The main purpose of this study is to identify and rank leagility factors based on job satisfaction in the M.R.I Hospital, Shiraz, Iran. From the purpose point of view, this research is an applied research. In this research two methods of fuzzy tops are the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to compute the inconsistency rate, and rank the job satisfaction criteria AHP is employed; afterwards the fuzzy TOPSIS is used to rank the lean-agile criterions. In all the committed pairwise comparisons the consistency rate has scored less than 0.1 and ranking has been carried out. Results obtained from this research indicate ranking of the criteria, and also reveal the importance of the organizational factors with the most weight (0.686), and then the environmental factors with a weight of 0.126 and finally factors associated with nature of work with a weight of 0.098. Moreover result of fuzzy TOPSIS demonstrates that, having the highest closeness coefficient, providing high quality services has the highest priority among the criteria. The importance of other criteria is as follows: on time services, competency, responsiveness, flexibility, speed, and waste reduction. It can be a benchmarking for researches and decision makers to apply the results of this research.
Human resources are regarded as the most important capital in an organization and in order to have a dynamic organization, having undertaking people, and for realization and execution of the organization goals, there is a need to have motivated interested-to-work employees. Given the differences among human individuals in different areas, job and fulfillment of job duties are the most important source of satisfaction for some of the people. If―due to any reason―this satisfaction goes missing, its undesirable consequences will embroil organization to a challenge. Hence, one of the most important motivation factors in work settings is the job satisfaction that inscribes a set of desirable or undesirable feelings toward a job [
Organization agility on the other hand, has been introduced as one of the effective variables and factors on job satisfaction [
Which of the leanness-agility factors has the most effect on job satisfaction?
Going forward, the literature, methodology, data analysis and finally discussion and conclusion will be presented.
This section is concerned with expression of the concepts agility, leanness, and employees’ job satisfaction as well as research works conducted in the past, expressed in form of theoretical framework.
This section tries to provide the reader with those definitions relative to the research variables as organization leanness, organization agility, and employees’ job satisfaction. Job satisfaction: Researchers have presented different definitions of satisfaction. Some define job satisfaction as a mind phenomenon which is a result of synchronization between attitude and behavior [
The concepts of leanness and agility have gained significant importance in recent decades. For successful survival in worldwide market competition, industrial segment in all over the world have updated their current business strategies by adapting to these concepts in order of gaining competitive advantages. The concept of Leagility is a combination of outstanding features of “leanness and agility”. In this period of globalization, modern manufacturing companies are continuously, faced with increased market competition. Significant industrial growth in recent decades accompanied by birth of modern concepts of leanness; agility and recently Leagility have completely revolutionized their traditional manufacturing strategies. These brand new strategies empower the companies to survive in the turbulent atmosphere of violent competition created by their competitors. Recent developments have shown that the principle of Leagility has a significant potential in fighting off the complexities present in market trends. Therefore, today the Leagility principles have attracted the manufacturing companies and researchers whose objective is finding out the outstanding advantages of Leagility principle in different industrial sections [
Agility can be defined as the ability of an organization in responding to market change and customer demand. One of the objectives of the agile organization is satisfying customers and employees. Organizational agility, have been claimed to be one of the main factors of establishing job satisfaction in recent years [
Different researchers have worked on lean, agile, and lean agile systems. Some of the relative available sources in use are as follows:
Regarding the lean system, has provided a model, which is in fact the improved model of Wills [
In a research under the title “investigation of the concept and application of agility in the service section of University of Esfahan, Esfahan, Iran”, Shahin and Lellahgani (2011), come to the conclusion that application of the principles of agility (speed, flexibility, responsiveness, and competency) has a significant effect on the diversity of the provided services by universities and the component flexibility is known as the most important factor for university agilization [
Related to Leagility paradigm, Guimaraesand Carvalho (2012), in a study, in addition of reviewing the leanness and agility paradigms have examined leagility in a healthcare center. The results of the study show that leagility paradigm by creating balance between cost and quality increase flexibility and response rate [
Regarding job satisfaction and leanness in a comprehensive study in two manufacturing Polish company, De Haan et al. (2008), have analyzed the attributes of JC model, and have examined the characteristics of JCM model and examined the applying method of “Lean” actions. Introducing “Lean” actions has resulted in higher job satisfaction of the workers [
St John et al. (2001) claim that heavy competition among organizations and the acceleration of technological change and social changes emphasis the speed component. Therefore, it can be claimed that organizations with higher sensitivity, able to understand change rapidly and highly reactive to these changes, have more basis for satisfying their employees and are more successful in this regard [
Results of this research indicate that the lean agility approach is one of the factors influencing job satisfaction. In fact, the part which is most in touch with customers benefits the agile thought and the part most in touch with manufacture benefits from lean thought. Independent variables include agility―with sub-variables like response time, competency, flexibility―and leanness with sub-variables like higher quality service providing, waste reduction, in time services, etc. Since there are a lot of service applications for a hospital and providing high quality, on time and quick services is of much importance, and given that job satisfaction could have a critical impact in realization of such thing, this research studies two combinatory factors influencing job satisfaction.
Combining the dimensions of the organizational agility―including responsiveness, competency, flexibility, and speed with [
This research is an applied research from the purpose point of view and a descriptive-correlation study in essence and methodology. The statistical population consists of 80 people and the sample contains 65. In the present study, Cochran’s formula and Morgan’s table have been used for sampling. Given that the statistical population of this study is composed of 80 individuals, thus, n = 66 according to the Cochran’s formula. This research will be firstly concerned with validity and reliability determination. In order to determine the reliability of the questionnaire used in the study, Cronbach’s alpha has been used. The face
validity of the questionnaire has also been measured in this research; in such a way that the researchers asked scholars and experts in the field of the study about their opinion about the accuracy and clarity of the questions in the questionnaire. According to the opinions of relevant professors and experts, the questionnaire used in this study is valid. To select the appropriate statistical method, first normality of variables is investigated. Eventually, using fuzzy TOPSIS, the leagility factors were ranked according to the indices of job satisfaction.
Using fuzzy TOPSIS In this section, the leagility factors are ranked according to the indices of job satisfaction (
The fuzzy theory was introduced by Zadeh (1965) as an extension of the classical notion of set. Among the various shapes of fuzzy number, triangular fuzzy number (TFN) is the most popular one. TFN is a fuzzy number represented with three points as follows:
A ˜ = ( l , m , u ) which can be drawn in
The TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution) was first developed by Hwang and Yoon (1981). In this method two artificial alternatives are defined as positive-ideal and negative-ideal solution. The positive-ideal solution is a solution that maximizes the benefit criteria and minimizes
the cost criteria, whereas the negative ideal solution maximizes the cost criteria and minimizes the benefit criteria. In short, the positive-ideal solution is the one which has the best level for all attributes considered, whereas the negative ideal solution is the one which has the worst attribute values. TOPSIS selects the alternative that is the closest to the positive ideal solution and farthest from negative ideal solution. The steps of fuzzy TOPSIS algorithm can be constructed in details as follows [
a) l to m is increasing function
b) m to u is decreasing function
c) l ≤ m ≤ u
μ A ( X ) = { 0for X < l ; x x − 1 m − 1 for ≤ x ≤ m u − x u − m for ≤ x ≤ u (1)
Step 1: assume that x i j k shows value of alternative i. In a group consists of K decision makers, criteria values of alternatives calculated as ( x i j = ( a i j , b i j , c i j ) ) :
x i j k = [ x i j 1 + x i j 2 + ⋯ + x i j k ] 1 k (2)
Step 2: Assume that w i j k shows weight of importance critia j. In a group consists of K decision makers, importance weight critia calculated as as ( w i j = ( a i j , b i j , c i j ) ) :
w i j k = [ x i j 1 + x i j 2 + ⋯ + x i j k ] 1 k (3)
In a multi critia decision making problem decision and weight matrices as blow m: number of alternatives, n: number of critia):
D = [ x 11 x 12 ⋯ x 1 n x 1 n x 22 ⋯ x 2 n ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ x m n ⋯ ⋯ x m n ] ; W = [ w 1 , w 2 , ⋯ , w n ] (4)
Steep 3: Normalization of decision matrix can be computed with two ways according to benefit or cost criteria.
r i j = ( a i j c j ∗ , b i j c j ∗ , c i j c j ∗ ) , j ∈ B , c j ∗ = c i max i j r i j = ( a j − c j ∗ , a j − c j ∗ , a j − c j ∗ ) , j ∈ B , a j − = a i max i j (5)
Hereby, c j ∗ is maximum value of fuzzy numbers’ third parameters in a column, a j ∗
Is minimum value of fuzzy numbers’ first parameters in a column.
Step 4: Normalized with weights of decision makers’ preference decision matrix as below, calculated fizzy numbers in [ 0 , 1 ] interval
v i j = r i j × w i j
A ∗ = ( v 1 ∗ , v 2 ∗ , ⋯ , v n ∗ ) (6)
A − = ( v 1 − , v 2 − , ⋯ , v n − )
Step 5: Fuzzy positive ideal solution is defined as A ∗ = ( v 1 ∗ , v 2 ∗ , ⋯ , v n ∗ ) and similarly, fuzzy negative ideal solution is defined as A − = ( v 1 − , v 2 − , ⋯ , v n − ) . Hereby, v j ∗ and, v j − equal (1,1,1) and (0,0,0) respectively. There are same numbers of criteria, (1,1,1) and (0,0,0). Distances of alternatives to positive and negative solutions as below:
d i ∗ = ∑ i = 1 n d ( v i j , v j ∗ ) , i = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , m (7)
d i − = ∑ i = 1 n d ( v i j , v j − ) , i = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , m
Distance between two fuzzy numbers can be calculated as below:
d ( a , b ) = 1 3 [ ( a 1 − b 1 ) 2 + ( a 2 − b 2 ) 2 + ( a 3 − b 3 ) 2 ] (8)
Step 6: Using calculated distance coefficients is made a ranking. The biggest distance coefficient is selected as best alternative [
c c i = d t − d i + + d t − (9)
Firstly in this stage, the AHP technique is employed to acquire the inconsistency rate and rank the job satisfaction indices. Thereafter, the fuzzy TOPSIS technique is applied for ranking the leagility criteria. In analysis of the questionnaires, the inconsistency rate of all pairwise comparisons is calculated. Subsequently, those questionnaires with inconsistency rates less than 0.1 are chosen for criteria ranking. Subsequently, employing the Expert Choice software, questionnaires are aggregated using geometric mean. Results are given in the pairwise comparison matrix of Figures 4-6 reveal ranking of the job satisfaction criteria.
Results of criteria ranking in form of a bar chart are shown in
Results indicate a consistency rate of less than 0.1 for the criteria. Ranking of the criteria also reveals the importance of the organizational factors with the most weight (0.686), and then the environmental factors with a weight of 0.126 and finally factors associated with job essence with a weight of 0.098.
In the questionnaire of TOPSIS, the linguistic terms very low, low, average, high, and very high are used. These form the data for decision matrix of fuzzy TOPSIS. To analyze, there is a need to translate linguistic terms according to a conventional scale, shown in
Step 1) Development of a decision matrix to rank m alternatives and n criteria
The decision matrix is shown in
Linguistic terms | Fuzzy triangular numbers |
---|---|
Very low | (3/0، 1/0، 0) |
Low | (5/0، 3/0، 1/0) |
Average | (7/0، 5/0، 3/0) |
High | (9/0، 7/0، 5/0) |
Very high | (1، 9/0، 7/0) |
aggregated. Ultimately, the decision matrix that is the result of a consensus between all people (number of experts: 7) is demonstrated in
Step 2) Development of the fuzzy weighted normalized matrix
With the assistance of the following relations, the normalized decision matrix (R) is acquired. According to (EQ5), in which B and C represent the positive and negative sets of criteria respectively. Afterwards, multiplying the normalized
Job nature | Environmental factors | Organizational factors | |
---|---|---|---|
Responsiveness | (0.46,0.66,0.86) | (0.38,0.58,0.78) | (0.38,0.58,0.78) |
Competency | (0.42,0.62,0.82) | (0.38,0.58,0.82) | (0.42,0.62,0.82) |
Flexibility | (0.34,0.54,0.74) | (0.34,0.54,0.86) | (0.46,0.66,0.86) |
Speed | (0.34,0.54,0.74) | (0.34,0.54,0.82) | (0.42,0.62,0.82) |
Higt-quality services | (0.42,0.62,0.82) | (0.46,0.66,0.84) | (0.46,0.66,0.84) |
Waste Reduction | (0.38,0.58,0.78) | (0.34,0.54,0.78) | (0.38,0.58,0.78) |
In-time services | (0.38,0.58,0.78) | (0.42,0.62,0.84) | (0.46,0.66,0.84) |
decision matrix ( r ˜ i j ) by the fuzzy weights of the criteria ( W ˜ ), the fuzzy weighted normalized decision matrix is obtained ( V ˜ ) (EQ6). Results are shown in
V ˜ i j = r ˜ i j ⊗ W ˜ j V ˜ = [ V ˜ i j ] m × n , i = 1 , 2 ⋯ , m , j = 1 , 2 ⋯ , n (2)
Step 3) Determination of a positive ideal solution ( V ˜ j ∗ ) and a negative ideal solution ( V ˜ j − ) (EQ1)
In which B and C respectively represent the positive and negative set of criteria. In
Distance between each alternative and the positive ( d i ∗ ) as well as the negative ( d i − ) ideals.
If the fuzzy positive ideal solution is assumed A ∗ and the fuzzy negative ideal is assumed A − , the distance between each alternative and A ∗ is called the positive distance, and the distance between each alternative and A − is called the negative distance. Both the distances are obtained from the following formula (EQ7).
As the distance between two fuzzy triangular numbers M ˜ = ( m 1 , m 2 , m 3 ) and N ˜ = ( n 1 , n 2 , n 3 ) is determined through the relationship (EQ 8).
Step 4) Determination of the closeness coefficient (CCi) for each alternative
After the positive distance ( d i + ) and the negative distance ( d i − ) for each alternative A i , the closeness coefficient is calculated(EQ9).
Results of fuzzy TOPSIS demonstrates that, having the highest CC-, providing high quality services has the highest priority among the criteria. The importance of other criteria is as follows: on time services, competency, responsiveness, flexibility, speed, and waste reduction.
Job nature | Environmental factors | Organizational factors | |
---|---|---|---|
Responsiveness | (0.53,0.77,1) | (0.44,0.67,0.91) | (0.44,0.67,0.91) |
Competency | (0.49,0.72,0.95) | (0.44,0.67,0.95) | (0.49,0.72,0.95) |
Flexibility | (0.4,0.63,0.86) | (0.4,0.63,1) | (0.53,0.77,1) |
Speed | (0.4,0.63,0.86) | (0.4,0.63,0.95) | (0.49,0.72,0.95) |
Quality services | (0.49,0.72,0.95) | (0.53,0.77,0.98) | (0.53,0.77,0.98) |
Waste Reduction | (0.44,0.67,0.91) | (0.4,0.63,0.91) | (0.44,0.67,0.91) |
In-time services | (0.44,0.67,0.91) | (0.49,0.72,0.98) | (0.53,0.77,0.98) |
The positive ideal solution V ˜ j * | The negative ideal solution V ˜ j − | |
---|---|---|
Criterion 1 | (1,1,1) | (0.4,0.4,0.4) |
Criterion 2 | (1,1,1) | (0.4,0.4,0.4) |
Criterion 3 | (1,1,1) | (0.44,0.44,0.44) |
( d i * ) | |
---|---|
Responsiveness | 1.054045 |
Competency | 1.049113 |
Flexibility | 1.127875 |
Speed | 1.166065 |
High quality services | 0.938606 |
Waste reduction | 1.167218 |
On time services | 1.014179 |
( d i − ) | |
---|---|
Responsiveness | 1.055517 |
Competency | 1.075727 |
Flexibility | 1.051164 |
Speed | 0.98687 |
High quality services | 1.14899 |
Waste reduction | 0.962247 |
On time services | 1.091486 |
( d i − ) | ( d i * ) | ( C C i ) | |
---|---|---|---|
Responsiveness | 1.055517 | 1.054045 | 0.5003 |
Competency | 1.075727 | 1.049113 | 0.5063 |
Flexibility | 1.051164 | 1.127875 | 0.4824 |
Speed | 0.98687 | 1.166065 | 0.4584 |
High quality services | 1.14899 | 0.938606 | 0.5504 |
Waste reduction | 0.962247 | 1.167218 | 0.4519 |
On time services | 1.091486 | 1.014179 | 0.5184 |
The results obtained from this study regarding the effect of leanness of the job on the job satisfaction of the employees are similar to the findings of many other studies and indicate that it does have a great impact on job satisfaction. In an inclusive study conducted in two productive companies in Netherland, i.e. Dihann, Orbum and Naos, different features of the JCM model were analyzed and the method of application of “lean” measures was reviewed. Introduction of “lean” measures in these productive companies increased workers’ job satisfaction. Huffy (2009) has proved that lean means such as Kaizen are quite good as long as safety, health and satisfaction of employees are concerned and they improve productivity in both the internal and external levels of the organization which in its turn increases the level of satisfaction of employees. In a research conducted by Mores (2014), it was concluded that employees’ job satisfaction is improved when lean principles are executed in an organization.
As the findings of the present study indicate, organizational agility is a factor that increases employees’ job satisfaction. Moghimi (2001) has expressed that agility and rapidity of the organization affect job satisfaction and attitude of employees. In addition, the results of the studies conducted by Nikpoor and Salajegheh (2010) are also indicative of a significant relationship between various potentials of agility (rapidity, flexibility, competence and responsiveness) and job satisfaction. They have stated that recently, organizational agility has become one of the factors and variables that determine the level of job satisfaction. In the field of organizational agility-leanness, the results indicate that there is a significant relationship between the two concepts. Giomara and DeCarlo (2012) have expressed that a combination of these two features can be useful and effective for reaching to a degree of responsiveness which makes the organization ‘a winner in the market’ because of the innovative services it provides with competitive prices. A case study has showed that a combination of these two paradigms is not only important in the outsourcing decision logic, but it is also significant in the development of each of the services of the organization (internal and external). On the other hand, there is not another research that has reviewed the effect of simultaneous presence of leanness and agility on job satisfaction.
From the purpose point of view, this research is an applied research. Through identification of research variables (dimensions of agility, leanness, and job satisfaction), development of a questionnaire, collection of data from a sample of 65 people, ensuring validity and reliability, and analyzing the data. To compute the inconsistency rate and rank the job satisfaction criteria, the AHP is employed; and the fuzzy TOPSIS is used to rank the lean-agile criterions. In all the committed pairwise comparisons the consistency rate has scored less than 0.1 and ranking has been carried out. This research obtained the following results.
Results indicate ranking of the criteria also reveal the importance of the organizational factors with the most weight (0.686), and then the environmental factors with a weight of 0.126 and finally factors associated with nature of work with a weight of 0.098. Moreover fuzzy TOPSIS demonstrates that, having the highest closeness coefficient, providing high quality services has the highest priority among the criteria. The importance of other criteria is as follows: on time services, competency, responsiveness, flexibility, speed, and waste reduction. It can be a benchmarking for researches and decision makers to apply the results of this research.
In the present study, the lean-agile approach has been examined as one of the factors affecting job satisfaction. In fact, those services that are more associated with customers must be more agile and those services that are involved with production must be leaner. In 2007, Kirshnamorti developed an organizational structure proportional with leagile. In this structure, independent variables are in fact sub-variables of agility such as the speed of responsiveness, competence and flexibility as well as sub-variables of leanness such as provision of services with higher quality, reduction of losses, timely services, etc. The dependent variables were employees’ job satisfaction and their expectations. Since many individuals visit the hospital, rapid presentation of timely high-quality services can be quite important and job satisfaction can have an important impact on the realization of this matter. Therefore, the present study has aimed to examine a combination of the two factors that affect job satisfaction.
Denavi, H.D., Mirabi, M. and Rezaei, A. (2018) Ranking of Leagility Factors Based on Job Satisfaction through a Combinatory Model of Fuzzy TOPSIS and AHP (Case Study: M.R.I Hospital, Shiraz, Iran). Open Journal of Business and Management, 6, 21-38. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2018.61002
Questionnaires 1 and 2 have been designed for collecting information about the effect of key agile-lean factors on the job satisfaction of employees of Shiraz MIR Hospital. Some of the factors affecting the job satisfaction of these employees have been presented in the following section. Degree of significance and effectiveness of each of these factors have been specified (between 1 and 5). It is noteworthy that the score 1 is indicative of the minimum degree of effectiveness and score 5 shows the maximum degree of effectiveness of the factors.
Questionnaire no. 1. reviewing the effect of key lean-agile factors on employees’ job satisfaction.
Questionnaire no. 2. Reviewing the effect of key lean-agile factors on employees’ job satisfaction.
Questionnaire no. 3. Paired comparison of job satisfaction criteria.
The following questionnaire has been designed for collecting information about the ranking of job satisfaction criteria of the employees of Shiraz MIR Hospital. Some of the factors affecting the job satisfaction of these employees have been presented in the following section. Degree of significance and effectiveness of each of these factors have been specified (between 1 and 5). It is noteworthy that the score 1 is indicative of the minimum degree of effectiveness and score 5 shows the maximum degree of effectiveness of the factors.