This paper is concerned with asymptotic behavior of the solution of a new class of rational Difference Equations. We consider the local and global stability of the solution. Moreover we investigate the new periodic character (periodic two) of solutions of these equations. Finally, we give some interesting counter examples in order to verify our strong results.
The objective of this work is to investigate the asymptotic behavior of the solutions of the following difference equation
ω n + 1 = a + b 0 ω n − 1 c 1 ω n + c 2 ω n − 1 + b 1 ω n − 3 c 3 ω n − 2 + c 4 ω n − 3 , n = 0 , 1 , 2 , ⋯ (1)
where a , b 0 , b 1 , c 1 , c 2 , c 3 and c 4 ∈ [ 0, ∞ ) and the initial conditions ω − 3 , ⋯ , ω − 1 and ω 0 are arbitrary positive real numbers.
In recent years, there are a great interest in studying the rational difference equations. These equations describe real life situations in queuing theory, stochastic time series, combinatorial analysis, electrical network, number theory, genetics in biology, psychology, probability theory, statistical problems, economics, etc. The study of rational difference equations of high order (greater than one) is a big challenge. However, there have not been any effective general methods to deal with the global behavior of rational difference equations of order greater than one. Therefore, the study of such equations is so interesting. There has been a lot of work concerning the global asymptotic of solutions of rational difference equations [
In fact, there has been a lot of interest in studying the behavior of the nonlinear difference equation of the form
x n + 1 = α + x n − 1 x n . (2)
For multiple delay and order, see [
x n + 1 = γ x n − 1 B x n + C x n − 1 . (3)
Metwally et al. in [
x n + 1 = ∑ i = 0 m A i x n − 2 i ,
where A i ∈ [ 0, ∞ ) for i = 0 , 1 , ⋯ , m . In [
x n + 1 = α + β x n x n − 1 + γ x n − 1 x n ,
where the parameters α , β and γ are positive real numbers and the initial conditions x − 1 , x 0 are positive real numbers. Recently, Moaaz et al. [
x n + 1 = α + β x n − l x n − k + γ x n − l x n − s ,
where the initial conditions x − r , x − r + 1 , ⋯ , x 0 such that r = max { l , k , s } are arbitrary real numbers and α , β and γ are positive constants.
In this paper, in section 2, we state the sufficient condition for the asymptotic stability of Equation (1). Next, in section 3, we study the existence of periodic solutions of Equation (1). Finally, we study the boundedness nature of the solutions of Equation (1). Some numerical examples will be given to explicate our results.
During this study, we will need to many of the basic concepts. Before anything, the concept of equilibrium point is essential in the study of the dynamics of any physical system. A point ω ¯ in the domain of the function Φ is called an equilibrium point of the equation
ω n + 1 = Φ ( ω n , ω n − 1 , ⋯ , ω n − k ) , n = 0 , 1 , 2 , ⋯ (4)
if ω ¯ is a fixed point of Φ [ Φ ( ω ¯ , ω ¯ , ⋯ , ω ¯ ) = ω ¯ ]. For a stability of equilibrium point, equilibrium point ω ¯ of Equation (4) is said to be locally stable if for all ε > 0 there exists δ > 0 such that, if ω − ν ∈ ( 0, ∞ ) for ν = 0 , 1 , ⋯ , k with ∑ i = 0 k | ω − i − ω ¯ | < δ . As well, ω ¯ is said to be locally asymptotically stable if it is locally stable and there exists γ > 0 such that, if ω − ν ∈ ( 0, ∞ ) for ν = 0 , 1 , ⋯ , k with ∑ i = 0 k | ω − i − ω ¯ | < γ , then lim n → ∞ ω n = ω ¯ . Also, ω ¯ is said to be a global attractor if for every ω − ν ∈ ( 0, ∞ ) for ν = 0 , 1 , ⋯ , k , we have lim n → ∞ ω n = ω ¯ . On the other hand, ω ¯ is said to be unstable if it is not locally stable.
Finally, Equation (4) is called permanent and bounded if there exists numbers m and M with 0 < m < M < ∞ such that for any initial conditions ω − ν ∈ ( 0, ∞ ) for ν = 0 , 1 , ⋯ , k there exists a positive integer N which depends on these initial conditions such that m < ω n < M for all n ≥ N .
The linearized equation of Equation (1) about the equilibrium point ω ^ is
y n + 1 = ∑ i = 0 k p i y n − i . (5)
where
p i = ∂ F ∂ ω n − i ( ω ^ , ω ^ , ⋯ , ω ^ ) .
Theorem 1.1 [
| p 0 | + | p 1 | + ⋯ + | p k | < 1 (6)
is a sufficient condition for the asymptotic stability of Equation(1).
The positive equilibrium point of Equation (1) is given by
ω ^ = a + b 0 c 1 + c 2 + b 1 c 3 + c 4 .
Now, we define a function f ∈ C ( ( 0, ∞ ) 4 , ( 0, ∞ ) ) such that
f ( u , v , w , r ) = a + b 0 v c 1 u + c 2 v + b 1 r c 3 w + c 4 r .
Therefore, we find
∂ f ∂ u = − b 0 c 1 v ( c 1 u + c 2 v ) 2 , (7)
∂ f ∂ v = b 0 c 1 u ( c 1 u + c 2 v ) 2 , (8)
∂ f ∂ w = − b 1 c 3 r ( c 3 w + c 4 r ) 2 (9)
and
∂ f ∂ r = b 1 c 3 w ( c 3 w + c 4 r ) 2 . (10)
Theorem 2.1. Assume that ω ^ be a + v e equilibrium point of Equation (1). If
b 0 c 1 μ + b 1 c 3 λ < a λ μ + b 0 c 2 μ + b 1 c 4 λ .
where λ = ( c 1 + c 2 ) 2 and μ = ( c 3 + c 4 ) 2 , then ω ^ is local stable.
Proof. From (7) to (10), we get
∂ f ∂ u ( ω ^ , ω ^ , ω ^ , ω ^ ) = − b 0 c 1 ( a + b 0 c 1 + c 2 + b 1 c 3 + c 4 ) ( c 1 + c 2 ) 2 = p 0 ,
∂ f ∂ v ( ω ^ , ω ^ , ω ^ , ω ^ ) = b 0 c 1 ( a + b 0 c 1 + c 2 + b 1 c 3 + c 4 ) ( c 1 + c 2 ) 2 = p 1 ,
∂ f ∂ w ( ω ^ , ω ^ , ω ^ , ω ^ ) = − b 1 c 3 ( a + b 0 c 1 + c 2 + b 1 c 3 + c 4 ) ( c 1 + c 2 ) 2 = p 2
and
∂ f ∂ r ( ω ^ , ω ^ , ω ^ , ω ^ ) = b 1 c 3 ( a + b 0 c 1 + c 2 + b 1 c 3 + c 4 ) ( c 1 + c 2 ) 2 = p 3 .
Thus, the linearized equation of (1), is
y n + 1 = p 0 y n + p 1 y n − 1 + p 2 y n − 2 + p 3 y n − 3 .
From Theorem 1.1, we have that Equation (1) is locally stable if
| − b 0 c 1 ( a + b 0 c 1 + c 2 + b 1 c 3 + c 4 ) ( c 1 + c 2 ) 2 | + | b 0 c 1 ( a + b 0 c 1 + c 2 + b 1 c 3 + c 4 ) ( c 1 + c 2 ) 2 | + | − b 1 c 3 ( a + b 0 c 1 + c 2 + b 1 c 3 + c 4 ) ( c 1 + c 2 ) 2 | + | b 1 c 3 ( a + b 0 c 1 + c 2 + b 1 c 3 + c 4 ) ( c 1 + c 2 ) 2 | < 1 ,
and hence,
2 b 0 c 1 ( c 3 + c 4 ) 2 + 2 b 1 c 3 ( c 1 + c 2 ) 2 < [ a + b 0 c 1 + c 2 + b 1 c 3 + c 4 ] ( c 1 + c 2 ) 2 ( c 3 + c 4 ) 2 .
Then, we find
b 0 c 1 ( c 3 + c 4 ) 2 + b 1 c 3 ( c 1 + c 2 ) 2 < a ( c 1 + c 2 ) 2 ( c 3 + c 4 ) 2 + b 0 c 2 ( c 3 + c 4 ) 2 + b 1 c 4 ( c 1 + c 2 ) 2 ,
This completes the proof of Theorem 2.1.,
Example 2.1.
Theorem 2.2. If c 1 = c 2 = α and c 3 = c 4 = β , then the equilibrium point ω ^
Equation (1) is global attractor.
Proof. We consider the following function
f ( u , v ; w , r ) = a + b 0 v c 1 u + c 2 v + b 1 r c 3 w + c 4 r (11)
Note that f non-decreasing for v , r and non-increasing for u , w . Let ( ψ , Ψ ) a solution of the system
ψ = f ( Ψ , ψ , Ψ , ψ )
Ψ = f ( ψ , Ψ , ψ , Ψ )
From (11), we have
( Ψ − a ) ( c 1 ψ + c 2 Ψ ) ( c 3 ψ + c 4 Ψ ) = b 0 Ψ ( c 3 ψ + c 4 Ψ ) + b 1 Ψ ( c 1 ψ + c 2 Ψ )
and
( ψ − a ) ( c 1 Ψ + c 2 ψ ) ( c 3 Ψ + c 4 ψ ) = b 0 ψ ( c 3 Ψ + c 4 ψ ) + b 1 ψ ( c 1 Ψ + c 2 ψ )
Thus, we get
α β ( Ψ − a ) ( Ψ + ψ ) = Ψ b 0 β ( Ψ + ψ ) + Ψ b 1 α ( Ψ + ψ ) , (12)
α β ( Ψ − a ) ( Ψ + ψ ) = ψ b 0 β ( Ψ + ψ ) + Ψ b 1 α ( Ψ + ψ ) . (13)
By subtracting (12) and (13), we have
( b 0 β + b 1 α ) ( Ψ − ψ ) = 0
Since b 0 β + b 1 α ≠ 0 , we get
Ψ = ψ .
This completes the proof of this Theorem.,
In this section, we investigate the existence of periodic solutions of Equation (1).
Theorem 3.1. Assume that c 1 = c 3 = α and c 2 = c 4 = β . Equation (1) has positive prime period-two solutions if
( b 0 + b 1 ) ( α − β ) > a ( α 2 + β 2 ) + 2 a α β . (14)
Proof. Suppose that there exists a prime period-two solution
⋯ , σ , ρ , σ , ρ , σ , ρ , ⋯
of Equation (1). We will prove that condition (14) holds. We see from Equation (1) that if c 1 = c 3 = α and c 2 = c 4 = β , then ω n = ω n − 2 = ρ , ω n + 1 = ω n − 1 = ω n − 3 = σ and so,
σ = a + b 0 σ c 1 ρ + c 2 σ + b 1 σ c 3 ρ + c 4 σ and ρ = a + b 0 ρ c 1 σ + c 2 ρ + b 1 ρ c 3 σ + c 4 ρ .
Thus, we have
α σ ρ + β σ 2 = a α ρ + a β σ + b 0 σ + b 1 σ (15)
and
α σ ρ + β ρ 2 = a α σ + a β ρ + b 0 ρ + b 1 ρ . (16)
By subtracting (15) and (16), we have
β ( σ 2 − ρ 2 ) = − a ( σ − ρ ) + a β ( σ − ρ ) + b 0 ( σ − ρ ) + b 1 ( σ − ρ ) ,
then, we find
σ + ρ = − α a + β a + b 0 + b 1 β . (17)
By combining (15) and (16), we have
2 α σ ρ + β ( σ 2 + ρ 2 ) = a α ( σ + ρ ) + a β ( σ + ρ ) + b 0 ( σ + ρ ) + b 1 ( σ + ρ )
and so,
β σ ρ ( α − β ) = a α ( − a α + a β + b 0 + b 1 )
Since, σ 2 + ρ 2 = ( σ + ρ ) 2 − 2 σ ρ , we obtain
σ ρ = a α ( − a α + a β + b 0 + b 1 ) β ( α − β ) (18)
Now,it is clear from (17) and (18) that σ and ρ are both two positive distinct roots of the quadratic equation
u 2 + ( σ + ρ ) u + σ ρ = 0. (19)
Hence, we obtain
( − α a + β a + b 0 + b 1 ) 2 β 2 − 4 a α ( − a α + a β + b 0 + b 1 ) β ( α − β ) > 0 ,
which is equivalent to
( b 0 + b 1 ) ( α − β ) > a ( α 2 + β 2 ) + 2 a α β .
This completes the proof of Theorem 3.1.,
Example 3.1. Consider Equation (1) with c 1 = c 4 = β = 0.001 , c 3 = c 4 = α = 0.002 , a = 0.01 , b 0 = 200 and b 1 = 20000 . By Theorem 3.1, Equation (1) has prime period two solution (see
Example 3.2. Consider Equation (1) with c 1 = c 4 = β = 0.0003 , c 3 = c 4 =
α = 0.005 , a = 0.8 , b 0 = 500 and b 1 = 2000 . By Theorem 3.1, Equation (1) has prime period two solution (see
In this section, we study the characteristic task of boundedness of the positive solutions of Equation (1).
Theorem 4.1. Every solution of (1) is bounded and persists.
Proof. From Equation (1), we have
ω n + 1 = a + b 0 ω n − 1 c 1 ω n + c 2 ω n − 1 + b 1 ω n − 3 c 3 ω n − 2 + c 4 ω n − 3 ≤ a + b 0 ω n − 1 c 2 ω n − 1 + b 1 ω n − 3 c 4 ω n − 3 = a + b 0 c 2 + b 1 c 4
then,
0 < ω n ≤ a + b 0 c 2 + b 1 c 4 = M
Hence, the proof is completed.,
Conclusion 1. This work is concerned with studying a dynamics and behavior of solutions of a new class of difference Equation (1). Our results extend and generalize to previous studies, for example, Equation (2) (if b 1 = c 1 = 0 ) and Equation (3) (if a = b 1 = 0 ). Furthermore, we obtain the following results:
- The + v e equilibrium point ω ^ of equation (1) is local stable if b 0 c 1 μ + b 1 c 3 λ < a λ μ + b 0 c 2 μ + b 1 c 4 λ , where λ = ( c 1 + c 2 ) 2 and μ = ( c 3 + c 4 ) 2 . Also, if c 1 = c 2 and c 3 = c 4 , then ω ^ is global attractor.
- Equation (1) has a prime period-two solutions if c 1 = c 3 = α , c 2 = c 4 = β and ( b 0 + b 1 ) ( α − β ) > a ( α 2 + β 2 ) + 2 a α β .
- Every solution of (1) is bounded and persists.
The authors are grateful to the editors and anonymous referees for a very thorough reading of the manuscript and for pointing out several inaccuracies.
Elabbasy, E.M., Moaaz, O. and Alsaeed, Sh. (2017) Investigation of the Class of the Rational Difference Equations. Applied Mathematics, 8, 1464-1472. https://doi.org/10.4236/am.2017.810107