The present paper is devoted to the investigation of lossless transmission lines terminated by a nonlinear load with an interval of negative differential resistance and in series connected conductance. In contrast of almost all paper when i = f ( u ), here the case u = f ( i ) is considered. A general method of reducing the mixed problem to an initial value problem for neutral system on the boundary is presented. Sufficient conditions for the existence-uniqueness of an oscillatory solution are formulated. This is achieved by introducing an appropriate operator acting on suitable function space whose fixed point is an oscillatory solution of the initial value problem.
It is well known that all electronic circuits are nonlinear and the linear assumption is only approximation (cf. [
Let us note that the above classification corresponds to Ohm’s law u = R i . This means that the relation u = f ( i ) should be called nonlinear resistance, while i = f ( u ) , ( i = G u ) ―nonlinear conductance [
It is known that a lossless transmission line is described by the following linear hyperbolic system
∂ i ( x , t ) / ∂ x = − C ∂ u ( x , t ) / ∂ t , ∂ u ( x , t ) / ∂ x = − L ∂ i ( x , t ) / ∂ t (1)
where L and C are the specific constant parameters of the line and Λ is its length.
Here we assume a polynomial nonlinearity of the resistive element u = f ( i ) = ∑ n = 1 m r n i n . In this manner we include the example from [
We formulate a mixed problem for System (1): to find a solution u ( x , t ) , i ( x , t ) of System (1) for ( x , t ) ∈ Π = { ( x , t ) ∈ R 2 : ( x , t ) ∈ [ 0 , Λ ] × [ 0 , ∞ ) } with boundary conditions
J 0 ( t ) + G 0 u ( 0 , t ) = i ( 0 , t ) , t ≥ 0 ; L 1 d i ( Λ , t ) / d t + ∑ n = 1 m r n i n ( Λ , t ) = − u ( Λ , t ) , t ≥ 0 (2)
and initial conditions
u ( x , 0 ) = u 0 ( x ) , i ( x , 0 ) = i 0 ( x ) , x ∈ [ 0 , Λ ] ,
where u 0 ( x ) , i 0 ( x ) are prescribed initial functions.
The System (1) can be rewritten in matrix form [ ∂ u / ∂ t ∂ i / ∂ t ] + [ 0 1 / C 1 / L 0 ] [ ∂ u / ∂ x ∂ i / ∂ x ] = [ 0 0 ] .
Introducing denotations U = [ u i ] , A = [ 0 1 / C 1 / L 0 ] , 0 ¯ = [ 0 0 ] we obtain the equation
∂ U ∂ t + A ∂ U ∂ x = 0 ¯ . (3)
To transform the matrix A = [ 0 1 / C 1 / L 0 ] in diagonal form we solve the characteristic equation | − λ 1 / C 1 / L − λ | = 0 . Its roots are λ 1 = 1 / L C , λ 2 = − 1 / L C . The corresponding eigenvectors are ( ξ 1 ( 1 ) , ξ 2 ( 1 ) ) = ( C , L ) , ( ξ 1 ( 2 ) , ξ 2 ( 2 ) ) = ( − C , L ) and we form the matrix H = [ C L − C L ] . Its inverse is H − 1 = [ 1 / ( 2 C ) − 1 / ( 2 C ) 1 / ( 2 L ) 1 / ( 2 L ) ] . Then H A H − 1 = [ 1 / L C 0 0 − 1 / L C ] .
Introduce new variables Z = [ V ( x , t ) I ( x , t ) ] , where Z = H U and U = H − 1 Z , that is,
| V ( x , t ) = C ( x , t ) + L i ( x , t ) I ( x , t ) = − C ( x , t ) + L i ( x , t ) and | u ( x , t ) = [ V ( x , t ) − I ( x , t ) ] / ( 2 C ) i ( x , t ) = [ V ( x , t ) + I ( x , t ) ] / ( 2 L ) .
Substituting U = H − 1 Z in Equation (3) we obtain H − 1 ∂ Z / ∂ t + A ( H − 1 ∂ Z / ∂ x ) = 0 and after multiplication from the left by H we obtain ∂ Z / ∂ t + ( H A H − 1 ) ∂ Z / ∂ x = 0 or
∂ V ( x , t ) / ∂ t + [ ∂ V ( x , t ) / ∂ x ] / L C = 0 , ∂ I ( x , t ) / ∂ t − [ ∂ I ( x , t ) / ∂ x ] / L C = 0.
Recall denotations Z 0 = L / C ―characteristic impedance and v = 1 / L C ―speed of propagation.
Prior to formulate an operator corresponding to the mixed problem we consider the Cauchy problems for the characteristics of the hyperbolic system (1) (cf. [
d ξ / d τ = 1 / L C , ξ ( t ) = x and d ξ / d τ = − 1 / L C , ξ ( t ) = x
for each ( x , t ) ∈ Π . Here the characteristics are constants λ V = 1 / L C > 0 and λ I = − 1 / L C < 0 , and therefore continuous ones.
Denote by T = Λ / v = Λ L C . To obtain boundary conditions with respect to the new variables we substitute
u ( 0 , t ) = ( V ( 0 , t ) − I ( 0 , t ) ) / ( 2 C ) , i ( 0 , t ) = ( V ( 0 , t ) + I ( 0 , t ) ) / ( 2 L ) ,
u ( Λ , t ) = ( V ( Λ , t ) − I ( Λ , t ) ) / ( 2 C ) , i ( Λ , t ) = ( V ( Λ , t ) + I ( Λ , t ) ) / ( 2 L )
into boundary conditions (2) and get
J 0 ( t ) + ( V ( 0 , t ) − I ( 0 , t ) ) ( G 0 / 2 C ) = ( V ( 0 , t ) + I ( 0 , t ) ) / ( 2 L ) , t ≥ 0 ( L 1 / ( 2 L ) ) [ d ( V ( Λ , t ) + I ( Λ , t ) ) ] / d t + ∑ n = 1 m r n ( [ V ( Λ , t ) + I ( Λ , t ) ] / ( 2 L ) ) n = − ( V ( Λ , t ) − I ( Λ , t ) ) / ( 2 C ) , t ≥ 0. (4)
To obtain new initial conditions we proceed from
V ( x , t ) = C u ( x , t ) + L i ( x , t ) , I ( x , t ) = − C u ( x , t ) + L i ( x , t ) .
Then
V ( x , 0 ) = C u ( x , 0 ) + L i ( x , 0 ) = C u 0 ( x ) + L i 0 ( x ) ≡ V 0 ( x )
I ( x , 0 ) = − C u ( x , 0 ) + L i ( x , 0 ) ≡ − C u 0 ( x ) + L i 0 ( x ) ≡ I 0 ( x ) , x ∈ [ 0 , Λ ] .
Now we able to formulate a mixed problem with respect to the new variables: to find a solution of the system
∂ V ( x , t ) / ∂ t + 1 / ( L C ) ∂ V ( x , t ) / ∂ x = 0 ∂ I ( x , t ) / ∂ t − 1 / ( L C ) ∂ I ( x , t ) / ∂ x = 0 x ∈ [ 0 , Λ ] ; t ∈ [ T , ∞ ) (5)
satisfying initial conditions
V ( x , 0 ) = V 0 ( x ) , I ( x , 0 ) = I 0 ( x ) , x ∈ [ 0 , Λ ]
and boundary conditions
J 0 ( t ) + ( V ( 0 , t ) − I ( 0 , t ) ) ( G 0 / 2 C ) = ( V ( 0 , t ) + I ( 0 , t ) ) / ( 2 L ) , t ≥ T ( L 1 / ( 2 L ) ) [ d ( V ( Λ , t ) + I ( Λ , t ) ) ] / d t + ∑ n = 1 m r n ( [ V ( Λ , t ) + I ( Λ , t ) ] / ( 2 L ) ) n = − ( V ( Λ , t ) − I ( Λ , t ) ) / ( 2 C ) , t ≥ T .
Repeating reasoning from [
V ( 0 , t − T ) = V ( Λ , t ) , I ( 0 , t ) = I ( Λ , t − T ) .
Assuming that V ( 0 , t ) = V ( t ) , I ( Λ , t ) = I ( t ) are unknown functions we obtain the following initial value problem equivalent to the mixed problem (5) (cf. [
V ( t ) = ( − 2 L J 0 ( t ) + ( G 0 Z 0 + 1 ) V ( t − T ) ) / ( G 0 Z 0 − 1 ) ≡ F V ( V , I ) ( t ) , t ≥ T I ˙ ( t ) = − V ˙ ( t − T ) − [ Z 0 ( V ( t ) − I ( t − T ) ) + ∑ n = 1 m r n ( V ( t ) + I ( t − T ) ) n / ( 2 L ) n − 1 ] / L 1 ≡ F I ( V , I ) ( t ) , t ≥ T V ( t ) = V 0 ( t ) , I ( t ) = I 0 ( t ) , t ∈ [ 0 , T ] . (6)
The initial functions V 0 ( t ) , I 0 ( t ) are obtained from the initial functions
u ( x , 0 ) = u 0 ( x ) , i ( x , 0 ) = i 0 ( x ) , x ∈ [ 0 , Λ ]
after transition along the characteristics of the hyperbolic system (cf. [
Now we are able to formulate the main problem: to find an oscillatory solution of System (6) with advanced prescribed zeroes on an interval [ T , ∞ ) , where V 0 ( t ) , I 0 ( t ) are continuously differentiable prescribed oscillating functions on the initial interval [ 0 , T ] .
Let S T = { τ k } k = 1 n , n ∈ N be the prescribed set of zeroes of the initial function, that is, V 0 ( τ k ) = 0 , I 0 ( τ k ) = 0 such that τ 0 = 0 , τ n = T . Besides max { τ k + 1 − τ k : k = 0 , 1 , ⋯ , n } ≤ T 0 < ∞ .
Let S = { t k } k = 0 ∞ be a strictly increasing sequence of real numbers satisfying the following conditions (C):
(C1) t 0 = T ; lim k → ∞ t k = ∞ ; (C2) for every k there is s < k such that t k − T = t s , where t s ∈ S T ∪ S .
It follows
0 ≤ Δ = inf { t k + 1 − t k : k = 0 , 1 , 2 , ⋯ } ≤ sup { t k + 1 − t k : k = 0 , 1 , 2 , ⋯ } = T 0 < ∞ .
Consider the sets
M V = { V ( . ) ∈ C [ T , ∞ ) : V ( t k ) = 0 and | V ( t ) | ≤ V 0 e μ ( t − t k ) , t ∈ [ t k , t k = 1 ] } ,
M I = { I ( . ) ∈ C [ T , ∞ ) : I ( t k ) = 0 and | I ( t ) | ≤ I 0 e μ ( t − t k ) , t ∈ [ t k , t k = 1 ] }
( k = 0 , 1 , 2 , ⋯ ) , where V 0 , I 0 , μ are positive constants.
Introduce the following family of pseudo-metrics
ρ ( k ) ( V , V ¯ ) = max { e − μ ( t − t k ) | V ( t ) − V ¯ ( t ) | : t ∈ [ t k , t k + 1 ] } ,
ρ ( k ) ( I , I ¯ ) = max { e − μ ( t − t k ) | I ( t ) − I ¯ ( t ) | : t ∈ [ t k , t k + 1 ] } .
The set M V × M I turns out into a complete uniform space with respect to the saturated family of pseudo-metrics ρ ( k ) ( ( V , I ) , ( V ¯ , I ¯ ) ) = max { ρ ( k ) ( V , V ¯ ) , ρ ( k ) ( I , I ¯ ) } , ( k = 0 , 1 , 2 , ⋯ ) .
Using System (6) we define an operator
B = ( B V ( V , I ) , B I ( V , I ) ) : M V × M I → M V × M I
by the formulas
B V ( V , I ) ( t ) : = ( − 2 L J 0 ( t ) + ( G 0 Z 0 + 1 ) V ( t − T ) ) / ( G 0 Z 0 − 1 ) ≡ F V ( V , I ) ( t ) , t ∈ [ t k , t k + 1 ] , ( k = 0 , 1 , 2 , ⋯ ) ;
B I ( V , I ) ( t ) : = ∫ t k t F I ( V , I ) ( s ) d s − ( ( t − t k ) / ( t k + 1 − t k ) ) ∫ t k t k + 1 F I ( V , I ) ( s ) d s , t ∈ [ t k , t k + 1 ] , ( k = 0 , 1 , 2 , ⋯ ) .
Remark 1.
1) In the above definitions of the operator B the functions V ( t − T ) and I ( t − T ) in the right-hand side are substituted by the initial functions in the interval [ T , 2 T ] .
2) The conformity condition (CC)
I ˙ ( T ) = − V ˙ ( 0 ) − ( Z 0 [ V ( T ) − I ( 0 ) ] + ∑ n = 1 m r n [ V ( T ) + I ( 0 ) ] n / ( 2 L ) n − 1 ) / L 1
becomes I ˙ ( T ) = − V ˙ ( 0 ) . It is necessary when we look for a smooth solution.
We call a solution of System (6) the solution of the operator equation ( V , I ) = ( B V ( V , I ) , B I ( V , I ) ) .
The following lemma is valid:
Lemma 1. Let be the source function satisfies J 0 ( τ k ) = 0 , J 0 ( t k ) = 0 , | J 0 ( t ) | ≤ I 0 e μ ( t − t k ) , t ∈ [ t k , t k + 1 ] . Problem (6) has a solution ( V ( . ) , I ( . ) ) ∈ M V × M I iff the operator B has a fixed point in M V × M I , that is,
( V , I ) = ( B V ( V , I ) , B I ( V , I ) ) .
Proof: Let ( V ( . ) , I ( . ) ) ∈ M V × M I be a solution of System (6). We show that V = B V ( ( V , I ) ; I = B I ( V , I ) .
For the first equation an existence of solution is obviously equivalent to V = B V ( V , I ) .
To prove the same for the second equation we integrate the second equation on the interval
[ t k , t ] ⊂ [ t k , t k + 1 ] ( k = 0 , 1 , 2 , ⋯ ) and get
I ( t ) = ∫ t k t F I ( V , I ) ( s ) d s ⇒ 0 = I ( t k + 1 ) = ∫ t k t k + 1 F I ( V , I ) ( s ) d s ⇒ ∫ t k t k + 1 F I ( V , I ) ( s ) d s = 0
Therefore I ( t ) satisfies
I ( t ) = ∫ t k t F I ( V , I ) ( s ) d s − ( ( t − t k ) / ( t k + 1 − t k ) ) ∫ t k t k + 1 F I ( V , I ) ( s ) d s , t ∈ [ t k , t k + 1 ] ⇔ I = B I ( V , I ) . .
Therefore ( V ( . ) , I ( . ) ) is a fixed point of the operator B.
Conversely, let ( V ( . ) , I ( . ) ) ∈ M V × M I be a fixed point of the operator B, that is V = B V ( V , I ) ; I = B I ( V , I ) . We prove the implication for the second equation. Indeed, we have
I ( t ) = ∫ t k t F I ( V , I ) ( s ) d s − ( ( t − t k ) / ( t k + 1 − t k ) ) ∫ t k t k + 1 F I ( V , I ) ( s ) d s , t ∈ [ t k , t k + 1 ] , ( k = 0 , 1 , 2 , ⋯ ) .
Since | ( t − t k ) / ( t k + 1 − t k ) | ≤ 1 , t ∈ [ t k , t k + 1 ] we estimate the second term:
| ∫ t k t k + 1 F I ( V , I ) ( s ) d s | ≤ | ∫ t k t k + 1 V ˙ ( s − T ) d s | + [ Z 0 ( ∫ t k t k + 1 | V ( s ) | d s + ∫ t k t k + 1 | I ( s − T ) | d s ) + ∑ n = 1 m | r n | / ( 2 L ) n − 1 ∫ t k t k + 1 ( | V ( s ) | + | I ( s − T ) | ) n d s ] / L 1 ≤ | V ( t k + 1 − T ) − V ( t k − T ) | + ( Z 0 V 0 / L 1 ) ∫ t k t k + 1 e μ ( s − t k ) d s + ( Z 0 V 0 / L 1 ) ∫ t k t k + 1 e μ ( s − T − t k ) d s + ∑ n = 1 m ( | r n | / L 1 ( 2 L ) n − 1 ) ∫ t k t k + 1 ( V 0 e μ ( s − t k ) + I 0 e μ ( s − T − t k ) ) n d s ≤ ( Z 0 / μ L 1 ) [ V 0 ( e μ ( t k + 1 − t k ) − 1 ) + I 0 e − μ T ( e μ ( t k + 1 − t k ) − 1 ) ]
+ ( 1 / L 1 ) ∑ n = 1 m ( | r n | / ( 2 L ) n − 1 ) ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) n ∫ t k t k + 1 e n μ ( s − t k ) d s ≤ ( Z 0 / μ L 1 ) ( e μ T 0 − 1 ) ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) + ( 1 / L 1 ) ∑ n = 1 m ( | r n | / ( 2 L ) n − 1 ) ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) n [ ( e n μ T 0 − 1 ) / ( n μ ) ] ≤ ( e μ T 0 − 1 ) ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) / ( μ L 1 ) × ( Z 0 + ∑ n = 1 m | r n | ( ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) / ( 2 L ) ) n − 1 ( e ( n − 1 ) μ T 0 + ⋯ + 1 ) / n ) ≡ M ( μ )
Let us assume that | ∫ t k t k + 1 F I ( V , I ) ( s ) d s | = γ > 0 . But we have obtained that γ ≤ M ( μ ) . For sufficiently large μ > 0 (and sufficiently small T 0 > 0 ) μ T 0 = const we have M ( μ ) < γ . The obtained contradiction implies ∫ t k t k + 1 F I ( V , I ) ( s ) d s = 0 . It follows I ( t ) = ∫ t k t F I ( V , I ) ( s ) d s and after a differentiation we obtain (6).
Lemma 1 is thus proved.
Theorem 1. Let the following conditions be fulfilled:
1) The initial functions V 0 ( . ) , I 0 ( . ) ∈ C [ 0 , T ] satisfy conditions V 0 ( τ k ) = 0 and | V 0 ( t ) | ≤ V 0 e μ ( t − τ k ) , | I 0 ( t ) | ≤ I 0 e μ ( t − τ k ) , t ∈ [ τ k , τ k + 1 ] ;
2) J 0 ( τ k ) = 0 , J 0 ( t k ) = 0 , | J 0 ( t ) | ≤ I 0 e μ ( t − t k ) , t ∈ [ t k , t k + 1 ] ;
3) ( 2 I 0 L + | G 0 Z 0 − 1 | V 0 e − μ T ) / ( G 0 Z 0 + 1 ) ≤ V 0 ;
4) V 0 e − μ T + ( e μ T 0 ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) / ( μ L 1 ) ) × ( Z 0 + ∑ n = 1 m ( | r n | / n ( 2 L ) n − 1 ) ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) n − 1 ( e ( n − 1 ) μ T 0 + ⋯ + 1 ) ) ≤ I 0 ;
5) K V = | G 0 Z 0 − 1 | e − μ T / ( G 0 Z 0 + 1 ) < 1 ;
6) K I = e − μ T + ( e μ T 0 ( 1 + e − μ T ) / ( μ L 1 ) ) × ( Z 0 + ∑ n = 1 m | r n | ( e ( n − 1 ) μ T 0 + ⋯ + 1 ) ( ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) / ( 2 L ) ) n − 1 ) < 1 .
Then there exists a unique oscillatory solution of System (6), belonging to M V × M I .
Proof: We show that the operator B = ( B V , B I ) maps M V × M I into itself.
Indeed, ( B V ( t ) , B I ( t ) ) is continuous on [ 0 , ∞ ) . It is easy to check that (recall that τ n = T )
B V ( V , I ) ( τ n ) = ( 2 L J 0 ( τ n ) + ( G 0 Z 0 − 1 ) V ( τ n − T ) ) / ( G 0 Z 0 ) + 1 = 0 ;
B V ( V , I ) ( t k ) = ( 2 L J 0 ( t k ) + ( G 0 Z 0 − 1 ) V ( t k − T ) ) / ( G 0 Z 0 ) + 1 = 0 ;
B I ( V , I ) ( τ n ) = ∫ τ n τ n F I ( V , I ) ( s ) d s − ( ( τ n − τ n ) / ( t 1 − τ n ) ) ∫ τ n t 1 F I ( V , I ) ( s ) d s = 0 ;
B I ( V , I ) ( t k ) : = ∫ t k t k F I ( V , I ) ( s ) d s − ( ( t k − t k ) / ( t k + 1 − t k ) ) ∫ t k t k + 1 F I ( V , I ) ( s ) d s = 0 ,
We show that | B V ( V , I ) ( t ) | ≤ V 0 e μ ( t − t k ) and | B I ( V , I ) ( t ) | ≤ I 0 e μ ( t − t k ) for t ∈ [ t k , t k + 1 ] .
First we notice that | ( t − t k ) / ( t k + 1 − t k ) | ≤ 1 , t ∈ [ t k , t k + 1 ] .
For sufficiently large μ and t ∈ [ t k , t k + 1 ] for the first component we obtain
| B V ( V , I ) ( t ) | ≤ ( 2 L | J 0 ( t ) | + | G 0 Z 0 − 1 | | V ( t − T ) | ) / ( G 0 Z 0 + 1 ) ≤ e μ ( t − t k ) ( 2 I 0 L + | G 0 Z 0 − 1 | V 0 e − μ T ) / ( G 0 Z 0 + 1 ) ≤ V 0 e μ ( t − t k ) .
For the second one we have
| B I ( V , I ) ( s ) ( t ) | ≤ | ∫ t k t F I ( V , I ) ( s ) ( s ) d s | + | ( t − t k ) / ( t k + 1 − t k ) | | ∫ t k t k + 1 F I ( V , I ) ( s ) ( s ) d s | = B 1 + B 2 ;
B 1 = | ∫ t k t F I ( V , I ) ( s ) d s | ≤ | ∫ t k t V ˙ ( s − T ) d s | + Z 0 L 1 ( ∫ t k t | V ( s ) | d s + ∫ t k t | I ( s − T ) | d s ) + ∑ n = 1 m | r n | L 1 ( 2 L ) n − 1 ∫ t k t ( | V ( s ) | + | I ( s − T ) | ) n d s ≤ V 0 e − μ T + ( Z 0 / L 1 ) ( V 0 ∫ t k t e μ ( s − t k ) d s + I 0 ∫ t k t e μ ( s − T − t k ) d s ) + ∑ n = 1 m ( | r n | / L 1 ( 2 L ) n − 1 ) ∫ t k t ( V 0 e μ ( s − t k ) + I 0 e μ ( s − T − t k ) ) n d s ≤ V 0 e − μ T + ( Z 0 / μ L 1 ) ( e μ ( t − t k ) − 1 ) ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T )
+ ∑ n = 1 m ( | r n | / L 1 ( 2 L ) n − 1 ) ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) n ∫ t k t e n μ ( s − t k ) d s ≤ V 0 e − μ T + Z 0 ( e μ ( t − t k ) − 1 ) ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) / ( μ L 1 ) + ∑ n = 1 m ( | r n | / L 1 n μ ( 2 L ) n − 1 ) ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) n ( e n μ ( t − t k ) − 1 ) ≤ V 0 e − μ T + ( e μ ( t − t k ) ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) / ( μ L 1 ) ) × ( Z 0 + ∑ n = 1 m ( | r n | / n ( 2 L ) n − 1 ) ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) n − 1 ( e ( n − 1 ) μ T 0 + ⋯ + 1 ) ) .
From Lemma 1 we have
B 2 ≤ | ( t − t k ) / ( t k + 1 − t k ) | | ∫ t k t k + 1 F I ( V , I ) ( s ) d s | ≤ | ∫ t k t k + 1 F I ( V , I ) ( s ) d s | ≤ ( ( e μ T 0 − 1 ) ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) / ( μ L 1 ) ) × ( Z 0 + ∑ n = 1 m ( | r n | / n ( 2 L ) n − 1 ) ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) n − 1 ( e ( n − 1 ) μ T 0 + ⋯ + 1 ) )
Therefore
| B I ( V , I ) ( s ) ( t ) | ≤ V 0 e − μ T + e μ ( t − t k ) ( ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) / ( μ L 1 ) ) × ( Z 0 + ∑ n = 1 m ( | r n | / n ( 2 L ) n − 1 ) ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) n − 1 ( e ( n − 1 ) μ T 0 + ⋯ + 1 ) ) + ( ( e μ T 0 − 1 ) ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) / ( μ L 1 ) ) × ( Z 0 + ∑ n = 1 m ( | r n | / n ( 2 L ) n − 1 ) ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) n − 1 ( e ( n − 1 ) μ T 0 + ⋯ + 1 ) )
≤ e μ ( t − t k ) [ V 0 e − μ T + ( e μ T 0 ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) / ( μ L 1 ) ) × ( Z 0 + ∑ n = 1 m ( | r n | / n ( 2 L ) n − 1 ) ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) n − 1 ( e ( n − 1 ) μ T 0 + ⋯ + 1 ) ) ] ≤ e μ ( t − t k ) I 0 .
It remains to show that the operator B is contractive one.
For the first component we obtain
| B V ( V , I ) ( t ) − B V ( V ¯ , I ¯ ) ( t ) ( t ) | ≤ | G 0 Z 0 − 1 | | V ( t − T ) − V ¯ ( t − T ) | / ( G 0 Z 0 + 1 ) ≤ e μ ( t − t k ) | G 0 Z 0 − 1 | ρ ( k ) ( V , V ¯ ) e − μ T / ( G 0 Z 0 + 1 ) ≤ e μ ( t − t k ) | G 0 Z 0 − 1 | e − μ T ρ ( k ) ( ( V , I ) , ( V ¯ , I ¯ ) ) / ( G 0 Z 0 + 1 )
It follows
ρ ( k ) ( B V ( V , I ) , B V ( V ¯ , I ¯ ) ) ≤ | G 0 Z 0 − 1 | e − μ T ρ ( k ) ( ( V , I ) , ( V ¯ , I ¯ ) ) / ( G 0 Z 0 + 1 ) ≡ K I ρ ( k ) ( ( V , I ) , ( V ¯ , I ¯ ) )
For the second one in view of the estimate from Lemma 1 we have
| B I ( V , I ) ( t ) − B I ( V ¯ , I ¯ ) ( t ) | ≤ | ∫ t k t F I ( V , I ) ( s ) d s − ∫ t k t F I ( V ¯ , I ¯ ) ( s ) d s | + | ( t − t k ) / ( t k + 1 − t k ) | | ∫ t k t k + 1 F I ( V , I ) ( s ) d s − ∫ t k t k + 1 F I ( V ¯ , I ¯ ) ( s ) d s | ≡ B 1 + B 2
B 1 = | ∫ t k t F I ( V , I ) ( s ) d s − ∫ t k t F I ( V ¯ , I ¯ ) ( s ) d s | ≤ | ∫ t k t ( V ˙ ( s − T ) − V ¯ ˙ ( s − T ) ) d s | + ( Z 0 / L 1 ) ( ∫ t k ≤ t | V ( s ) − V ¯ ( s ) | d s + ∫ t k t | I ( s − T ) − I ¯ ( s − T ) | d s ) + ∑ n = 1 m | r n | / L 1 ( 2 L ) n − 1 ∫ t k t n ( V 0 e μ ( s − t k ) + I 0 e μ ( s − T − t k ) ) n − 1 × ( | V ( s ) − V ¯ ( s ) | + | I ( s − T ) − I ¯ ( s − T ) | ) d s
≤ | V ( s − T ) − V ¯ ( s − T ) | + ( Z 0 / L 1 ) ( ρ ( k ) ( V , V ¯ ) ∫ t k t e μ ( s − t k ) d s + ρ ( k ) ( I , I ¯ ) ∫ t k t e μ ( s − T − t k ) d s ) + ∑ n = 1 m | r n | / L 1 ( 2 L ) n − 1 ∫ t k t n ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) n − 1 e ( n − 1 ) μ ( s − t k ) × ( ρ ( k ) ( V , V ¯ ) e μ ( s − t k ) + ρ ( k ) ( I , I ¯ ) e μ ( s − T − t k ) ) d s
≤ e − μ T ρ ( k ) ( V , V ¯ ) + ( Z 0 ( e μ ( t − t k ) − 1 ) / ( μ L 1 ) ) ( ρ ( k ) ( V , V ¯ ) + ρ ( k ) ( I , I ¯ ) e − μ T ) + ∑ n = 1 m | r n | n ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) n − 1 ( ρ ( k ) ( V , V ¯ ) + ρ ( k ) ( I , I ¯ ) e − μ T ) / ( L 1 ( 2 L ) n − 1 ) × ∫ t k t e n μ ( s − t k ) d s
≤ ρ ( k ) ( ( V , I ) , ( V ¯ , I ¯ ) ) [ e μ ( t − t k ) e − μ T + e μ ( t − t k ) ( ( 1 + e − μ T ) / ( μ L 1 ) ) × ( Z 0 + ∑ n = 1 m | r n | n ( ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) / ( 2 L ) ) n − 1 ( e n μ ( t − t k ) − 1 ) / n ) ] ≤ e μ ( t − t k ) ρ ( k ) ( ( V , I ) , ( V ¯ , I ¯ ) ) [ e − μ T + ( ( 1 + e − μ T ) / ( μ L 1 ) ) × ( Z 0 + ∑ n = 1 m | r n | ( ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) ( 2 L ) ) n − 1 ( e ( n − 1 ) μ T 0 + ⋯ + 1 ) ) ]
B 2 ≤ | ( t − t k ) / ( t k + 1 − t k ) | | ∫ t k t k + 1 F I ( V , I ) ( s ) d s − ∫ t k t k + 1 F I ( V ¯ , I ¯ ) ( s ) d s | ≤ | ∫ t k t k + 1 ( V ˙ ( s − T ) − V ¯ ˙ ( s − T ) ) d s | + ( Z 0 / L 1 ) ( ∫ t k t k + 1 | V ( s ) − V ¯ ( s ) | d s + ∫ t k t k + 1 | I ( s − T ) − I ¯ ( s − T ) | d s ) + ∑ n = 1 m | r n | / L 1 ( 2 L ) n − 1 ∫ t k t k + 1 n ( V 0 e μ ( s − t k ) + I 0 e μ ( s − T − t k ) ) n − 1 × ( | V ( s ) − V ¯ ( s ) | + | I ( s − T ) − I ¯ ( s − T ) | ) d s
≤ ( Z 0 / L 1 ) ( ρ ( k ) ( V , V ¯ ) ∫ t k t k + 1 e μ ( s − t k ) d s + ρ ( k ) ( I , I ¯ ) ∫ t k t k + 1 e μ ( s − T − t k ) d s ) + ∑ n = 1 m | r n | / L 1 ( 2 L ) n − 1 ∫ t k t k + 1 n ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) n − 1 e ( n − 1 ) μ ( s − t k ) × ( ρ ( k ) ( V , V ¯ ) e μ ( s − t k ) + ρ ( k ) ( I , I ¯ ) e μ ( s − T − t k ) ) d s ≤ ( Z 0 / μ L 1 ) ( e μ ( t k + 1 − t k ) − 1 ) ( ρ ( k ) ( V , V ¯ ) + ρ ( k ) ( I , I ¯ ) e − μ T ) + ( ( ρ ( k ) ( V , V ¯ ) + ρ ( k ) ( I , I ¯ ) e − μ T ) / L 1 )
× ∑ n = 1 m | r n | n ( ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) / ( 2 L ) ) n − 1 ∫ t k t k + 1 e n μ ( s − t k ) d s ≤ ρ ( k ) ( ( V , I ) , ( V ¯ , I ¯ ) ) [ ( 1 + e − μ T ) / ( μ L 1 ) ( Z 0 ( e μ T 0 − 1 ) + ∑ n = 1 m | r n | n ( ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) / ( 2 L ) ) n − 1 ( ( e n μ T 0 − 1 ) / n ) ) ] ≤ ρ ( k ) ( ( V , I ) , ( V ¯ , I ¯ ) ) ( ( e μ T 0 − 1 ) ( 1 + e − μ T ) / ( μ L 1 ) ) × [ Z 0 + ∑ n = 1 m | r n | ( ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) / ( 2 L ) ) n − 1 ( e ( n − 1 ) μ T 0 + ⋯ + 1 ) ]
Therefore
| B I ( V , I ) ( t ) − B I ( V ¯ , I ¯ ) ( t ) | ≤ e μ ( t − t k ) ρ ( k ) ( ( V , I ) , ( V ¯ , I ¯ ) ) [ e − μ T + ( ( 1 + e − μ T ) / ( μ L 1 ) ) × ( Z 0 + ∑ n = 1 m | r n | ( ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) / ( 2 L ) ) n − 1 ( e ( n − 1 ) μ T 0 + ⋯ + 1 ) ) ] + ρ ( k ) ( ( V , I ) , ( V ¯ , I ¯ ) ) ( e μ T 0 − 1 ) ( ( 1 + e − μ T ) / ( μ L 1 ) )
× [ Z 0 + ∑ n = 1 m | r n | ( ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) / ( 2 L ) ) n − 1 ( e ( n − 1 ) μ T 0 + ⋯ + 1 ) ] ≤ e μ ( t − t k ) [ e − μ T + e μ T 0 ( ( 1 + e − μ T ) / ( μ L 1 ) ) × ( Z 0 + ∑ n = 1 m | r n | ( e ( n − 1 ) μ T 0 + ⋯ + 1 ) ( ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) / ( 2 L ) ) n − 1 ) ] × ρ ( k ) ( ( V , I ) , ( V ¯ , I ¯ ) )
It follows
ρ ( k ) ( B I ( V , I ) , B I ( V ¯ , I ¯ ) ) ≤ K I ρ ( k ) ( ( V , I ) , ( V ¯ , I ¯ ) )
where
K I = e − μ T + e μ T 0 ( ( 1 + e − μ T ) / ( μ L 1 ) ) × ( Z 0 + ∑ n = 1 m | r n | ( e ( n − 1 ) μ T 0 + ⋯ + 1 ) ( ( V 0 + I 0 e − μ T ) / ( 2 L ) ) n − 1 )
Consequently
ρ ( k ) ( ( B V ( V , I ) , B I ( V , I ) ) , ( B V ( V ¯ , I ¯ ) , B I ( V ¯ , I ¯ ) ) ) ≤ K ρ ( k ) ( ( V , I ) , ( V ¯ , I ¯ ) ) ,
where K = max { K V , K I } < 1 .
Therefore the operator B is contractive one (cf. [
Theorem 1 is thus proved.
Our goal here is to check the inequalities of the main Theorem 1 for the 7-th order polynomial. It is natural to assume V 0 = I 0 .
Consider a transmission line with specific parameters L = 0.2 μ H / m ; C = 9 pF / m ; Λ = 10 m ; L 1 = 0.2 μ H ; G 0 = 1 / 35 . Then Z 0 = L / C = 0.2 × 10 − 6 / 9 × 10 − 12 = 10 3 × 0.149 = 149 Ω ;
T = Λ L C = 10 ( 0.2 × 10 − 6 ) × ( 9 × 10 − 12 ) = 10 × 1.34 × 10 − 9 = 1.34 × 10 − 8 . The V-I characteristic of the nonlinear element is u = R s 0 ( i + α i 7 ) = R s 0 i + α ⋅ R s 0 i 7 = r 1 i + r 7 i 7 .
Let us take T 0 = 0.2 × 10 − 10 ; V 0 = I 0 ≈ 10 − 12 ; μ = 5 × 10 10 ; μ T 0 = 5 × 10 10 × 0.2 × 10 − 10 = 1 ; e − μ T = e − 5 × 10 10 × 1.34 × 10 − 8 = e − 670 ≈ 0 ; V 0 = 10 − 12 . Then
2 L / ( G 0 Z 0 + 1 ) + e − 670 | G 0 Z 0 − 1 | / ( G 0 Z 0 + 1 ) ⇒ 2 0.2 × 10 − 6 ≤ ( 149 / 35 ) + 1 ;
10 4 × e − 670 + e ( 149 + | r 1 | + | r 7 | ( e 8 − 1 ) / ( e − 1 ) ( 10 − 12 / 7 ( 2 0.2 × 10 − 6 ) ) 7 ) ≤ 5 × 10 10 × 0.2 × 10 − 6 = 10 4 ;
K V = e − 670 | ( 149 / 35 ) − 1 | / ( ( 149 / 35 ) + 1 ) ≈ 0 < 1 ;
K I ≈ 2.72 10 4 ( 149 + | r 1 | + | r 7 | 637 ( 10 − 9 ) 6 ) < 1 .
The periodic solution is a particular case when T 0 = t k + 1 − t k ( k = 0 , 1 , 2 , ⋯ ) . We can choose an initial approximation V ( 0 ) ( t ) = V 0 sin ( ω 0 t ) , I ( 0 ) ( t ) = I 0 cos ( ω 0 t ) , where ω 0 = 2 π / T 0 . Then the first approximation is
I ( 1 ) ( t ) = ∫ k T 0 t F V ( I ( 0 ) , I ( 0 ) ) ( s ) d s − ( ( t − k T 0 ) / T 0 ) ∫ k T 0 ( k + 1 ) T 0 F V ( I ( 0 ) , I ( 0 ) ) ( s ) d s , t ∈ [ k T 0 , ( k + 1 ) T 0 ] , ( k = 0 , 1 , 2 , ⋯ )
V ( 1 ) ( t ) = [ 2 L J 0 ( t ) + ( G 0 Z 0 − 1 ) V ( 0 ) ( t − T ) ] / ( G 0 Z 0 + 1 ) , t ∈ [ k T 0 , ( k + 1 ) T 0 ] , ( k = 0 , 1 , 2 , ⋯ )
and so on.
1) It is proved that V ( t k ) = V ( Λ , t k ) = 0 and I ( t k ) = I ( 0 , t k ) = 0 . But it must give a qualitative estimate of the solution of System (1), that is, u ( x , t ) = V ( x , t ) / ( 2 C ) − I ( x , t ) / ( 2 C ) , i ( x , t ) = V ( x , t ) / ( 2 L ) + I ( x , t ) / ( 2 L ) .
We note that every characteristic of the hyperbolic system with negative slope passing through the point ( 0 , t k ) has the equation x = − v t + v t k . Therefore 0 = I ( t k ) = I ( 0 , t k ) = I ( Λ , t k − T ) and I ( x , t ) = 0 along the straight line x = − v t + v t k between 0 and Λ . In a similar way every characteristic with positive slope passing through the point ( Λ , t k ) has the equation x = v t − v t k + Λ and then 0 = V ( t k ) = V ( Λ , t k ) = V ( 0 , t k − T ) and V ( x , t ) = 0 along the straight line x = v t − v t k + Λ between 0 and Λ . In order to find common zeroes of u ( x , t ) and i ( x , t ) we have to intersect the straight lines x = − v t + v t k and x = v t − v t k + Λ .
2) A general method for analysis of transmission lines terminated by polynomial nonlinearities is proposed and it is demonstrated on the 7-th order polynomial.
3) An explicit solution by successive approximations can be obtained.
Angelov, V.G. (2017) Oscillatory Solutions of Lossless Transmission Lines Terminated by Nonlinear Resistance and in Series Connected Inductance. Open Access Library Journal, 4: e3884. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1103884