Background: One of the goals for training in judo is to mimic real situations. In subsaharian countries; there is a lack of knowledge considering relation between category of weight and threshold maximum oxidation of lipids. Objectives: The main objectives of this study were to analyze the effect of category of weight on lipox max and to identify the zones of target intensities corresponding to lipox max. Materials and Methods: Twenty four male well-training judoists, divided in two groups according to weight, were evaluated during calorimetry effort’ test. For this situation, cardiorespiratory parameters (HR, VO 2, VO 2max), blood parameter (lactatemia), anthropometric variables and zones of target corresponding to lipox were evaluated. For statistical analysis, Shapiro-Wilks test was used to compare all the data and differences were confirmed by one-way variance. Results: No significant differences were observed among two groups for target intensities to lipox. The judoists of group 1 were aged to 24.1 ± 5.9 years with 1.78 ± 0.07 m versus 20.4 ± 1.6 years with 1.86 ± 0.04 m. Primary results indicated higher intensities for lipox max. Also, values of power (% LDC) and VO 2 and were significantly higher in the judoists for group 2, with respectively: 45.3 ± 10.2 and 46.4 ± 8.6 ml/min versus 38.2 ± 7.2 and 31.3 ± 7.6 ml/min. Conclusion: High weight in judoists induces high intensities of lipox max and change oxidation of lipids markers following training.
The most important role played by glucides and lipids energy supply for cell functions bias substrates used by aerobic metabolism to provide energy to the muscles at the time of average and long duration exercises [
This study aimed thus to examine the influence of the category of weight on Lipoxmax of the judoists, like identifying the zones of target intensities corresponding to Lipoxmax. Insofar as the lipids (triglycerides) stored in the organization constitute one of two principal sources of energy during muscular exercise, a better comprehension of the metabolism of fat during the training in the judoists of various categories proves to be necessary.
For this study, 24 judoists, aged from 18 to 35 years, all involved on the high level but of different categories of weight, were recruited (
Group 1 | Together of the 24 judoists | P | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | CI 95% | Mean ± SD | CI 95% | ||
Age (years) | 24.1 ± 5.9 | 2.7 | 22.2 ± 5.3 | 2.1 | 0.03 |
Height (cm) | 178.0 ± 7.0 | 3.0 | 182.0 ± 6.0 | 2.0 | 0.47 |
Body mass (kg) | 64.2 ± 1.1 | 2.8 | 83.8 ± 0.6 | 2.3 | 0.001 |
Lubricate (%) | 12.4 ± 1.9 | 0.9 | 15.3 ± 1.9 | 0.7 | 0.24 |
Experiment (years) | 9.4 ± 5.3 | 2.4 | 9.9 ± 4.6 | 1.8 | 0.49 |
Weekly volume of drive (h) | 9.9 ± 2.7 | 1.3 | 11.4 ± 3.6 | 1.4 | <0.01 |
LDC (w) | 343 ± 25 | 11 | 345 ± 24 | 10 | 0.92 |
VO2 max (ml/min) | 4345 ± 430 | 199 | 5903.7 ± 727.0 | 156 | 0.75 |
VO2 max (ml/kg/min) | 69.2 ± 2.1 | 3.1 | 63.8 ± 2.7 | 2.5 | 0.39 |
RQmax | 1.11 ± 0.05 | 0.02 | 1.24 ± 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.12 |
FCmax (bpm) | 192 ± 8 | 4 | 194 ± 8 | 3 | 0.26 |
[La−] (mmol/l) | 12.8 ± 2.6 | 1.2 | 13.1 ± 2.7 | 1.1 | 0.58 |
RPEmax | 19.1 ± 1.1 | 0.5 | 19.1 ± 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.48 |
Abbreviations: p, level of significance; LDC, aerobic maximum power; VO2 max, maximum consumption of oxygen; QRmax, respiratory quotient maximum; FC max, maximum heart rate; [La−], maximum lactatemy; RPEmax, maximum perception of the effort.
Group 2 | Together of the 24 judoists | P | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | CI 95% | Mean ± SD | CI 95% | ||
Age (years) | 20.4 ± 1.6 | 1.4 | 22.2 ± 5.3 | 2.1 | 0.03 |
Height (cm) | 186.0 ± 4.2 | 3.1 | 178.0 ± 6.0 | 2.0 | 0.36 |
Body mass (kg) | 103.4 ± 0.8 | 1.4 | 83.8 ± 0.6 | 2.3 | 0.001 |
Lubricate (%) | 18.2 ± 0.3 | 1.0 | 15.3 ± 1.9 | 0.7 | 0.23 |
Experiment (years) | 11.0 ± 2.2 | 1.6 | 9.9 ± 4.6 | 1.8 | 0.49 |
Weekly volume of drive (h) | 15.0 ± 1.9 | 2.2 | 11.4 ± 3.6 | 1.4 | <0.001 |
LDC (w) | 350 ± 25 | 19 | 345 ± 24 | 10 | 0.92 |
VO2 max (ml/min) | 6462.5 ± 1024.0 | 417 | 5903.7 ± 727.0 | 156 | 0.75 |
VO2 max (ml/kg/min) | 62.5 ± 5.0 | 3.7 | 63.8 ± 3.4 | 2.5 | 0.39 |
RQmax | 1.38 ± 0.08 | 0.06 | 1.24 ± 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.32 |
FCmax (bpm) | 199 ± 7 | 5 | 194 ± 8 | 3 | 0.26 |
[La−] (mmol/l) | 14.0 ± 3.3 | 2.4 | 13.1 ± 2.7 | 1.1 | 0.58 |
RPEmax | 19.0 ± 1.2 | 0.9 | 19.1 ± 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.48 |
Abbreviations: p, level of significance; LDC, aerobic maximum power; VO2 max, maximum consumption of oxygen; QRmax, respiratory quotient maximum; FC max, maximum heart rate; [La−], maximum lactatemy; RPEmax, maximum perception of the effort.
The test of calorimetry of effort was led on a cycloergometer to electromagnetic brake (Ergoline S 300, Medisoft® Dinant, Belgium). This cycloergometer made it possible to the judoists to maintain a power selected by adjustments of resistance according to the cycling frequency.
The effort was evaluated by calorimetrytest with an electrocardiogram with 12 ways (Medcard, Medisoft® Sorinnes, Belgium) which was connected to the analyzer of gaseous exchange. The oxygen uptake (VO2 max), the production of carbon dioxide (VCO2) and the respiratory quotient (RQ) were measured in cycle with cycle with a measuring equipment in open circuit (Ergocard, Medisoft® Dinant, Belgium). Data-processing software used Exp’air (Medisoft® Dinant, Belgium). This apparatus was gauged according to recommendations’ of the manufacturer. A syringe of 3l (Calibration pump, Medisoft® Dinant, Belgium) was used for the calibration of volumes, while the calibration of gases was carried out thanks to the ambient air (i.e., environmental temperature and atmospheric pressure) and to a gas standard, whose concentrations were known (16% of oxygen and 4% of CO2).
The blood concentration in lactates [La−] was determined by a system of analysis ABL800Flox (Radiometer medical® Copenhagen, Denmark).
The RPE was measured using the French translation of scale RPE of Borg (1970) [
The size, the body mass and the thickness of the cutaneous folds were measured with a mural measuring apparatus (model 220, Seca® Hamburg, Germany), a gauged balance (TBF 543, Tanita® Tokyo, Japan) and anadipometer (HSK-B 1 Body Care® Warwickshire, England), respectively. Methods of Durnin and Wormersley (1974) [
Before the realization of the calorimetry test, the judoists signed a note of information and a form of assent their retailer the goal and the procedure of the investigation. This study was approved by the National Council of Ethics of Biomedical Research of Congo.
Test of Calorimetry of EffortThe test was preceded by one period by rest by at least three minutes in order to measure the cardiorespiratory parameters in a basal state. Then, an eight minutes heating with 100 w, followed by one period of five minutes passive recovery on the cycloergometer was carried out. Following the latter, the judoists began the calorimetrytest.
During this test, the initial power was fixed at 150 w (during four minutes) and the increment was of 50 w every four minutes until 300 w. Of the four minute old stages were selected because it was already reported that one three minutes duration is valid to determine Lipoxmax of the high level judoists [
During the test, the heart rate (FC), the VO2, the VCO2 and the RQ were measured continuously, then realised during the 30 last seconds of each stage. Then, the share of oxidation of the lipids was given starting from the formula (which was applied to the first four stages):
[Lipids] (mg/min) = −1.7012 VCO2 (ml/min) + 1.6946 VO2 (ml/min).
The climax of the relation between the power and oxidation of lipids (bell- shaped curve) corresponded to Lipoxmax.
In complement of these measurements, the general RPE were raised at the end of each stage. A sample of blood was taken with the stop of the test. Exhaustiveness was checked by the attack from at least three of the five following criteria:
・ A plate in VO2 max;
・ An increase in the VO2 lower than 150 ml/min in spite of a rise in the power;
・ A QR higher than 1.1;
・ A FC max measured to 90% of the FC max predicted;
・ One [La−] higher than 8 mmol/l with the stop of the exercise;
・ A value of RPE from at least 18 at the time of the last entirely supplemented stage.
At a preliminary session, size, body mass and percentage of fat were given [
The recommendations of scale RPE were read and explained to the judoists, right before the test to help the judoists to bind their stimuli to the values of RPE. The period pretest was also used to regulate the heights of saddle and guide.
During the test, the judoists were to maintain a cycling frequency continuously ranging between 70 and 100 rpm. The air of the room was air-conditioned and the temperature maintained between 20˚C and 24˚C. The test was always carried out under medical control (cardiologist and lung specialist).
The results are expressed in the average form standard deviation (SD) and of confidence interval (CI) at 95% (IC95%). The normality of the distribution of the data was checked by the test of Shapiro-Wilks, while the homogeneity of the variance was confirmed by the Levene’stest. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) to a factor (G1 versus G2) was used to compare all the data. The threshold of significativity was fixed at 0.05 for all the analyses. The statistical data processing was carried out with software Statview 5.
The anthropometric and physiological characteristics of the judoists are presented in
Group 1 | Groups 1 et 2 | P | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | CI 95% | Xmin | Xmax | Mean ± SD | CI 95% | Xmin | Xmax | ||
Flow (mg/min/kg) | 5.6 ± 2.5 | 1.1 | 4.5 | 6.8 | 5.9 ± 2.7 | 1.1 | 4.8 | 7.0 | 0.40 |
Power (w) | 132 ± 31 | 14 | 117 | 146 | 139 ± 33 | 13 | 126 | 152 | 0.50 |
Power (% LDC) | 38.2 ± 7.2 | 3.3 | 34.9 | 41.6 | 40.3 ± 8.6 | 3.4 | 37 | 44 | 0.70 |
VO2 (ml/min) | 27.6 ± 5.5 | 2.5 | 25.1 | 30.1 | 28.7 ± 6.2 | 2.5 | 26 | 31 | 0.30 |
VO2 (%VO2 max) | 42.4 ± 7.1 | 3.3 | 39.1 | 45.7 | 43.6 ± 7.6 | 3.0 | 41 | 47 | 0.25 |
VO2 (%VO2 réserve) | 37.7 ± 8.2 | 3.8 | 33.9 | 41.4 | 38.9 ± 8.6 | 3.4 | 35 | 42 | 0.29 |
FC (bpm) | 112 ± 11 | 5 | 107 | 117 | 119 ± 34 | 14 | 105 | 133 | <0.01 |
FC (%FC max) | 58.6 ± 6.1 | 2.8 | 55.8 | 61.4 | 60.6 ± 6.8 | 2.7 | 5.8 | 63 | 0.03 |
FC (%FC holds) | 47.5 ± 18.6 | 8.6 | 39.0 | 56.1 | 51.4 ± 19.1 | 7.6 | 44 | 59 | 0.17 |
RPE | 9.9 ± 3.3 | 2.5 | 7.5 | 12.4 | 9.2 ± 2.7 | 1.1 | 8 | 10 | 0.38 |
Abbreviations: p, level of significance; LDC, aerobic maximum power; Lipoxmax threshold of maximum oxidation of the lipids; VO2 oxygen uptake; VO2 max, consumption maximum of oxygen; VO2 oxygen uptake VO2 réserve consumption holds of oxygen; FC max, maximum heart rate; RPE, perception of the effort.
Group 1 | Groups 1 et 2 | P | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | CI 95% | Xmin | Xmax | Mean ± SD | CI 95% | Xmin | Xmax | ||
Flow (mg/min/kg) | 6.7 ± 3.4 | 2.5 | 4.2 | 9.2 | 5.9 ± 2.7 | 1.1 | 4.8 | 7.0 | 0.40 |
Power (w) | 158 ± 34 | 25 | 132 | 183 | 139 ± 33 | 13 | 126 | 152 | 0.50 |
Power (% LDC) | 45.3 ± 10.2 | 7.6 | 37.7 | 52.8 | 40.3 ± 8.6 | 3.4 | 37 | 44 | 0.70 |
VO2 (ml/min) | 31.3 ± 7.6 | 5.7 | 25.7 | 37.0 | 28.7 ± 6.2 | 2.5 | 26 | 31 | 0.30 |
VO2 (%VO2 max) | 46.4 ± 8.6 | 6.3 | 40.1 | 52.7 | 43.6 ± 7.6 | 3.0 | 41 | 47 | 0.25 |
VO2 (%VO2 réserve) | 41.8 ± 9.4 | 6.9 | 34.9 | 48.4 | 38.9 ± 8.6 | 3.4 | 35 | 42 | 0.29 |
FC (bpm) | 129 ± 13 | 10 | 120 | 139 | 119 ± 34 | 14 | 105 | 133 | <0.01 |
FC (% FC max) | 65.0 ± 6.5 | 4.8 | 60.2 | 69.9 | 60.6 ± 6.8 | 2.7 | 5.8 | 63 | 0.03 |
FC (%FC holds) | 60.4 ± 18.9 | 14.0 | 46.3 | 74.4 | 51.4 ± 19.1 | 7.6 | 44 | 59 | 0.17 |
RPE | 8.8 ± 1.1 | 1.1 | 7.7 | 10.0 | 9.2 ± 2.7 | 1.1 | 8 | 10 | 0.38 |
Abbreviations: p, level of significance; LDC, aerobic maximum power; Lipoxmax threshold of maximum oxidation of the lipids; VO2 oxygen uptake; VO2 max, maximum consumption of oxygen; VO2 oxygen uptake VO2 réserve consumption holds of oxygen; FC max, maximum heart rate; RPE, perception of the effort.
This study shows that Lipoxmax is not significantly influenced by the category of weight (<66 kg vs >90 kg) of the involved judoists, except when Lipoxmax is expressed in the form of a FC (bpm) or a percentage of FC max. Consequently, independently of the category of weight, the target intensities corresponding to Lipoxmax in involved judoists are: 37% - 44% LDC, 41% - 47% VO2 max, 35% - 42% VO2 reserve, 44% - 59% FC hold and RPE, 8 - 10. However, a distinction must be made when one expresses Lipoxmax in the form of FC absolute (107 - 110 and 120 - 139 bpm for judoists of less than 66 kg and judoists of more than 90 kg, respectively) or of a percentage of FC max (56% - 61% and 60% - 70% FC max for the judoists of less than 66 kg and those of more than 90 kg, respectively). In theory, zones of intensities target common could be used (E G, for the land period) to prescribe an intensity of exercise allowing to oxidize maximum of lipids, and thus to decrease the superfluous fatty mass of judoists of more than 90 kg [
In addition, it is wise to recall that the length of the stages of the effort tests of calorimetry remains discussed [
In our study, Lipoxmax (44% ± 8% VO2 max) was comparable with that of other authors [
This study shows that the level of category of weight in the Congolese judoists does not influence Lipoxmax (except when this last is expressed in % FCmax). However, we note a broad interindividual variance of Lipoxmax since only one quarter of the studied judoists have their Lipoxmax in the target zones of intensities suggested. Moreover, when one expresses as a percentage Lipoxmax, FC max and category of weight must be taken into account (56% - 61% FC max for less than 66 kg and 60% - 70% FC max for the most 90 kg). Consequently, intensities target common cannot be used for the regulations of exercises in Lipoxmax in the Congolese judoists involved in this study. Therefore, endurance training in judo leads to a better coordination between lipid mobilization and oxidation, which could contribute to reducing the metabolic consequences of high weight.
The authors state not to have conflicts of interest in relation to this article.
MJGA conceived the original idea of the article. MA worked out the procedure of experimentation, analyzed and treated the data obtained statistically, wrote the handwritten version of the article. IOJ and MKFN worked out the procedure experimentation. PTB read again the final version of the article, inliaisonwith MJGA and MA.
Moulongo, J.G.A., Massamba, A., Itoua Okemba, J., Néla, M.K.F. and Tchissambou, P.B. (2017) Relationship between Category of Weight and Threshold of Maximum Oxidation of Lipids in Congolese Judoists. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 5, 74-83. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2017.57007