Bangladesh is a densely populated country where food crisis is one of the major issues where proper soil mapping is lacking till now. The purpose of this study is to prepare soil mapping of Bangladesh including different soil factors like pH, salinity, nutrients, texture, porosity, toxicity etc., along with general soil types and land availability through application of Geographical Information System (GIS). Q-GIS software and secondary data are used in this study. In present study, it was found that 12 types of soil texture were present in all around of Bangladesh and the maximum percentage of soil porosity values varied from 20% to 70%. A medium range of soil organic matter and strongly acidic soil was found all around the Bangladesh. It was found that the southern part of Bangladesh had slightly saline to highly saline soil. The major part of Bangladesh had medium high land which is very much preferable to agriculture. In Bangladesh, three categories of land such as highland, medium highland and low land cover 29%, 35% and 21% of total land, respectively. Agriculture land covers 9.5 million hectares in Bangladesh. The shifting rate based on agricultural use had been reported to be about 1% per year. At present, the amount of forest land covers 9.84% of total land of our country but 1976 it was 12.11%. Mangrove is now at 4.07% of total land mass of our country. In generally, 20 types of soils were found all around the country. Mapping of soil types described these 20 general soil types under 5 main categories and these are calcareous soil, non-calcareous soil, terrace soil, gray soil, peat and hill soils. This study will be helpful for the cultivator to cultivate appropriate crops in appropriate places after exploration at a glance.
Bangladesh is an agro-based country where soil classification and their using pattern are the important parts for researchers and farmers also. Many researchers now agree that land use should require a two-way link between land and environmental conditions. So, land use needs to be developed in a planned way and Geographical Information System ( GIS ) can play an important role in decision making with this planning process [
Bangladesh has a wider range and greater complexity of lands. The soils of Bangladesh are divided into seven tracts, 20 general soil types and 537 soil series. At present, the soils of Bangladesh are divided into thirty Agro-ecological zones, thirty percent coastal areas present in Bangladesh. Out of, which 2.85 million hectares are coastal and off-shore areas are about 0.833 million hectares arable lands, which constitute about 52.8% of the net cultivable area and it is affected by varying degrees of soil salinity [
Bangladesh is endowed with a favorable climate and soil conditions for the production of a variety of crops all the year round. Thus, there are ample opportunities for crop. For various types of crop production, the consideration of sustainability, productivity, efficiency, effectiveness, zoning, timing are the important component to adopt farming decisions in order to meet the food demand of the country. Bangladesh is affected almost every year by numerous natural hazards like floods, cyclone, river bank erosion, tornedo, drought, thunderstorm etc. which directly and indirectly affect on the agricultural production, human health and environment. For this purpose it needs to monitor soil utilization pattern, types of soils, crop growth and development, land evaluation [
The study was conducted in Bangladesh lies in between 20.70˚ and 26.80˚ north latitudes and 88.01˚ and 92.75˚ east longitudes.
This study was performed from January, 2015 to May, 2017.
In order to fulfill the objectives for this study pertinent information and literature were collected from different sources. The major portion of this study data was collected as secondary data sources, like-Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC), Soil Resource Development Institute (SRDI), published journals etc. Shape files of soil texture, soil porosity, soil organic matter, soil pH, soil nutrients, soil toxicity, soil salinity and various types of important data were provided by Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council. On the other hand, various important data and result of various analyses such as availability of agriculture land, forest land, inundation land, mangrove, rivers network, general soil types etc. were provided by Soil Resource Development Institute (SRDI). Literature about the relevant research was collected from the internet and various journals.
For data processing, analyzing and map production QGIS 2.4.0 software had been used. The core engine of QGIS is coded in C++, but additional QGIS plugging were written in the scripting language “Python”. In this study, author had used ESRI shape files (polygons, points and line or polylines) and Bangladesh Transverse Mercator System. The shape file is a popular geospatial vector data format for geographic information system GIS software. The Bangladesh Transverse Mercator System (BTM) has used as the coordinate system which is an area specific standard UTM projection system for Bangladesh. In the map, colors were used to identify the existing land cover features.
Obtained data (secondary data and shape files) were recorded on Microsoft Office Excel 2010 spreadsheets. Obtained data were compiled, then tabulated and analyzed for securing different objectives relevant to studied parameters. The produced maps of related parameters were represented accordingly with proper discussion and comparison. Color ramping indicates the variation among the availability based on location of the country.
In the present study, about 12 types of soil texture were present in all around of Bangladesh. Produced map of soil texture indicates that, clay soils were available in parts of Faridpur, Rajbari, Kustia, Madaripur and Shariyatpur district. Loam soils were found in some parts of Mymensingh, Sherpur and Tangail. Silt soils were found in some parts Noakhali and small parts of Chittagong districts. Sandy soils were found in some parts Cox’s Bazar districts. Clay loam soils were found in some parts of Jessore, Kustia, Rajshahi, Bogra and Khulna. Silty loam soils were found in some parts of Barisal, Sylhet, Rangpur, Bogra, Tangail, Moulovibazar, Sunamgonj and Chittagong districts. Silty clay loam soils were found in some parts of Comilla, Feni and Munshigonj. Silty clay soils were found in some parts of Satkhira, Khulna, Bagerhat, Pirojpur, Borguna Potuakhali and Bhola district. Loamy sand were found in hill tracts of Bangladesh like Rangamati, Khagracharia and Bandarban districts. Sandy loam were found in some parts of Dhaka, Manikgonj, Gazipur, Narayangonj, Norshindhi and Rangpur district. Sandy clay loam was found in some parts of Panchagarh, Thakurgaogh, Dinajpur and some part of Nilphamari distrirts (
The soil of Barisal and Ghior series on Gangetic alluvium was silty clay to clay in texture [
All types of porous soil found in all over the Bangladesh. It was revealed that, hill tract of Bangladesh including Rangamati, Khagrachari and Bandarban had a porosity level of 20% - 30%. Chittagong, Feni, Cox’s Bazar, Barisal and Jhalokhati had a porosity level of 31% - 40%. Most of Bangladesh had a porosity level of 41% - 50%. The indigo colored portion indicates the porosity level of 41% - 50% in figure below. It was found that, Sunamgonj, Hobigonj, Sylhet, Moulavibazar, Panchagorh, Thakurgaoun, Nilphamari, Dinajpur, Rangpur, Lalmonirhat, Kurigram, Gaibandah and Jamalpur had a porosity level of 51% - 60%. Some part of
Jheneidah, Meherpur, Khulna, Pirojpur, Borguna and Bhola had a porosity level of 61% - 70% (
Organic matter content soil was recorded in all over the Bangladesh with a variation of values. It was found that the soil of Gopalgonj, Madaripur and Barisal districts contained a very high amount of organic matter in this current research. The soil of Sylhet, Moulovibazar, Jessore and Narail districts had a high amount of organic matter. On the other hand, most parts of this country had medium amount of organic matter in its soil. The lawn green colored portion indicates medium level of organic matter of soil found in Bangladesh. However, the soil of Panchagarh, Thakurgaon, Rangpur, Gaibandha, Nababgonj, Meherpur, Jhenaidah, Narayangonj and Norshindhi districts had a low amount of organic matter. Thus, the soil of Satkhira, Khulna, Bagerhat, Rangamati, Bandarban, Khagrachari and Chittagong districts had a unique forest area that had an optimum organic matter (
The organic matter content varied from 0.58% to 2.13% of the BAU farm and also reported its content was relatively higher at the surface layer [
soils of Khulna district and 0.51% to 0.64% in the areas of Patuakhali and Barguna districts of Bangladesh and the high value was observed at surface soil [
Soil pH was categorized with its range and quality in Bangladeshi soil. In present study, it was found the soil of Sylhet, Sunamgonj, Netrokona, Moulovibazar and Hobigonj districts was extremely acidic. In this study, most of soil in Bangladesh was in a level of strongly acidic condition. The pink colored area in map indicated strongly acidic soil location found in Bangladesh. The soil of Kurigram, Rangpur, Dinajpur, Gaibandha, Joypurhat, Jamalpur, Sherpur, Kishorgonj, Mymensingh, B. Baria, Comilla, Chandpur, Noakhali, Feni, Gopalgoinj and Chittagong was highly acidic. The soil of south-western part of Bangladesh along with Kurigram, Gaibandah, Jamalpur, Sirajgonj and Tangail districts was neutral or around 7.0. Most of south-western part of Bangladesh was in the category of highly alkaline soil type (
It was found that the soil of Khulna, Bagerhat, Satkhira, Barishal, Bhola, Jhalokhati, Borguna, Pirojpur, Potuakhali, Laxmipur, Chittagong, Noakhali, Cox’s Bazar district had slightly saline to highly saline soil. The ranges of soil salinity are given below (
Around 5% areas were saline soil in Barisal and Khulna districts [
Bangladesh are classified into highland, medium highland and lowland based on the depth of flood levels usually. In this present study, it was illustrated in map about maximum areas of the districts of Chittagong hill tract and Bandarban were belongs to high land category. The second lowest area containing districts were Bogra, Jamalpur, Tangail and Dhaka. The third lowest area containing districts are Dinajpur, Rajshahi, Chittagong and Cox’s Bazar. The fourth lowest area containing districts are Rangpur, Pabna, Mymensingh and Sylhet. Maximum areas of the districts of Faridpur, Kustia and Jessore were belongs to medium high land category. The second lowest area containing districts were Rangpur, Pabna and Mymensingh. The third lowest area containing districts were Dinajpur, Rajshahi, Chittagong and Cox’s Bazar. The fourth lowest area containing districts were Jamalpur, Bogra, Tangail and Dhaka. In this current study, maximum area of the district of Barisal belongs to low land category and it was followed by Khulna and Sylhet. Second lowest area was found in Rangpur, Pabana, Mymensingh, Faridpur, Kustia and Jessore districts (
90% area by low land (
It was found that most part of Bangladesh consist of agricultural land. But hill tract and sundarban regions were out of agricultural zone because of high salinity and altitude (
Major parts of forest were found in Khulna, Bagerhat, Satkhira,Potuakhali, Cox’s bazaar, Rangamati, Bandarban, Khagrachari, Gazipur, Tangail, Mymensingh, Rangpur and Sylhet district of Bangladesh. Among them Mangrove covers Khulna, Bagerhat, Satkhira districts (
plantation to 132,000 ha of land along the shore land of coastal districts up to 2000 [
Soils are generally classified into 20 soil types based on formation and appearance of the soils. There are 14 general soil types have been identified on floodplain areas, five on terraces, and one on hilly areas. Non-calcareous grey floodplain soils occupy about one-fourth of the total area of Bangladesh. About 44% of the total land area of Bangladesh covered Non-calcareous dark grey and calcareous dark grey floodplain soils.
It was found that Faridpur,Noakhali and Chittagong districts had calcareous alluvium soils types. Dhaka, Mymensingh, Faridpur, Rajshakhi and Pabna district had calcareous brown floodplain soils. Sylhet, Barisal, Jessore and Faridpur districts had calcareous grey floodplain soils and Rajshahi district hadcalcareous dark grey floodplain soils in the study area. Calcareous soil areas are shown in the map below (
It was found that major parts of Mymensingh, Rangpur, Bogra and Pabna districts had non-calcareous alluvium soils. Mymensingh and Dinajpur districts had non-calcareous brownfloodplain soils.Bogra, Chittagong, Mymensingh,
Sylhet, Rangpur and Dinajpur districts hadnon-calcareous grey floodplain soils and Dhaka, Faridpur, Kishoreganj, Mymensingh and Noakhali districts had noncalcareous dark grey floodplain soils in the study area. Non-calcareous soil areas are shown in map (
In the study area deep grey terrace soils were found in the major parts of Bogra, Dinajpur, Mymensingh, Rajshahi, Pabna, Jamalpur and Joypurhat districts. Shallow grey terrace soilswere found inBogra, Dinajpur, Jamalpur, Joypurhat, Rangpur, Pabna and Narayangong districts. Brown mottled terrace soils were found in Bogra, Dinajpur, Jamalpur, Joypurhat, Narayangong, Rajshahi, Pabna and Rangpur districts. Deep red brown terrace soilswere found inBogra, Dinajpur, Jamalpur, Joypurhat, Narayangong, Rajshahi, Pabna and Rangpur districts and shallow red brown terrace soils were found in Dhaka, Mymensingh, Comilla, Rajshahi, Dinajpur andRangpur districts (
terrace soils are located in some of the upazilas of Bogra, Dinajpur, Jamalpur, Joypurhat, Narayanganj, Pabna, Rajshahi and Rangpur districts. It has covered 342 km2 of land area in our country mostly available in the Madhupur tract and Akhaura terrace. Deep red brown terrace soils are located in some of the upazilas of Bogra, Dinajpur, Jamalpur, Joypurhat, Narayanganj, Pabna, Rajshahi and Rangpur districts [
It was found that major parts of Chittagong, Noakhali, Comilla and Sylhet districts had grey piedmont soils and Bogra, Dinajpur, Jamalpur, Joypurhat, Narayangong, Rajshahi, Pabna and Rangpur districts had grey valley soils in the study area. Grey soil areas are shown in the map below (
In the study area black terai soils were found in Dinajpur district. Peat soils were found in Barisal, Faridpur, Gopalgong, Sylhet and Jessore district. Hill soils were found in Kishoreganj, Mymensingh, Chittagong, Noakhali, Comilla and Sylhet districts. Black terai, peat and hill soil areas are shown in the map (
Black terai soils are located in some of the upazilas of Dinajpur district. This type of soils has also less potentiality in agricultural production. It has covered 834 km2 of land area in our country which show 0.6% of the total land area. Peat soils extensively recorded in the beels located in Gopalganj and Khulna districts. In some haors of the Sylhet basin in Bangladesh peat soils noted. Peat soils are located in some of the upazilas of Faridpur, Gopalganj, Sylhet, Barisal and Jessore. Brown hill soils are located in some of the upazilas of Kishoreganj, Mymensingh, Chittagong, Noakhali, Comilla and Sylhet districts. It has covered 15,615 km2 of land area in our country which show 10.8% of the total land area [
It was found that major parts of Kishoreganj, Pabna, Rajshahi, Dhaka, Comilla and Sylhet districts had acid basin clays and Khulna and Chittagong districts had acid sulphate soils (
The total area of Bangladesh was divided into three categories. These were highland, medium highland and low land. Highland, medium highland and low land covered 29%, 35% and 21% of the total land in Bangladesh, respectively. Others 15% land covers by river, urban and homesteads etc. About 99% areas of the Chittagong hill tract and Bandarban were belonging to high land category. The major part of Bangladesh had medium high land which is very much preferable
to agriculture. This study was illustrated by different maps where most part of Bangladesh consists of agricultural land along with haors, baors and beels. Major parts of forest were found in Khulna, Bagerhat, Satkhira, Potuakhali, Cox’s Bazaar, Rangamati, Bandarban, Khagrachari, Gazipur, Tangail, Mymensingh, Rangpur and Sylhet district of Bangladesh. Mangrove forest was found in Khulna, Bagerhat and Satkhira district in Bangladesh. Roughly it was found that, baors and beels were present in south-western region of Bangladesh. On the other hand, haors were located in Sylhet, Sunamgonj, Hobigonj and Moulovibazar district. However, Bangladesh had a natural lake which was located in Rangamati district of hill tract. Kustia, Pabna, Dinajpur, Rangpur, Dhaka, Narayangonj, Khulna, Jessore, Sylhet, Rajshahi, Munshigonj, Norshindi, Comilla, Chittagong were the major urban and industrial zone, and Cox’s bazaar and Chittagong districts were the sea salt production zone. It was found that Sylhet, Moulovibazar, Hobigonj, Chittagong and Panchagorh district had a lot of tea garden which provide our country’s tea demand. Fourteen types have been identified on floodplain areas, one on hilly areas and rest of them are terrace lands. The agricultural potential of non-calcareous brown flood plain soils were mainly moderate to low and non-calcareous grey floodplain soils were the most extensive soils in the country.
The exploration of mapping of different important parameters of soils in Bangladesh has done using GIS in the present study. Data collection, shape file preparation and finalize the respective maps of various important soil types in Bangladesh etc. are the major steps for this research. With such kind of research it can be concluded that Bangladesh has a very wide diverse quality of soil characteristic with soil formation, texture, pH, salinity, toxicity, soil nutrient, soil land types as well as topography. This research work can be the remarks of the present soil quality and diversity of soil all over the Bangladesh. It would be helpful to explore the overall situation of different soil types and their important properties through distinguished maps.
Islam, Md.A., Hasan, Md.A. and Farukh, M.A. (2017) Application of GIS in General Soil Mapping of Bangladesh. Journal of Geographic Information System, 9, 604-621. https://doi.org/10.4236/jgis.2017.95038