Digital Economy, Ecommerce and fortune economy depend on export market information. Globally, horticulture industry is one of the noteworthy sectors. India is major fruit and vegetable basket of the world. This study estimates exports, price growth rates, elasticity’s, identifies major destinations and trace global supply chains for horticultural commodities. The study period is 1990- 19 91 to 2012- 20 13. Compound annual growth rates, elasticities and instability index are the methodological tools employed. All f ruits ’ , vegetables ’ and flowers ’ elasticit ies are shown to be elastic excluding walnut & mushrooms. Tea ’s & Coffee ’s elasticit ies are elastic. The supply chain channels to Europe, UK, US and Middle East highly developed and no middlemen involved. In case of South Asia, Africa and South East Asia, lengthy and middlemen involved. Global supply chain model must be connecting directly producers with exporters and importers or consumers of importing countries. This is possible digitalization of data and single window processing.
Global Horticulture Market Outlook 2015 projects that horticulture industry plays vital role in the future. The globe has initiated measures to support this industry. In 2011, global fruits and vegetables production were 548 million tonnes and 990 million tonnes respectively. And the global floriculture industry size was around USD 109 billion [
Globalization has witnessed the focus on integration of developing country firms geographically with PAN world with supply networks or commodity chains. These global supply chain linkages help to connect developing countries’ firms with developed countries’ suppliers and customers. Gereffi [
Gereffi [
India is one of the largest agrarian economies of the world. In the context of economic liberalization, it promotes export led growth. The Indian National Agriculture Policy (NAP) focuses more on demand driven agricultural growth in domestic and export markets. Of late, WTO trade liberalization and multilateral negotiations also focus more on international agricultural commodity markets in the light of improvement of market access and limitation of export subsidies.
Horticulture marketing define as finding out what your customers want and supplying it to them at a profit therefore involves: identifying buyers, understanding what they want in terms of products and how they want to be supplied, operating a production-marketing chain that delivers the right products at the right time and making enough profit to continue to operate.
Horticultural sector contributes 54% of agricultural Exports and 28% of AgGDP in India. Over the last decade this sector grown at the growth rate of 3.6 percent. NHB, 2011 reported that India is second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world next only to China. This tremendous production potential offers India’s greater opportunities for exports. India produced in 2010-11, 146.55 MTs of vegetables and 74.88 MTs of fruits. And its requirement is 175.2 MTs vegetables and 74.40 MTs fruits. In 2011-12, India exported vegetables and fruits worth Rs. 4801.29 crores. The consumption basket is changing towards fruits and vegetables. National Horticultural Mission started in 2005, Foreign Trade Policy (2004-09) advocating to boost export growth and promotion of horticultural products. XI & XII Plans also emphasizing accelerated horticultural growth.
India is one of the world’s leading producers of finest tea 23 per cent share by volume in 2013. Its contribute 12 per cent share in world tea exports in 2013- 2014. The CIS countries accounted for 19.8 per cent of total exports in 2013- 2014 with US$ 152.46 million. India registered exports of 225.7 million kg. for approximately 78 per cent of total exports during 2013-2014 [
Coffee Board, 2014 reported that India ranked in coffee production seventh largest in the world and third largest Asia. India exported coffee during 2013- 2014, 313,025 metric tonnes and earned foreign revenue 793.22 US$ million. India exports coffee to over 45 countries, over 50 per cent of to Europe. Italy is the largest importing more than 25 per cent from India [
We are living in multi-speed world economies. Horticultural commodities play significant role in living economics. World Development Report [
UNCTAD [
Alberto and Stefano [
This paper examines the position of Indian producers and exporters in the horticultural export trade from the perspective of the global supply chain analysis. There are limited studies on market research of horticulture commodity global supply chains and identification of major global markets. This study analyses Indian horticultural commodities export markets linking to global supply chains and price trends, elasticity’s and instability & identification of their destinations. Finally, the study will suggest multispeed strategies for improvement of global supply chains, prices, production, and trade.
The Specific Objectives are:
1) To analyze exports price growth rates of India’s horticultural commodities.
2) To estimate export elasticity’s for Indian fruits, vegetables, flowers and Tea & Coffee.
3) To identify major destinations for horticultural commodities and their share in world horticultural exports.
4) To trace India’s horticultural commodities Global Supply chains.
5) To suggests polices and strategies for boosting Indian horticultural exports and foreign earnings.
The study analyses the marketing of horticultural commodities exports with global supply chain perspective. India’s major export horticultural commodities were selected. It includes fruits, nuts, vegetables, flowers, coffee and tea. Study Period is 1990-1991 to 2012-2013. Data on quantity, values, and prices of exports, international prices and destinations of fruits, vegetables, flowers coffee and tea were collected. India is exporting these commodities to maximum 130 countries. Data sources are Agricultural Produce Export Development Authority (APEDA), Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence (DGCIS),National Horticultural Board (NHB), FAO Stat, Centre for monitoring on Indian economy (CMIE), Foreign Trade Year Book, Planning commission reports, National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development (NABARD), EXIM Bank, export companies, Tea & Coffee Boards. Compound annual growth rates and trends of quantity exports, prices, and price elasticity’s of exports were estimated. For each commodity, the countries classified in to the top 10 countries based on major share of exports and rest as other countries. Finally top 3 countries of India’s exports for each commodity are identified. India’s horticultural commodities global supply chains traced with the help of experts of export companies, growers and literature. The compound growth rates, price elasticity’s, instability index of exports were estimated using the following formulae’s.
Growth rate formulae: [
The growth rates were calculated by fitting Exponential function for exports, prices etc for the period 1990-1991 to 2012-2013.
Y t = Y 0 ( 1 + r ) t (1)
Assuming multiplicative error term in the Equation (1), model may be linearized by logarithmic transformation
ln Y t = A + B t + € (2)
where, A ( = lnA 0 ) and B ( = ln ( 1 + r ) ) are the parameters to be estimated by ordinary least square regression, t = time trend in year, r = exp ( B ) − 1
Price elasticity of exports formulae:
∑ P e = % change in quantity exports / % change in price
The percentage change in quantity exports is % ΔQ, and the percentage change in price is %ΔP. We calculate %ΔQ as ΔQ/Qave and we calculate %ΔP as ΔP/Pave, so we calculate the price elasticity of exports as ( Δ Q / Q a v e ) / ( Δ P / P a v e ) .
Instability Index formulae:
Coefficient of Variation = StandrdDeviation Mean ∗ 100
The quantity of exports and export price growth rates (%) of India’s fruits, vegetables and flowers during 1990-2012 are shown in
Whereas export growth rates of vegetables such as Onion, Gherkin, Green chilies, potato are 8.4%, 23%, 5%, 13.1%, −28.9% respectively. The export growth rate for Rose is 7.8% and walnut is −8%. During 2000-2012, all variables growth rates of Green Chillies are negative because of low export prices and lack of demand during this period. Onion and Gherkins exports are stable as their coefficient of variation is less than 100 percent whereas Green chillies and Potato exports are instable as their coefficient of variation is more than 100 percent. It was found that the growth rates are positive for fruits, vegetables and flowers and for mushrooms and walnut are negative. The price growth rates of fruits such as Mango, Pomegranate, Grapes, Banana are 3.5%, 6.7%, 6.2%, 1.7% respectively. Similarly, vegetables price growth rates are Onion 6.1%, Gherkin 3.7%, Green chilies 0.8%, Potato 3.7%, and Mushrooms 5.4%. The Rose price growth rate is 30.6% and walnut is 6.5%. The study found that the price growth rates of all fruits, vegetables and flowers are positive and high.
It was found that the export growth rates of fruits, vegetables and flowers are positive except mushrooms and walnut. Contrastingly price growth rates for all commodities in the export destinations were positive and high. The prices of fruits, vegetables and flowers are stable as their coefficient of variation is less than 100 percent. The study concludes that all commodities quantity export growth rates more than price growth rates except walnut and mushrooms.
How responsive are export quantities to a change in international prices is of direct relevance in international economics. Export price elasticities are signals for exporters to increase or decrease their exports as it indicates exports responsiveness to changes in price.
The India’s fruits, vegetables and flowers export elasticity’s during 1990-2012 (%) are shown in
It was found that banana has among fruits high export elasticity (4.38) and Green Chillies among vegetables have high (3.98). All elasticity’s of fruits, vegetables and flowers are elastic whereas walnut and mushrooms are inelastic.
India’s fruits, vegetables and flowers export destinations and their share in the world exports during 2000-2012 are shown in
The major destinations for Indian mango is UAE (37.20%), Bangladesh (32.66%), Saudi Arabia (9.46%), for Grapes; Bangladesh (29.02%), Netherland (18.29), United Kingdom (15.3%), for Banana; Nepal (78.28%), UAE (6.17%), Maldives (3.13%). for Pomegranate; UAE (48.52%), Bangladesh (12.76%), Saudi Arabia (8.30%). The major destinations for walnut are Nepal (13.08%), United Kingdom (11.52%), France (10.18%).
The major destinations for Indian vegetables are; for Potato; South Africa (29.75%), UAE (11.93%), Pakistan (12.61%), for Onion; Bangladesh (29.77%), Maldives (21.64%), UAE (15.92%), for Green Chillies; United Kingdom (16.30%), Pakistan (13.54%), UAE (12.19%), for Gherkins; USA (20.32%), France (17.75%), Spain (14.88%), for Mushroom; USA (80.93%), Israel (12.65%), Russia (1.27%). Netherland (26.34%), Ethiopia (21.03%), UAE (9.43%) are he major destinations for India’s rose are.
The study found that the India is the major shopping basket for world fruits and vegetables. India’s 65% - 90% fruits and 50% to 65% vegetables exports in fresh products go to West Asia and East European markets. The 53% exports of Gherkins, 94% Mushrooms going to the USA, United Kingdom, France, Spain,
Crop | Top three promising countries | % of exports | Price Growth rate & CV 1990-91 to 2011-12 | Export Qty Growth rate & CV 1990-91 to 2011-12 | Elasticity % change from 1990-91 to 2011-12 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BANANA | Nepal | 78.3 | 1.1 (83.54) | 19.6 (166.15) | 4.58 |
United Arab Emirates | 6.2 | ||||
Maldives | 3.7 | ||||
GRAPES | Bangladesh | 29.0 | 6.2 (37.26) | 14.4 (97.06) | 1.31 |
Netherland | 18.3 | ||||
United Kingdom | 15.3 | ||||
Mango | United Arab Emirates | 37.2 | 3.5 (34.93) | 5.8 (44.08) | 1.35 |
Bangladesh | 32.7 | ||||
Saudi Arabia | 9.5 | ||||
Pomegranate | United Arab Emirates | 48.5 | 6.7 (58.02) | 19.0 (108.30) | 1.31 |
Bangladesh | 12.8 | ||||
Saudi Arabia | 8.3 | ||||
Walnut | Nepal | 13.1 | 6.5 (36.93) | -8.1 (58.00) | -6.68 |
United Kingdom | 11.5 | ||||
Spain | 9.1 |
Source: Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). 2014 [
Crop | Country | Total % of Qty | Price Growth rate &CV 1990-91 to 2011-12 | Qty Growth rate &CV 1990-91 to 2011-12 | Elasticity % change from 1990-91 to 2011-12 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Onion | Bangladesh | 29.8 | 6.1 (39.83) | 8.4 (69.08) | 1.15 |
Malaysia | 21.6 | ||||
United Arab Emirates | 15.9 | ||||
Potato | Sri Lanka | 44.2 | 5.1 (65.90) | 13.1 (161.49) | 1.42 |
Nepal | 16.8 | ||||
Maldives | 9.2 | ||||
Green Chilly | United Kingdom | 16.3 | 0.8 (26.94) | 5.0 (125.14) | 3.98 |
Pakistan | 13.5 | ||||
United Arab Emirates | 12.2 | ||||
Gherkins | United States | 20.32 | 3.7 (22.77) | 23.0 (70.54) | 1.84 |
France | 17.75 | ||||
Spain | 14.88 | ||||
Mushroom | United States | 80.9 | 5.4 (151.1) | ||
Israel | 12.6 | ||||
Russia | 1.3 | ||||
Rose | Netherland | 25.34 | -25.1 | 28.9 | |
Ethiopia | 21.03 | ||||
United Arab Emirates | 9.43 |
Source: Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). 2014 [
Israel and Russia. Netherland, Ethiopia and UAE are the major destinations for Indian rose. The major destinations (40%) for Walnut is Nepal, UK and France.
The quantity of exports and export price growth rates (%) of India’s Tea and Coffee during 1990-2012 are shown in
1) Coffee
The growth rates of exports and prices of Coffee for major countries are in
2) Tea
The growth rates of exports and prices of Tea for major countries are in
3) Export Elasticity’s
In international Economics How responsive is export quantities to a change in international prices are of direct relevance. Export price elasticity’s are signals for exporters to increase or decrease their exports as it measures indicates exports responsiveness to changes in prices.
The export elasticity’s of India’s Tea and Coffee during 1990-2012 (%) are shown in
The Coffee export elasticity’s for different overseas markets are in
Exports Qty, Value and Price Growth Rates during 1990 to 2012 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crop | 1990-1991 | 2000-2001 | 2011-2012 | 1990-1991 to 2000-2001 | 2000-2001 to 2010-2011 | 1990-1991 to 2011-2012 | ||||
cv | Growth rate | cv | Growth rate | cv | Growth rate | |||||
Tea | Qty. | 202 | 187.43 | 233.4 | 13.0 | −0.8 | 10.0 | 2.5 | 11.4 | 0.7 |
Value | 1074.82 | 1788.71 | 3174.5 | 34.1 | 5.8 | 26.4 | 6.6 | 36.4 | 5.6 | |
Price | 5.320891 | 9.54335 | 13.6011 | 27.5 | 6.7 | 16.8 | 4.0 | 28.3 | 4.8 | |
Coffee | Qty. | 85.98 | 184.9 | 222.86 | 168.5 | 8.9 | 10.3 | 2.1 | 146.2 | 4.9 |
Value | 253.32 | 1184.87 | 2912.07 | 57.9 | 18.7 | 37.9 | 10.5 | 49.7 | 13.0 | |
Price | 2.946267 | 6.408167 | 13.0668 | 53.5 | 9.0 | 34.6 | 8.2 | 44.1 | 7.7 |
Qty (000 tonnes), Value (Lakh Rs.), Price (Lakh Rs). Source: Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). 2014 [
Country | Coffee Growth rates and cv | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1996-1997 to 2003-2004 | 2003-2004 to 2013-2014 | 1996-1997 to 2013-2014 | ||||||||||
Qty | Cv | Price | Cv | Qty | cv | Price | cv | Qty | Cv | Price | cv | |
GERMANY | 1.8 | 18.0 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 3.0 | 29.5 | 0.4 | 35.7 | 2.5 | 29.5 | 1.5 | 40.9 |
GREECE | 6.8 | 29.4 | −7.9 | 0.5 | 2.8 | 17.7 | 13.6 | 37.7 | 4.4 | 30.3 | 4.2 | 42.4 |
FRANCE | 22.7 | 49.0 | −9.1 | 0.5 | −6.5 | 42.1 | 12.9 | 40.9 | 4.6 | 41.6 | 3.3 | 44.3 |
BELGIUM | 21.0 | 37.7 | −7.3 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 32.8 | 14.1 | 41.7 | 8.7 | 35.2 | 4.8 | 48.8 |
KUWAIT | 4.5 | 25.7 | −6.5 | 0.8 | 4.3 | 19.7 | 10.9 | 34.7 | 4.4 | 84.6 | 3.3 | 38.1 |
ITALY | 9.1 | 23.2 | −7.1 | 0.5 | 5.6 | 21.9 | 12.6 | 37.5 | 7.0 | 36.2 | 4.1 | 41.8 |
JAPAN | −12.3 | 38.0 | −7.5 | 0.6 | −22.3 | 86.7 | 15.9 | 42.4 | −18.3 | 42.8 | 5.6 | 44.0 |
NETHERLAND | 2.2 | 29.4 | −8.6 | 0.6 | −7.9 | 48.5 | 12.3 | 39.1 | −3.9 | 53.3 | 3.2 | 47.0 |
NEW ZEALAND | 13.9 | 69.0 | −6.1 | 0.6 | 5.8 | 25.2 | 10.8 | 36.2 | 9.1 | 44.3 | 3.5 | 41.3 |
Others 131 country | −2.2 | 10.0 | −3.9 | 0.6 | 2.1 | 20.1 | 14.2 | 37.2 | 0.3 | 40.9 | 6.4 | 41.2 |
Qty (000 tonnes), Value (Lakh Rs.), Price (Lakh Rs). Source: Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics. 2014 [
Country | Tea Growth rates and cv | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1996-1997 to 2003-2004 | 2003-2004 to 2013-2014 | 1996-1997 to 2013-2014 | ||||||||||
Qty | cv | Price | cv | Qty | Cv | Price | cv | Qty | Cv | Price | cv | |
USA | 0.3 | 60.5 | 13.5 | 46.5 | 43.6 | 67.0 | 7.8 | 28.3 | 23.9 | 104.0 | 10.1 | 44.2 |
U ARAB EMTS | −33.6 | 58.7 | 3.8 | 29.9 | 35.2 | 58.1 | 5.0 | 33.5 | 0.9 | 57.4 | 4.5 | 41.1 |
RUSSIA | 24.3 | 62.0 | −8.9 | 26.0 | 7.8 | 33.2 | 19.6 | 38.9 | 14.3 | 45.2 | 6.9 | 51.3 |
NETHERLAND | 14.9 | 132.8 | −6.3 | 60.1 | 49.7 | 108.1 | 6.7 | 39.3 | 34.2 | 153.6 | 1.2 | 50.8 |
FRANCE | −13.5 | 106.2 | 0.1 | 36.8 | 38.0 | 105.2 | 4.6 | 32.8 | 13.9 | 143.5 | 2.7 | 36.6 |
NEW ZEALAND | −8.1 | 42.6 | −9.0 | 77.2 | 39.0 | 90.0 | 6.5 | 38.6 | 17.2 | 113.9 | −0.2 | 82.8 |
JAPAN | 28.9 | 111.9 | 15.4 | 51.1 | 64.2 | 119.0 | 3.6 | 41.0 | 48.6 | 152.6 | 8.3 | 49.5 |
AUSTRALIA | 141.0 | 149.8 | 0.7 | 100.3 | 21.3 | 89.8 | 7.2 | 36.9 | 61.0 | 136.0 | 4.5 | 104.8 |
KUWAIT | −11.1 | 55.3 | −3.3 | 17.5 | 8.6 | 67.6 | 5.0 | 34.2 | 0.0 | 74.2 | 1.5 | 31.2 |
Others 141 country | −11.4 | 95.0 | 3.6 | 22.4 | 32.6 | 64.8 | 7.0 | 33.6 | 12.3 | 83.4 | 5.6 | 38.9 |
Qty (000 tonnes), Value (Lakh Rs.), Price (Lakh Rs). Source: Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics. 2014 [
Crop | Elasticity | ||
---|---|---|---|
1990-91 to 2000-01 | 2000-01 to 2011-12 | 1990-91 to 2011-12 | |
Tea | −7.8 | 19.7 | 13.5 |
Coffee | 53.5 | 17.0 | 61.4 |
Country | Coffee Elasticity | ||
---|---|---|---|
1996-1997 to 2003-2004 | 2003-2004 to 2013-2014 | 1996-1997 to 2013-2014 | |
RUSSIA | 9.12 | −1.99 | −25.33 |
SAUDI ARAB | −0.38 | 1.13 | 1.77 |
AUSTRALIA | −0.31 | 0.68 | 1.00 |
USA | 8.55 | −1.20 | −13.38 |
ITALY | −0.68 | 0.60 | 1.39 |
JAPAN | 2.08 | −14.81 | −49.68 |
FRANCE | −0.80 | −1.35 | 1.27 |
GERMANY | −0.13 | 0.37 | 0.77 |
KUWAIT | −0.44 | 0.54 | 1.21 |
UK | −0.78 | 0.35 | 1.57 |
Country | Tea Elasticity | ||
---|---|---|---|
1996-1997 to 2003-2004 | 2003-2004 to 2013-2014 | 1996-1997 to 2013-2014 | |
AUSTRALIA | 22.05 | 1.70 | 1.90 |
BELGIUM | 28.21 | 1.97 | 1.43 |
GERMANY | 1.00 | −4.88 | 1.00 |
U ARAB EMTS | −72.21 | 2.45 | 0.26 |
U S A | 0.03 | 1.84 | 1.21 |
KUWAIT | 4.87 | 1.46 | −0.01 |
FRANCE | −272.25 | 2.64 | 2.42 |
SINGAPORE | −3.49 | 2.65 | 0.99 |
U K | −0.38 | 1.42 | 3.93 |
NEW ZEALAND | 0.87 | 2.05 | −34.58 |
ing 1996-1997 to 2013-2014, Saudi Arabia has the highest elasticity (1.77) followed by UK (1.57), Italy (1.39), and France (1.27). This indicates that India should export Coffee to these overseas markets compare to other countries. India has comparative advantage to export to Middle East and Europe markets.
The Tea export elasticity’s for different overseas markets are in
India’s Tea and Coffee export destinations and their share in the world exports during 1990-1991 to 2011-2012 are shown in
Coffee Export Data | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Country | Total | Total % Qty | Total | Total% of Value |
ITALY | 863,716.4 | 28.24 | 780,337.6 | 28.73 |
GERMANY | 424,322.7 | 13.88 | 392,961.4 | 14.47 |
BELGIUM | 231,031.5 | 7.56 | 217,089.9 | 7.99 |
SPAIN | 157,941.5 | 5.16 | 109,618.5 | 4.04 |
USA | 121,833.6 | 3.98 | 89,178.78 | 3.28 |
JORDAN | 69,789.23 | 2.28 | 82,742.1 | 3.05 |
SLOVENIA | 106,903.7 | 3.50 | 79,262.15 | 2.92 |
GREECE | 80,660.66 | 2.64 | 59,953.72 | 2.21 |
RUSSIA | 85,979.28 | 2.81 | 76,202.74 | 2.81 |
NETHERLAND | 63,141.38 | 2.06 | 50,642.7 | 1.86 |
Others 130 country % | 852,646.5 | 27.88 | 777,892.2 | 28.64 |
Source: Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics. 2014 [
Tea Export data | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Country | Total Qty | Total % of Qty | Total | Total value of % |
AUSTRALIA | 26,109.92 | 18.62 | 46,468.37 | 19.35 |
USA | 22,346.14 | 15.94 | 43,493.13 | 18.11 |
RUSSIA | 24,306.87 | 17.33 | 39,981.78 | 16.65 |
POLAND | 5803.65 | 4.14 | 9970.51 | 4.15 |
IRAQ | 10,682.58 | 7.62 | 9054.68 | 3.77 |
ISRAEL | 3770.2 | 2.69 | 7968.27 | 3.32 |
UK | 4725.23 | 3.37 | 7376.22 | 3.07 |
JAPAN | 3162.81 | 2.26 | 7279.1 | 3.03 |
KAZAKHSTAN | 2900.87 | 2.07 | 5206.13 | 2.17 |
SAUDI ARAB | 2879.27 | 2.05 | 4982.18 | 2.07 |
Total 140 Country % | 33,534.64 | 23.9 | 58,340.51 | 24.3 |
Source: Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics. 2014 [
top 3 countries which accounted 55% to 60% of India’s exports.
The major destinations for Indian Tea is Australia (18.67%), Russia (17.33%) USA (15.94%), for Coffee Italy (28.73%), Germany (13.88), Belgium (7.56%). India has comparative advantage exporting Tea and Coffee to developed countries. This finding is also confirming with elasticity’s, export and price growth rates.
Indian the top leading modern horticultural export and import companies are wide
The agents and their role in modern horticultural global supply chain have shown in
The forward linkages of producers to exporters in India and backward linkages of importer to consumers in importing countries channels are discussed in this section. The Flow of Indian horticultural commodities to Europe, UK and US Shown in
Sl No | Export-Import companies | Place | Role |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Gita International | Kolkata - INDIA | Major exporter fresh cut flowers to clients in Middle-east... |
2 | Horticultural Impex | Dehradun - INDIA | Leading horticulture seed company offering high quality and high yield seeds at market competitive prices. |
3 | Royappa Agro International | Coimbatore - INDIA | Genuine Manufacturer, Exporter and Supplier of a wide range of products. Exporting Coco peat(coir) and Supplier of Horticulture imports-exports. |
4 | Greenvision concepts | Hyderabad - INDIA | Supplier of Horticulture import & export, organic farming and sandalwood farming [+] |
5 | Elamgreen export & import india private ltd | Pollachi - INDIA | Established in 2010. Traders and Supplier of: Horticulture import-export, coco peat exporter, coir fiber exporter, fresh coconut exporter, coconut husk and husk chip exporter |
6 | Greeneem agri pvt ltd | Virudhunagar - INDIA | Exporters and Producers of Gree Neem, Neem Oil Bio Pesticide, Neem cake and Supplier of: Horticulture import-export, organic fertilizers, animal husbandry. |
7 | Herbalexporters | Coimbatore - INDIA | Leading Exporter of Tree herbs, Plants Herbs. Horticulture import-export,| herbs, herbal plants, herbal exporters and treeherbs. |
8 | Abonna fruits and plants co pvt ltd | Siliguri - INDIA | Leading importer of Berry and Fruit Plants like Blueberry Plants, Blackberry Plants, Raspberry Plants, Strawberry Plants. And supply these plants in all over India. Supplier of Horticulture import-export, berries plants, |strawberry plants. |
9 | Sri vmt agro tech | Pollachi/coimbatore - INDIA | Founded in 2001. leading Manufacturer, Supplier and Exporter of high quality supplier of Horticulture and import-export coconut fibre, coco peat, coir dust, coir blocks. |
10 | Milun exports | Madurai - INDIA | Founded in 1993. Manufacturer and exporter of Coco peat products. Coco peat Supplier of Horticulture import-export. |
11 | Siddha herb inc | Erode-India | Leading exporters of Moringaoleifera products, Neem products, Spices, herbals, Medicinal plants and seeds. Supplier of Horticulture - import-export, moringa, neem,| herbals and medicinal plants. |
12 | The indian exporters | Sivakasi-India | Started in 2008, leading manufacturer and supplier of Medical Plants. Supplier of: Horticulture - import-export, basmati rice, medicinal herbs. |
13 | Tanishka coir products | Erode - INDIA | Coconut husk chips, grow medium for horticulture, plants, floriculture, Mashroom cultivation, soil conditioner. Coco peat, coco pith, husk chips are supplied in form of 5 kg. Supplier of: Horticulture - import-export, 1-module coffeemaker, coconut husk chips, coconut fiber, coconut peat. |
14 | Greenhouse exportters | Tuticorin - INDIA | Seller of Coir Pith, Coco Peat, Coir Fiber, Coconut fiber, Coir geotextiles, Coir from India. Supplier of: Horticulture - import-export, coir geotextiles. |
15 | Global fruit | Ahmednagar - INDIA | Supplier of: Horticulture - import-export, fruits and vegetables. |
Source: http://agriculture-livestock.europages.co.uk/companies/India/Horticulture%20-%20import-export.html dated 29-12-2015 [
Sl No | Players | Role |
---|---|---|
1 | Producer | High input system e.g. IPM varieties, irrigation Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) Some operating out grower schemes |
2 | Exporters | Processing, packing, storage, transport, quality assurance system, food safety, human rights, environmental protection, enforcement of procedures |
3 | Importers | Buying produce from exporter, store product, trading role Ensure quality assurance |
4 | Super markets | Branding, product information, marketing |
5 | Consumers | Overseas consumers, USA, UK, Europe, Middle east. And also South Asia and South East Asia |
tion Digital India will help exporter to access various resources available at government level.
The study findings were useful in designing policies and programs for escalating exports and foreign income, recognizing profitable destinations and modern export supply chains. The export growth rates during 1990-2012 (%) of India’s fruits, vegetables and flowers are positive except mushroom and walnut. The export growth rates (qty) range from 5.8% Mango to 19.6% banana and vegetables; 8.4% onion to 23% green chillies and rose export growth rate was 7.8%. Mango, grapes, onion and gherkins exports are stable whereas Banana, Pomegranate, Green chillies and Potato are unstable. During this period the price elasticities of exports of fruits, vegetables and flowers are positive except walnut and mushrooms. This implies that Indian exports of these commodities are highly responsive to price changes in the international markets. Among fruits, the highest elasticity was found for banana (4.58%) and among vegetables green chillies recorded high (3.98%). This implies that India should increase exports of these commodities to earn more foreign earnings. Bangladesh, UAE, Pakistan, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, UK, Saudi Arabia, Nepal, Netherland and France are the major destinations (65% - 90%) for Indian fruits. Nepal, UK and France (40%) are the major destinations for walnut. The major share 50% to 65% of India’s vegetables (potato, onion, green chilies) are exported to Saudi Arabia, UAE, Pakistan, Malaysia and UK.
The export growth rates during 1990-2012 (%) of India’s Tea (0.7%) and coffee (4.9%) are positive. The exports of Tea are stable and of Coffee are unstable. During this period the price elasticities of exports of Tea and Coffee are elastic. Among the highest elasticity was found for Coffee (61.4%) and Tea (13.1%). During 1996-1997 to 2013-2014, Saudi Arabia has showed the highest coffee export elasticity (1.77) followed by UK (1.57), Italy (1.39) and France (1.27). India has comparative advantage to export to Middle East and Europe markets. While during the same period, UK has showed the highest tea export elasticity (3.93), followed by France (2.42) and Australia (1.90). Tea is export commodity for developed countries. The major destinations which accounted 50% to 60% share for Indian Tea and Coffee are Australia, Russia & USA, Italy, Germany, and Belgium.
India has top leading modern horticultural export and import companies. The supply chain channel to Europe, UK, US shows that highly developed model and no middlemen involved. Similarly, the same type of channel found for Middle East countries. In case of South Asia, Africa and South East Asia importing countries supply chain channels lengthy and middlemen involved. UK, Europe, US (developed countries) farmers connecting with direct customers in domestic markets as well exporters. This eliminated middlemen as they are no use in improving quality and commercial gains.
The study helps in designing agricultural policies and programs to increase horticultural exports and foreign earnings in Asia, Africa and East European markets and USA. India should develop modern supply chains and apply multispeed straggles of exports. Scientific, planned and organizing required to fore see demand and supply position in international and local markets. South Asia, East Asia, Latin America and Africa the supply channels are lengthy and middlemen are involved. In this connection Digital India will help in various export activities. The exporter has an access to various resources available at government level. In the Globalization era the global supply chain model must be connecting producers directly with exporters and importers or consumers of importing countries. This is possible digitalization of data and single window processing.
The international trade in general and export marketing in particular is complex phenomenon because of too many variables effects on trade. This study estimated only few indicators such as elasticities, growth rates, market destinations and traced global supply chains. Hence, future research should be focus on more trade parameters and policies influencing on them.
Dastagiri, M.B. (2017) India’s Horticultural Export Markets: Growth Rates, Elasticities, Global Sup- ply Chains, and Policies. Modern Economy, 8, 847-864. https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2017.87059