This paper proposes the big five social system traits as the fixed, clear, and workable social solutions to the social issues under the different social conditions. Under the big five social system traits, different fixed and clear personal behaviors are developed by different people under different social conditions, so the big five social system traits are the source of different aspects of human behavior in terms of personality traits in the big five personality traits, personality types in the MBTI, social styles in the social style model, personality disorders in the DSM-5, social group deviances derived from the DSM-5, and religious, political, and economic systems in Western and Eastern cultures as described in this paper. The big five social system traits consist of sociality (individualistic-collectivistic-interdependent) traits to the issue of social formation, worldview traits (connective-competitive-territorial or people-tasks) to the issue of social boundary, awareness traits (concrete-imaginary) to the issue of social stress, activity traits (constructional-mobilized) to the issue of social duration, and legitimacy traits (authoritative-rational) to the issue of social uniformity. As a result, the big five social system traits provide the base for the unified theory of human behavior to unify different aspects of human behavior and to produce the common ground for diverse views to communicate.
According to Talcott Parsons [
For examples, in some social animals, the males, such as male chimpanzees, live under the social condition of allies with changeable social bonds among the males, so the social system trait as the fixed, clear, and workable solution to the issue of social formation under the social condition of allies with changeable social bonds is individualistic sociality where each individual takes care of itself. The females, such as female bonobos, on the other hand, live under the social condition of friends with strong social bonds among the female friends, so the fixed, clear, and workable social solution as social system trait to the issue of social formation under the social condition of friends with strong social bonds is collectivistic sociality where each individual belongs to a social group. This paper proposes the five social system traits consisting of sociality, worldview, awareness, activity, and legitimacy [
Under the big five social system traits, different fixed and clear personal behaviors are developed by different people under different social conditions, producing different fixed and clear personality traits for different people. For examples in great apes, individualistic sociality social system trait produces the personality trait of extraversion that pays relentless and forcible attention to changeable social bonds of allies as shown in the active extravert behavior of individualistic adult male chimpanzees among the males [
An important model for human personality traits is the big five personality traits consisting of extraversion (assertive, energetic, talkative), agreeableness (cooperative, good-natured, trusting), neuroticism (easily upset, maladjusted, not calm), conscientiousness (dependable, orderly, responsible), and openness to experience (imaginative, independent-minded, intellectual) [
This section proposes the big five social system traits as the fixed, clear, and workable social solutions to the issues of social systems under the different conditions of social systems. Under the big five social system traits, different fixed and clear personal behaviors are developed by different people under different social conditions, so the big five social system traits are the source of different aspect of human behavior in terms of personality traits in the big five personality traits, personality types in the MBTI, social styles in the social style model, and personality disorders in the DSM-5 as described in this section. The first part of this section describes the big five social system traits and the derivation of the big five personality traits from the big five social system traits. The second part of this section describes the big five social system traits, the MBTI, and the social style model, and the third part of this section describes the big five social system traits and personality disorders.
In this subsection, the five social issues consisting of social formation, social boundary, social stress, social duration, and social uniformity produce the big five social system traits, consisting of sociality [
The issue of sociality social system traits is the degree of social formation [
Issues | Conditions | Social System Traits | Personality Traits |
---|---|---|---|
1) sociality | allies friends intimates | individualistic sociality collectivistic sociality interdependent sociality | extraversion (introversion) (introversion) |
2) boundary | ingroup outgroup ingroup-outgroup | connective worldview competition worldview territorial worldview | agreeableness (disagreeableness) (isolation) |
3) stress | stress-free stress | concrete awareness imaginary awareness | (calmness) neuroticism |
4) duration | transience longevity | mobilized activity constructional activity | (impulsiveness) conscientiousness |
5) legitimacy | homogeneity pluralism | authoritative legitimacy rational legitimacy | (closeness to experience) openness to experience |
take care of itself for its own benefit. The social system trait as the fixed, clear, and workable solution to the issue of social formation under the condition of the relationship of allies is individualistic sociality. For example, for the great apes, each male adult chimpanzee under the relationship of allies has to fight for his food and social ranking without belonging to any specific stable social group. As a result, male adult chimpanzee has the social system trait of individualistic sociality. The goal of individualistic sociality is individualistic achievement.
The relationship of friends and kin is stable based on the dependence of individual’s wellbeing on a social group. The social system trait to the issue of social formation under the condition of the relationship of friends and kin is collectivistic sociality. The origin of collectivistic sociality is the social group of caregivers and vulnerable children. To continue the genes from generation to generation, the original collectivistic sociality is necessary to protect vulnerable children who are genetically related. The social group consisting of children and caregivers is kin group as described by inclusive fitness [
The relationship of intimates is very stable based on existential interdependence among intimates. The social system trait to the issue of social formation under the condition of the relationship of intimates is interdependent sociality. The origin of interdependent sociality involves vulnerable social group which cannot survive without existential interdependence in the form of division of labor by the adults. For example, to survive as a social group, bees must undergo division of labor, because queen bees must rely on workers bees to feed them, and infertile worker bees must rely on queen bees to reproduce. The interdependent fertile queen bee, fertile drone bee, and infertile worker bee work interdependently to assure the survival of social group. Such interdependence based on division of labor of interdependent individuals for the survival of social group is analogous to the interdependence based on division of labor of interdependent body parts for the survival of the whole body. Interdependent sociality is eusociality [
In the big five personality traits, extraversion as relentless and forceful attention to relationship is derived from individualistic sociality in the social system of allies with changeable social bonds, while introversion as timely and moderate attention to relationship results from collectivistic sociality and interdependent sociality from the social systems of friends and intimates with stable social bonds. For examples, extraversion that pays relentless and forcible attention to changeable social bonds of allies is shown in individualistic adult male chimpanzees among the males, while introversion that pays timely and moderate attention to stable social bonds of friends is shown in collectivistic adult female bonobos among the females. In the study of personality profiles of cultures, individualism is correlated to extraversion [
The issue of worldview social system traits is the boundary of social system [
Under a clear boundary with a large buffer zone between ingroup and outgroup, the worldview social system trait is territorial worldview. Without a clear boundary with a large buffer zone, the worldview can be connective worldview to view the world mostly as ingroup or competitive worldview to view the world mainly as outgroup. For examples [
The issue of awareness social system traits is the stress of social system. Stress affects significantly animals’ behaviors. For humans, stress causes permanent imaginary awareness. Imaginary awareness in terms of religion became an important part of human society during the Upper Paleolithic Period about 40,000 years ago [
Imaginary awareness in terms of imaginary companions is common among children. Up to two-thirds of children have imaginary companions [
In the big five personality traits, neuroticism is derived from imaginary awareness in stressful social system that generates permanent imaginary thoughts, while calmness results from concrete awareness in stress-free social system that generates concrete thoughts. Neuroticism generates imaginary thoughts with mostly negative effects which are unworkable in orderly social system. Only the positivized imaginary awareness is the foundation of functional and beneficial religion. The extremely negative aspects of imaginary awareness lead to personality disorders.
The issue of activity social system traits is the duration of social system which has two different conditions: transient social system and longevous social system. In human social system, transient social system results from the perceived possible end of a social system by natural destruction-renewal or by dramatic downfall-rise. The perceived possible end of social system causes mobilized activity such as heroism. Every social system prepares people to mobilize in the case of natural destruction-renewal or dramatic downfall-rise, so heroism and martyrdom are often glorified. Without the perceived possible end of social system, the activity is constructional activity which is deliberated and protracted for longevous social system. The activity social system trait to the issue of the duration of social system under the condition of transience is mobilized activity, while the activity social system trait under the condition of longevity is constructional activity as the deliberated and protracted activity for longevous social system. Mobilized activity is derived from the hyperactivity of instinctive fight-or-flight response as the physiological reaction in response to perceived possible end of life by a harmful event, attack or threat to survival. It exists in all advanced social animals. Workable mobilized activity prevents downfall.
In the big five personality traits, conscientiousness as broad deliberation is derived from constructional activity in longevous social system, while impulsiveness as narrow deliberation results from mobilized activity in transient social system. Impulsiveness mostly is unworkable for orderly social system, but positivized impulsiveness leads to workable mobilized activity for transient social system. The extremely negative aspects of impulsiveness lead to personality disorders.
The issue of legitimacy social system traits in terms of the justification of valid social system is social uniformity under the conditions of homogeneity and pluralism [
In the big five personality traits, openness to experience to question all traditions is derived from rational legitimacy to accommodate diverse pluralistic social system, while closeness to experience to obey all traditions results from authoritative legitimacy to accommodate uniform homogeneous social system. The positivized openness to experience leads to workable rational legitimacy, while the positivized closeness to experience brings about workable authoritative legitimacy. The extremely negative aspects lead to personality disorders.
In this subsection, the personality models, including the big five personality traits, the four dimensional MBTI (extraversion-introversion, feeling-thinking, sensing-intuition, and perceiving-judging) [
Individualistic sociality produces extraversion in the big five personality traits and the MBTI and “tell” (high assertiveness) in the social style model. “Tell”
Social System Traits | Personality Traits | MBTI | Social Styles | Personality Disorders |
---|---|---|---|---|
individualistic sociality collectivistic sociality interdependent sociality | extraversion (introversion) (introversion) | extraversion introversion | tell ask | |
connective worldview or people worldview competition worldview or tasks worldview territorial worldview | agreeableness agreeableness (disagreeableness) (disagreeableness) (isolation) | feeling thinking | people tasks | |
concrete awareness imaginary awareness | (calmness) neuroticism | odd-eccentric cluster | ||
mobilized activity constructional activity | (impulsiveness) conscientiousness | perceiving judging | dramatic-impulsive cluster | |
authoritative legitimacy rational legitimacy | (closeness to experience) openness to experience | sensing intuition (new) | anxious-fearful cluster (doubtful-prying cluster) |
indicates the center of attention as the high assertive behavior of extraverts. Collectivistic sociality and interdependent sociality produce introversion in the big five personality traits and the MBTI and “ask” in the social style model. “Ask” (low assertiveness) indicates outside of the center of attention as the low assertive behavior of introverts.
Worldview as a particular view of the world can deal with people only or people-tasks. Ingroup and outgroup can be people in ingroup and people in outgroup as connective worldview and competitive worldview. On the other hand, ingroup and outgroup can be people in ingroup and tasks in outgroup because tasks are not people, resulting in people worldview and tasks worldview. To deal with people requires mostly feeling, so people worldview produces “feeling” in the MBTI and “people” (high responsiveness) in the social style model. To deal with tasks requires mostly thinking, so tasks worldview produces “thinking” in the MBTI and “tasks” (low responsiveness) in the social style model.
In the MBTI, “judging” prefers to complete organized and structured assignments, while “perceiving” prefers exciting and flexible ideas. Mobilized activity produces impulsiveness in the big five personality traits and perceiving in the MBTI, while constructional activity produces conscientiousness in the big five personality traits and judging in the MBTI. In the MBTI, “sensing” is to sense practical, concrete, and routine details, while “intuition” involves the details other than practical, concrete, and routine details. In general, intuition includes imaginary odd intuition and non-routine new intuition, but the MBTI does not deal with imaginary odd intuition, particularly negative imaginary odd intuition correlating to neuroticism in the big five personality traits, so neuroticism in the big five does not match any type in the MBTI. In the MBTI, intuition is non-routine new intuition. Authoritative legitimacy produces closeness to experience in the big five personality traits and sensing in the MBTI, while rational legitimacy produces openness to experience in the big five personality traits and non-routine new intuition in the MBTI. As a result, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience in the big five personality traits are correlated to extraversion-introversion, thinking-feeling, judging-perceiving, and sensing-intuition, respectively in the MBTI, which is same as the result of the previous correlational analysis between the big five personality traits and the MBTI from a total of 900 participants [
In this subsection the DSM-5 personality disorders [
Reckless personality disorders are derived from maladaptive personality traits under extremely adverse conditions without their workable social system traits. In this way, the extremely negative aspects of personality traits emerge recklessly as personality disorders without the control of workable social system traits. Odd-eccentric cluster is derived from maladaptive neuroticism trait under extreme stress-trauma [
Extremely adverse conditions with workable social system traits do not bring about reckless personality disorders, in the sense that workable social system traits overcome reckless personality disorders. Workable imaginary awareness trait overcomes odd-eccentric cluster, workable mobilized activity trait overcomes dramatic-impulsive cluster, workable authoritative legitimacy trait overcomes fearful-anxious cluster, and workable rational legitimacy overcomes doubtful-prying cluster. Therefore, workable social system traits are therapies for personality disorders. Futile personality disorders are milder than reckless personality disorders which do not follow any workable social system traits. Futile personality disorders can turn into reckless personality disorders.
Each of the personality disorders in the three clusters in DSM-5 and doubtful-prying cluster is agreeable maladaptive, disagreeable maladaptive, or isolating maladaptive personality trait as in
Agreeable personality disorder is maladaptive, sociable, and inoffensive, disagreeable personality disorder is maladaptive, sociable, and offensive, and isolating personality disorder is maladaptive, unsociable, and inoffensive. In odd-eccentric cluster, schizotypal is agreeable maladaptive neuroticism, paranoid is disagreeable
Clusters | Maladaptive Personality Traits | Personality Traits | Personality Disorders |
---|---|---|---|
odd-eccentric | maladaptive neuroticism | agreeableness disagreeableness isolation | schizotypal paranoid schizoid |
dramatic-impulsive | maladaptive impulsiveness | agreeableness disagreeableness isolation | histrionic antisocial, borderline narcissistic |
anxious-fearful | maladaptive closeness to experience | agreeableness disagreeableness isolation | dependent obsessive-compulsive avoidant |
doubtful-prying | maladaptive openness to experience | agreeableness disagreeableness isolation | anarchic quarrelsome evasive |
maladaptive neuroticism, and schizoid is isolating maladaptive neuroticism. In dramatic-impulsive cluster, histrionic is agreeable maladaptive impulsiveness, antisocial and borderline are disagreeable maladaptive impulsiveness, narcissistic is isolating maladaptive impulsiveness. Both antisocial and borderline are disagreeable maladaptive impulsiveness in terms of impulsive aggression. The difference between them is that antisocial is mostly aggression toward others, while borderline is mostly aggression toward self. In anxious-fearful cluster, dependent is agreeable maladaptive closeness to experience, obsessive-compulsive is disagreeable maladaptive closeness to experience, and avoidant is isolating maladaptive closeness to experience. This paper proposes anarchic, quarrelsome, and evasive for doubtful-prying cluster. In doubtful-prying cluster, anarchic is agreeable maladaptive openness to experience, quarrelsome is disagreeable maladaptive openness to experience, and evasive is isolating maladaptive openness to experience. Therefore, all observed personality disorders are theoretically classified neatly.
Under the big five social system traits, different fixed and clear personal behaviors are developed by different people under different social conditions, so the big five social system traits are the source of human behavior in terms of religious, political, and economic systems in Western and Eastern cultures. This section describes the big five social system traits and cultures. In the first part of this section, the cultures derived from the combination of sociality, worldview, and awareness are divided into competitive Western culture, connective Eastern culture, and territorial local culture. The second part of the section describes the cultures from activity social system traits, and the third part of this section describes the cultures from legitimacy social system traits.
The cultures include religious, political, and economic systems. Religious system has imaginary awareness trait, while political and economic systems have concrete awareness trait, so there are three awareness traits including religious imaginary, political concrete, and economic concrete awareness traits. There are three sociality traits consisting of individualistic, collectivistic, and interdependent sociality traits and three worldview traits composing of competitive, connective, and territorial worldview traits. As a result, the combined sociality-worldview- awareness traits produce 27 social systems as in
The Agricultural Revolution (Neolithic Revolution) transformed the hunter-gatherer society to the agricultural-nomad society about 10,000 years ago, resulting in the formation of large social groups as large city states and clans. The merges, splits, and migrations of various large social groups resulted in the transformation of interdependent sociality under interdependent small group of
Sociality-Worldview | Religious Systems (imaginary) | Political Systems (concrete) | Economic Systems (concrete) |
---|---|---|---|
individualistic competitive collectivistic competitive interdependent competitive | Greek individualism, Islam Judaism, Islam Christianity | liberal democracy political statism competitive political professionalism | capitalism economic statism competitive economic professionalism |
individualistic connective collectivistic connective interdependent connective | Hinduism, Confucianism Hinduism, Confucianism Buddhism, Daoism | individualistic meritocracy collectivistic meritocracy connective political professionalism | individualistic connection economy collectivistic connection economy connective economic professionalism |
individualistic territorial collectivistic territorial interdependent territorial | local individualistic religion local collectivistic religion prehistoric religion | individualistic territorialism collectivistic territorialism territorial political professionalism | individualistic protectionism collectivistic protectionism territorial economic professionalism |
intimates into individualistic sociality and collectivistic sociality to accommodate large social groups of allies and friends, and produced competitive worldview and connective worldview to accommodate the absence of clear boundary.
As described before [
Nomadic society was too small to develop great civilization as the four agricultural river valley civilizations in Nile River of Egypt, Tigris-Euphrates Rivers of Iraq, Yellow River of China, and Indus River of India/Pakistan. However, in Western culture, nomadic societies (the Semitic nomads and the Eurasian nomads) conquered agricultural societies (the agricultural Middle Kingdom of Egypt and the agricultural Sumer) to establish competitive worldview, while in Eastern culture, agricultural society maintained connective worldview, and resisted competitive worldview from invaded nomadic society. According to Michael Karlberg, Western culture is essentially the culture of contest [
As described in the previous paper [
For the political systems in the West, the individualistic competitive concrete political system is liberal democracy. Democracy is basically individualistic competition through competitive election system among individuals. Each individual has the freedom to zero-sum compete politically. To avoid chaos, rational legal system is incorporated in liberal democracy. The inherent weakness in liberal democracy is inequality resulted from the control of politics by money regardless of election result [
For the economic systems in the West, the individualistic competitive concrete economic system is capitalism as private free market economy. Capitalism is basically individualistic competition through competitive private free market among individuals. Each individual has the freedom to compete economically. To avoid chaos, rational legal system is incorporated in capitalism. The inherited weakness of capitalism is fragmented and fragile private capitals of individuals, leading to occasional economic collapses by over-demand or over-supply. The collectivistic competitive concrete economic system is economic statism in which the state has substantial centralized control over economic affairs. There is no economic individualistic competition in economic statism. The inherited weakness of economic statism is the slow responsiveness of collective group economy, leading to the lack of flexibility and diversity. The interdependent competitive concrete economic system is competitive economic professionalism among interdependent economic professions.
The two most important individualistic-collectivistic connective religions are Hinduism and Confucianism [
For the political systems in the East [
For the economic systems in the East, the individualistic connective concrete economic system is individualistic connection economy which is practiced in Japan as reciprocal connection economy for keiretsu. Connection economy minimizes zero-sum competition. The collectivistic connective concrete economic system is collectivistic connection economy which is practiced in Japan as group connection economy for zaibatsu. Connection economy is in between capitalism and economic statism. It is less fragmented and fragile than capitalism, and more flexible and diverse than economic statism. The interdependent connective concrete economic system is connective economic professionalism among interdependent economic professions.
Territorial local culture appears in the prehistoric society, the society outside of extensive globalization, and the society that opposes globalization or the domination of hegemon. The individualistic-collectivistic territorial religions are individualistic-collectivistic local religions. The gods in local religions are typically local gods coexisting with other local gods in other local places. Historically, Judaism before the fall of Israel and Judah was largely a territorial local religion coexisting and mixing with other local religions. The interdependent territorial religion includes the prehistoric religion.
The individualistic-collectivistic territorial concrete political systems are individualistic-collectivistic territorialism. The territorialism for nation is nationalism. Individualistic nationalism is civil nationalism with geopolitical boundary. Collectivistic nationalism is ethnic nationalism with both geopolitical boundary and ethnic boundary, and all citizens in ethnic nationalism are united under one dominant ethnic group. Territorialism can also apply to a region, such as the Western Hemisphere’s “Monroe Doctrine” that forbids military intervention from the countries outside of the Western Hemisphere.
The individualistic-collectivistic territorial concrete economic systems are individualistic-collectivistic protectionism with clear economic boundary. Individualistic protectionism is market protectionism, while collectivistic protectionism is state protectionism. The interdependent territorial political-economic systems are the interdependent territorial political-economic professionalism.
The 27 social systems from the combined sociality-worldview-awareness deal with different activities (mobilized and constructional). Every social system prepares people to mobilize in the case of natural destruction-renewal and dramatic downfall-rise. The sacred texts of the Western religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) contain many prophesies and stories about natural destruction-renewal and dramatic downfall-rise, so the Western religions have the propensity for mobilized activity. The sacred texts of the Eastern religions (Hinduism, Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism) focus in the longevous world without end time, so Hinduism, Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism have the propensity for constructional activity. For the political and economic systems in the world of globalization and the domination of hegemons, it is difficult to maintain territorial worldview with clear boundary. Territorial worldview cannot exist easily for advanced countries. As a result, nationalism and protectionism can easily mobilize the devoted followers of territorial worldview.
Different cultures under different times have different legitimacy social system traits. As described previously, the human cultural evolution in terms of authoritative legitimacy and rational legitimacy is through premodernity, modernity, and post modernity [
In the East, continuous modernity started in the Axial Age [
The Industrial Revolution and the Information Revolution have spread throughout the world. The world is increasingly affluent, interdependent, and diverse. Today, very few products are manufactured entirely in a single country, and people consume products daily from all over the world. The Industrial and Information Revolutions have produced pluralistic global society under different social system traits from the West and the East, resulting in the clash of conflicting social system traits to generate chaotic global diversity that questions and rejects the legitimacy of modernity as rational regional diversity. Like modernity as rational regional diversity to replace chaotic regional diversity, postmodernity as rational global diversity will replace current chaotic global diversity. Like modernity, postmodernity will bring peace and order to the world. To reach postmodernity as rational global diversity, the seven maladaptive obstacles need to be replaced by the seven adaptive rational systems as follows.
The first obstacle is the maladaptive denial of rational global diversity. Some people simply deny rational global diversity for the diverse world. It is unfortunate, because we have already lived in highly mixed social systems. In the West, Confucian meritocracy began its popularity in Europe in the 19th century, so to improve the quality of civil service, Europe and America introduced merit-based civil services. Since then, the European and American political systems have been essentially liberal merito-democracy. Different countries have different degrees of meritocracy. The West typically practices the mixed economy as an economic system combining private capitalism and public economic statism. Different countries have different degrees of capitalism and statism. Through mixed social systems, the weaknesses of pure social systems are minimized.
A proper way to understand rational global diversity is the rational big five social system traits. All social systems in the big five social system traits are orderly under proper social conditions. Some social systems are adaptive to the prevailing social condition of the world which is increasingly affluent, interdependent, and diverse, while other social systems are maladaptive. The denial of rational global diversity prevents the adoption of adaptive social systems. The maladaptive denial of rational global diversity needs to be replaced by the adaptive rational acceptance of rational global diversity through the rational social systems, such as the big five social system traits.
The behaviors of some groups are the obstacle to postmodernity, and such behaviors are social group deviances. Social group deviance is characterized by enduring maladaptive deviant patterns of behavior of social group deviating from prevailing normal culture [
Social group deviances can also occur in secular realm. The origin of religion with imaginary awareness is vulnerable people reaching out to the imaginary supernatural for help during the harsh Upper Paleolithic Period. Each group of the believers in the supernatural develops its supernatural world and supernatural connection. The origin of modern science is devout religious people reaching out to nature and rationality for the understanding of imaginary supernatural during the Renaissance-Enlightenment. Most early major scientists were devout Christians. Originally, scientists developed the scientific world and connection involving the supernatural. Subsequently, scientists moved away from their origin. Deist scientists develop the scientific world for the supernatural without the scientific connection with the supernatural. Atheist scientists develop the scientific world without the supernatural, resulting in the conflict between religion and science. Extreme anti-religion emerges. In Western culture, anti-religion is anti-authoritative legitimacy trait, because major Western religions are mostly authoritative. From
Gradually, scientists have moved away from the denial of the supernatural. Science cannot deny vulnerable people reaching out to the supernatural for help [
The domination of global hegemons derived from competitive worldview is a maladaptive obstacle to post modernity as rational global diversity, because global hegemons intend to impose their powers and social systems in other countries to destroy the diversity in the diverse world. Furthermore, in the increasingly affluent, interdependent, and diverse world, the domination of global hegemons becomes increasingly impossible, pointless, and dangerous. Realistically, no global hegemon can religiously, politically, and economically dominate the diverse world. In the interdependent world where all nations are interdependent, it is pointless to be the global hegemon to dominate the interdependent world. The tremendous destructive military power of global hegemons makes the conflict among global hegemons to dominate the world very dangerous. The dangerous proxy wars supported by global hegemons unfairly create tremendous destructions and international conflicts to the areas far away from the global hegemons.
As described in the previous paper [
Each of competitive, connective, and territorial worldviews develops its foreign policy [
As pointed out by John Mearsheimer, militarized offensive foreign policy involves inevitably and tragically wars and conflicts as described in John Mearsheimer’s “The Tragedy of Great Power Politics” [
International trade is a contentious issue. Different worldviews develop different international trades [
Climate change is a change in climate patterns which are attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the human use of fossil fuels as the major energy source in the last few decades. In many parts of the world, climate change has caused increasingly severe damages from flood, drought, forest fire, coast flooding, the rise of sea level, and increasingly destructive typhoons and hurricanes. If continue to deny climate change for longer term, the damages will be devastating to human society. Such maladaptive denial of climate change is a maladaptive obstacle to reach post modernity. The maladaptive denial of climate change needs to be replaced by the adaptive Paris climate agreement which was signed by almost all countries in the world in 2015 to recognize and mitigate climate change. The Agreement is to work towards a long-term goal of keeping the increase in global average temperature to well below 2˚C above pre-industrial levels, ideally aiming to limit the increase to 1.5˚C. The Agreement will minimize the damage from climate change in future post modernity.
In summary, this paper proposes the big five social system traits as the fixed, clear, and workable social solutions to the social issues under the different social conditions. Under the big five social system traits, different fixed and clear personal behaviors are developed by different people under different social conditions, so the big five social system traits are the source of the different aspects of human behavior in terms of the personality traits in the big five personality traits, the personality types in the MBTI, the social styles in the social style model, the personality disorders in the DSM-5, and religious, political, and economic systems in cultures.
The big five social system traits consist of sociality (individualistic, collectivistic, or interdependent) to the issue of social formation (under allies, friends, or intimates), worldview (connective-competitive-territorial or people-tasks) to the issue of social boundary (under ingroup, outgroup, or ingroup-outgroup), awareness (concrete or imaginary) to the issue of social stress (under stress-free or stressful), activity (constructional or mobilized) to the issue of social duration (under longevity or transience), and legitimacy (authoritative rational) to the issue of social uniformity (under homogeneity or pluralism).
In the big five personality traits, extraversion as relentless and forceful attention to relationship is derived from individualistic sociality trait in the social system of allies with changeable social bonds, while introversion as timely and moderate attention to relationship results from collectivistic sociality trait and interdependent sociality trait in the social systems of friends and intimates with stable social bonds. In the big five personality traits, agreeableness, disagreeableness, and isolation are derived from connective, zero-sum competitive, and territorial worldviews traits, respectively in the social systems of ingroup, outgroup, and ingroup-outgroup, respectively. In the big five personality traits, neuroticism is derived from imaginary awareness trait in stressful social system that generates permanent imaginary thoughts, while calmness results from concrete awareness trait in stress-free social system. In the big five personality traits, conscientiousness as broad deliberation is derived from constructional activity trait in longevous social system, while impulsiveness as narrow deliberation results from mobilized activity trait in transient social system. In the big five personality traits, openness to experience to question all traditions is derived from rational legitimacy trait to accommodate diverse pluralistic social system, while closeness to experience to obey all traditions results from authoritative legitimacy trait to accommodate homogeneous social system.
Extraversion-introversion in the MBTI is derived from individualistic- collectivistic sociality from social system traits, feeling-thinking from people-tasks worldview, perceiving-judging from mobilized-constructional activity, and sensing-intuition from authoritative-rational legitimacy. Tell-ask and people-tasks in the social style model are derived from individualistic-collectivistic sociality and people-tasks worldview, respectively in social system traits. Odd-eccentric, dramatic-impulsive, and anxious-fearful clusters in the DSM-5 personality disorders and doubtful-prying cluster are derived from the extremely adverse conditions without workable imaginary awareness, mobilized activity, authoritative legitimacy, and rational legitimacy, respectively. Personality disorders are also derived from the personality traits under the extreme confrontations against their opposite personality traits which prevail culturally. Sectarian social group deviances (charismatic fundamentalism, illusory fanaticism, and mystical cultism) and secular social group deviances (humanistic anarchism, sacrilegious skepticism, and egotistic agnosticism) can be derived from the DSM-5 and the big five social system traits.
Competitive Western culture includes concrete individualistic democracy-capitalism, concrete collectivistic statism, and imaginary Judaism-Islam- Christianity. Connective Eastern culture includes concrete meritocracy, concrete connection economy, and imaginary Hinduism-Confucianism-Buddhism-Daoism. All cultures involve different activities and legitimacies. The human cultural evolution in terms of authoritative legitimacy and rational legitimacy is through premodernity, modernity, and postmodernity. To reach postmodernity as rational global diversity, the seven maladaptive obstacles (maladaptive denial of rational global diversity, sectarian social group deviances, secular social group deviances, domination of global hegemons, militarized offensive foreign policy, conflicting international trade, and denial of climate change) need to be replaced by the seven adaptive systems.
The result is that different aspects of human behavior in terms of social system traits, personality traits, personality disorders, social group deviances, religion, politics, and economy are unified by the big five social system traits, resulting in the unified theory of human behavior based on the big five social system traits. The unified theory of human behavior provides the common ground to describe different aspects of human behavior. For examples, Christianity in terms of the big five social system traits has interdependent sociality, competitive worldview, imaginary awareness, mobilized activity for transient society, and authoritative legitimacy. Based on such social system, Christianity in terms of the big five personality traits has introversion, disagreeableness, neuroticism, impulsiveness, and closeness to experience. Christianity in terms of personality disorders overcomes odd-eccentric cluster through the workable imaginary awareness of personal God, overcomes dramatic-impulsive cluster through the workable mobilized activity of Jesus’ resurrection (dramatic downfall-rise), and overcomes fearful-anxiety cluster through the workable authoritative legitimacy of the Bible. Christianity in terms of social group deviances has to overcome unworkable charismatic fundamentalism, illusory fanaticism, and mystical cultism. Confucianism in terms of the big five social system traits has individualistic-collectivistic sociality, connective worldview, imaginary awareness, constructional activity for longevous society, and rational legitimacy. Confucianism in terms of the big five personality traits has extraversion-introversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. Confucianism in terms of personality disorders overcomes odd-eccentric cluster through the workable imaginary awareness of impersonal heaven, and overcomes doubtful-prying cluster through the workable rational legitimacy of comprehensive reciprocal relations and familial model. As a way of life derived from classical Greek philosophy, science in terms of social system traits has individualistic sociality, task worldview, concrete awareness, constructional activity, and rational legitimacy. Science in terms personality traits has extraversion, disagreeableness, calmness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. Science in term of personality disorders overcomes doubtful-prying cluster through the rational legitimacy of scientific unified theories. Science in terms of social group deviances has to overcome unworkable humanistic anarchism, sacrilegious skepticism, and egotistic agnosticism. As a result, through the unified theory of human behavior, Christianity, Confucianism, and other major religions become imaginary therapies for personality disorders and social group deviances, while science becomes the concrete therapy. At the same time, the unified theory of human behavior provides the common ground for the communication among all major religions and science.
Capitalism in terms of the big five social system traits has individualistic sociality, competitive worldview, concrete awareness, constructional activity, and openness to experience. Capitalism in terms of the big five personality traits has extraversion, disagreeableness, calmness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. Capitalism in terms of personality disorders overcomes doubtful-prying cluster through the rational legitimacy of rational free market. Liberal democracy for politics is similar to capitalism for economy. Meritocracy in terms of social system traits has individualistic-collectivistic sociality, connective worldview, concrete awareness, constructional activity, and openness to experience. Meritocracy in terms of personality traits has extraversion-introversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. Meritocracy in terms of personality disorders overcomes doubtful-prying cluster through rational legitimacy of comprehensive merited based bureaucracy. Through the unified theory of human behavior, political and economic systems can be classified by personality traits and personality disorders. In conclusion, the big five social system traits provide the base for the unified theory of human behavior to unify different aspects of human behavior and to produce the common ground for diverse views to communicate.
Chung, D. (2017) The Big Five Social System Traits as the Source of Personality Traits, MBTI, Social Styles, Personality Disorders, and Cultures. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 5, 269-295. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2017.59019