (p = 0.048) | |
Dry xylopodium | dv0.20 | ŷ = 0.05681(p = 0.976)b1 + 0.948(p = 0.584)b2 − 0.68121(p = 0.702)b3 − 2.02281(p = 0.244)b4 + 0.05426(p = 0.216)N − 0.01043(p = 0.464)P + 6.95798(p < 0.000)H | 0.373 (p = 0.000) | |
Dry roots | dv0.20 | ŷ = 3.7396659(p = 0.009)b1 − 1.4331236(p = 0.260)b2 − 1.2369638(p = 0.345)b3 − 1.843158(p = 0.149)b4 + 0.0201585(p = 0.529)N + 0.0001814(p = 0.986)P + 5.1851406(p < 0.000)H | 0.366 (p = 0.000) | |
Nutrients concentration and content | ||||
Leaf P concentration | dv−0.05 | ŷ = 1.602808(p < 0.000)b1 + 0.204678(p = 0.355)b2 + 0.039961(p = 0.856)b3 + 0.011696(p = 0.958)b4 − 0.009975(p = 0.092)N + 0.004881(p = 0.013)P | 0.167 (p = 0.194) | |
Leaf N concentration | - | ŷ = 21.25279(p = 0.001)b1 + 5.75556(p < 0.000)b2 + 3.5(p = 0.005)b3 + 3.57778(p = 0.004)b4 − 1.52302(p = 0.309) N − 1.40047(p = 0.071) P + 0.14062(p = 0.348)N + 0.08411(p = 0.066)P | 0.4611 (p = 0.001) |
Root Mg concentration | - | ŷ = 2.056803(p = 0.000) + 0.0268999(p = 0.051)N + 0.0020677(p = 0.113)P − 0.0004479(p = 0.031)N2 − 0.4621669(p = 0.058)H − 0.0344858(p < 0.042)N * H − 0.0001672(p < 0.042)P * H + 0.0005432(p < 0.033)N2 * H | - |
---|---|---|---|
Root N concentration | dv0.70 | ŷ = 11.3349596(p < 0.000)b1 + 0.8571477(p = 0.353)b2 + 1.6749204(p = 0.081)b3 + 1.5571477(p = 0.094)b4 + 0.0750559(p = 0.362)N − 0.0508524(p = 0.051)P − 0.0008661(p = 0.482)N2 + 0.000345(p = 0.011)P2 − 7.6807986(p<0.000) H | 0.726 (p < 0.000) |
Root P concentration | dv0.10 | ŷ = 2.391(p = 0.000)b1 − 0.02556(p = 0.899)b2 + 0.08954(p = 0.667)b3 + 0.2154(p = 0.285)b4 − 0.007839(p = 0.754)N + 0.00002428(p = 0.998)P − 0.0004613(p = 0.411)N2 − 0.00001497(p = 0.800)P2 + 0.0002969(p = 0.301)N * P − 1.383(p = 0.050)H + 0.004393(p = 0.903)N * H + 0.004635(p = 0.681)P * H + 0.001117(p = 0.175)N2 * H + 0.00009119(p = 0.292)P2 * H − 0.0006997(p = 0.093)N * P * H | 0.485 (p = 0.000) |
Leaf K content | dv0.31 | ŷ = 3.906313(p < 0.000)b1 + 0.062593(p = 0.907)b2 − 0.248765(p = 0.642)b3 − 0.530851(p = 0.312)b4 + 0.029042(p = 0.031)N − 0.002014(p = 0.631)P − 4.018072(p < 0.000)H | 0.712 (p < 0.000) |
Leaf Ca content | dv0.29 | 62.079(p < 0.000)b1 − 0.98366(p = 0.905)b2 − 9.46959(p = 0.253)b3 − 10.92011(p = 0.178)b4 + 0.44128(p = 0.033)N − 0.02716(p = 0.6741)P − 62.04177(p < 0.000)H | 0.716 (p < 0.000) |
Leaf Mg content | dv0.25 | ŷ = 23.13(p < 0.000)b1 − 1.396(p = 0.544)b2 − 3.124(p = 0.172)b3 − 3.109(p = 0.163)b4 − 0.4771(p = 0.052)N + 0.0003478(p = 0.988)P + 0.0103(p = 0.006)N2 − 0.2101(p = 0.001)H + 0.5867(p = 0.151)N * H − 0.0102(p = 0.774)P * H − 0.01146(p = 0.056)N2 * H | 0.770 (p < 0.000) |
Leaf N content | dv0.27 | ŷ = 133.1(p < 0.000)b1 + 9.096(p = 0.490)b2 - 16.33(p = 0.212)b3 − 15.07(p = 0.238)b4 − 3.209(p = 0.025)N + 0.2466(p = 0.573)P + 0.06748(p = 0.002)N2 − 0.00137(p = 0.530)P2 - 117.2(p = 0.009)H + 3.385(p = 0.154)N * H − 0.385(p = 0.577)P * H − 0.06893(p = 0.049)N2 * H + 0.001938(p = 0.572)P2 * H | 0.806 (p < 0.000) |
Leaf P content | dv0.25 | ŷ = 10.948408(p = 0.007) − 0.319135(p = 0.120)N + 0.099322(p = 0.123)P + 0.006029(p = 0.053)N2 − 0.000384(p = 0.227)P2 − 9.793508(p = 0.122)H + 0.3227(p = 0.336)N * H − 0.111079(p = 0.260)P * H − 0.005992(p = 0.226)N2 * H + 0.000449(p = 0.357)P2 * H | - |
Root Ca content | dv0.08 | ŷ = 10.33276(p = 0.704)b1 − 5.67455(p = 0.224)b2 − 8.03203(p = 0.096)b3 − 9.28819(p = 0.049)b4 − 1.4206(p = 0.857) N + 1.44502(p = 0.719) P + 0.20271(p = 0.798)N − 0.09138(p = 0.701)P + 44.28281(p = 0.262)H − 2.66291(p = 0.815) N * H − 8.87399(p = 0.129) P *H + 0.14825(p = 0.897)N * H + 0.62855(p = 0.070)P * H | 0.3333 (p = 0.017) |
Root P content | dv0.21 | ŷ = 9.5097314(p = 0.141)b1 − 1.8589245(p = 0.474)b2 − 3.1484625(p = 0.240)b3 − 2.8415475(p = 0.275)b4 − 0.1465441(p = 0.645)N + 0.0347105(p = 0.728)P + 0.0002882(p = 0.968)N2 − 0.0003529(p = 0.638)P2 + 0.0015151(p = 0.676)N * P − 0.0498683(p = 0.996)H − 0.0035868(p = 0.994)N * H + 0.0241799(p = 0.868)P * H + 0.0137572(p = 0.200)N²*H + 0.0016135(p = 0.154)P² * H − 0.0090576(p = 0.091)N * P * H | 0.358 (p = 0.023) |
†Defined by the Box-Cox test. ‡Probability by F test. aThe block (b) 1 coefficients are used to surface plot. bThese coefficients must add or subtract to coefficients of intercept or b1, and respectively effects (N, P, P2, N2, N , P and their interactions) on harvest of 770 DAT.
intermediate N doses increased, while P doses reduced it. The lower N dose and 74.42 mg∙dm−3 P resulted in the lowest recovery efficiency (0.11), whereas 25.93 mg∙dm−3 N and the lowest P dose caused the highest P recovery efficiency (0.24),
Ca2(H2PO4) contains 150 g Ca kg−1, therefore supplementation with crescent P doses resulted in increased Ca levels, and consequently higher sum of bases, base saturation and CEC. The soil acidification (characterized by a pH varying between 5.71 and 6.43) resulting from elevated H + Al as a consequence of N addition increased P availability in the soil solution [
Plant age had an effect on plant height and stem diameter (p < 0.01), while age at harvest affected the number of branches, xylopodium diameter, leaf number, and leaf area (p < 0.01). Plant height slowly increased up to 105 DAT (0.0000059 - 0.0012 cm∙day−1), and then rapidly until 359 DAT (0.0024 - 0.1408 cm∙day−1), with a peak at 200 DAT. After that, the growth rate decreased from 0.00079 to 0.000011 cm∙day−1 at 662 DAT (
Supplementation with both N and P resulted in an elevation in plant height (p = 0.01). Increasing the N dose up to 26.03 mg∙dm−3 and the P dose up to 109.23 mg∙dm−3 led the plants to reach their maximum height (9.90 cm) (
Between 259 and 770 DAT, the number of branches expanded 1518.22% (
N slightly promoted branching (p = 0.07) (
(
Plants at 259 DAT produced more leaves (
The growth of the carobinha is age and season dependent. As the life cycle progresses, more stem and more branches are produced in detriment of height, with a reflection on the increased growth of the xylopodium, a storage organ important for the regrowth after the dormancy period and environmental stresses [
Within the fertilizer levels tested, some traits of plant growth (plant height and stem diameter) reached their highest values for N and P as demonstrated by [
fact that fertilization with nitrogen and phosphorus had no effect on root production seems to confirm that root growth does not depend on nutrient supplementation [
Macronutrient concentration decrease in older plants. In the leaves between 259 and 770 DAT, Ca levels reduced 14.23% (p = 0.03) (
no effect on Ca (N, p = 0.98 and P, p = 0.80) and Mg levels (N, p = 0.85 e P, p = 0.59) in the leaves. Regarding K, the P coefficients were significant in the quadratic (p = 0.04) and quadratic root (p = 0.02) models, while the coefficients of regression determination were not (R2 = 0.22, p = 0.21 and R2 = 0.26, p > 0.10, respectively). Supplementation with P reduces the N levels from highest (15.20 mg∙g−1) at the minimal P dose to lowest (12.06 mg∙g−1) at a dose of 69.31 mg∙dm−3 of P (highest N) (
In the roots, between 259 and 770 DAT, K levels decreased 50.32% (p < 0.01) (
Addition of N and P did not affect K (N, p = 0.36 and P, p = 0.46) or Ca levels (N, p = 0.27 and P, p = 0.81) on the roots. However, adding N increased Mg levels at 259 DAT and reduced Mg levels at 770 DAT (p = 0.03). Fertilization with P led to increased Mg levels at both harvests (p < 0.05) (
In the leaves, age at harvest and N fertilization had isolated effects on content levels of K (harvest, p < 0.01 and N, p = 0.03) (
highest N dose led to the highest K (5.63 mg at 259 DAT and 1.61 mg at 770 DAT), Ca (88.23 mg at 259 DAT and 26.19 mg at 770 DAT). The highest N dose regardless of harvest ages led to the highest leaf P contents (19.86 mg at 259 DAT and 1.51 mg at 770 DAT) but with an increase in the P dose up to 129.33 mg∙dm−3 in the younger plants (259 DAT) and to the highest P dose in the older plants (770 DAT). On the other hand, in the older plants, an increase in the N dose up to 47.24 mg∙dm−3 elevated the Mg levels to a maximum of 23.72 mg (minimal P). An increment in the P dose up to 90 mg∙dm−3 at 259 DAT and the minimum P dose at 770 DAT, both with maximum N dose increased the leaf N content to the highest levels (193.85 mg at 259 DAT and 5.22 mg at 770 DAT).
In the roots, age at harvest and N (p > 0.99) and P (p = 0.81) addition did not affect K contents. However, age at harvest and P addition had a slight effect on Ca contents p = 0.08) (
The effect of fertilization or other treatments on nutrient uptake in the plant tissues depends on the combined action of each of them on the nutrient concentration and contents in the plant and on biomass production [
N and P act synergistically on radicular P contents. On the other hand, in the older plants, the combined increase in the N and P doses had an antagonist effect on the levels of radicular P. Increased N availability usually leads to incremented P uptake [
In the roots, supplementation with N acted synergistically with N, regardless of age, and with K, Ca, Mg, N and P in the leaves. However, it had no effect on K and Ca contents in the roots, since it did not affect radicular development. The growing addition of S doses in the form of ammonium sulfate may have increased the availability of ferredoxin (Fe2S2) involved in the transformation of glutamine into glutamate following N uptake [
Despite the fact that supplementation with P increased Mg and N concentrations in the roots and P levels in the leaves, reducing K and N levels in the leaves. Nevertheless, P did not show a clear effect on these levels, since it did not affect Mg and N contents in the roots or K contents in the leaves, but increased foliar N contents. Furthermore, K, Ca and Mg contents in the leaves did not show any response to P fertilization. In the roots and leaves, P acted synergistically only with itself, due to the increased P availability in the soil.
This study was done under moderately controlled conditions, so in the field the plant response may be different. But it shows that the phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizer together allow further development of carobinha plants. Population studies can better clarify the role of N and P fertilization in the genetic diversity of the species. In addition, we observed high diversity among the plants, since the species has not yet been selected. Thus, both individuals responsive and efficient in the use of nutrients should be selected for commercial production [
N and P fertilization promotes the aerial development of plant and a differential allocation of nutrients between the carobinha tissues. N acts on the development of the aerial part, depending on the plant age, and on the nutrient allocation in the leaves. The effect of P on the development and nutrient allocation in the roots are independent of plant age. The carobinha grows as part of the sub-shrubs in the Cerrado. The growth is rapid in the younger plants and slower in adult plants. The growth changes from vertical to horizontal through stem development and the production of branches. The deciduousness in carobinha plants is independent of water availability. Nutrient contents in foliar and radicular tissues are usually lower in the adult plant, with the exception of P, which increases. In the leaves, macronutrient levels increase with age, compared with the roots. In the younger plants, there is a nutrient concentration in the roots and an allocation synergy in the leaves. However, in adult plants, nutrient contents dilute in the roots, while in the leaves, exchangeable nutrients concentrate and less motile nutrients suffer an antagonistic effect.
The authors thank the Foundation for Support to the Development of Teaching, Science and Technology of the Mato Grosso do Sul State-FUNDECT and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel-CAPES for the financial support for the accomplishment and publication of the present work.
There are no conflicts of interest in present study.
Gonçalves, W.V., do Carmo Vieira, M., de Oliveira Carnevali, T., Zárate, N.A.H., Aran, H.D.V.R. and Mineli, K.C.S. (2017) Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization Promotes Aerial Part Development and Affect Nutrient Uptake by Carobinha of the Brazilian Cerrado. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 8, 3377-3398. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2017.813227