This study is concerned with the experimental investigation of a jet issuing diagonally upward into a two-layer density-stratified fluid in a cylindrical tank and the resulting mixing phenomena. The upper and lower fluids are water and an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (NaCl), respectively, and the lower fluid issues from a nozzle on the bottom of the tank. The angle between the centerline of the jet and the bottom of the tank is 60 o, and the mass concentration of the NaCl solution is 0.02. The investigation reveals that secondary flow is caused by the jet in the horizontal cross-sections of the tank and that it is composed of a pair of vortices. It confirms that the secondary flow at the density interface corresponds to an internal density current. The investigation also clarifies the effect of the Reynolds number of the jet on mixing between the lower and upper fluids.
As the density of liquefied natural gas (LNG) is specific to the production area and purification plant, density stratification is sometimes occurs when one batch of LNG is loaded on top of another batch of LNG in the same storage tank. The density of such stratified LNG changes owing to heat input from the outside of the tank. Thus, sudden mixing, known as rollover, occurs when the density of the lower LNG layer becomes lower than that of the upper layer. Rollover generates large amounts of vaporized gases, which cause severe damage to the storage tank. Therefore, the prevention and elimination of LNG stratification is essential for the operation of LNG storage tanks.
Mixing phenomena of density-stratified fluids in tanks have been studied via laboratory-based experiments. Mixing induced by a jet issuing from a nozzle mounted on the top or bottom of the tank has been investigated [
The authors’ abovementioned experiment and simulation were performed to investigate the behavior of a jet issuing vertically upward from a nozzle on the bottom of a rectangular tank. LNG storage tanks have a cylindrical shape, and a jet frequently issues diagonally upward from a nozzle on the bottom of the tank. In a cylindrical tank, a jet colliding with the wall of the tank is considered to flow along the wall, producing circulating flow in the tank. Although such induced flow differs completely from the flow in a rectangular tank, it has not been investigated.
In this study, laboratory experiments are conducted to investigate the behavior of a jet issuing into a two-layer density-stratified fluid in a cylindrical tank used to simulate an LNG storage tank. The upper and lower fluids are water and an aqueous solution of NaCl, respectively, and the lower fluid issues diagonally upward from a nozzle on the bottom of the tank. The angle between the centerline of the nozzle and the bottom of the tank is set at 60˚ with reference to LNG storage tanks. This study is performed at various jet velocities, because the velocity is only the variable for the operation of LNG storage tanks. The flows in the central vertical cross-section of the tank, as well as in horizontal cross-sec- tions, are visualized to clarify the effects of the Reynolds number of the jeton the behavior of the jet and mixing phenomena.
A schematic of the experimental setup using a cylindrical tank is shown in
flow. The diameter and height are both 300 mm. The origin of the coordinates is set at the center of the tank bottom with the x-y plane horizontal and the z-axis vertical. A nozzle is mounted on the tank bottom near the side wall of the tank. The inner diameter d is 10 mm, and the angle between the centerline of the nozzle and the x-axis is 60˚. The nozzle outlet is positioned 4.5d away from the tank wall and 6d above the tank bottom. The nozzle is connected to a circular hole in the tank bottom via a tube, and a pump and a flowmeter are installed between the hole and the nozzle.
Initially (at t = 0), a two-layer density-stratified fluid is in a static condition in the tank. The upper and lower fluids are water and an aqueous solution of NaCl, respectively. The vertical thicknesses of the upper and lower fluids are 6d and 12d, respectively. The mass concentration of the aqueous solution of NaCl is 0.02.
At a time t > 0, the lower fluid (aqueous solution of NaCl) issues from the nozzle. The mean velocity in the nozzle outlet section is denoted by U0. The volume of the fluid in the tank is maintained at a constant level using pump-driven fluid circulation.
To visualize the flows in the central vertical and horizontal cross-sections, a small amount of fluorescent dye (Rhodamine B) is added to the jet. Images of the vertical and horizontal cross-sections are captured by a video camera using a laser light sheet (power: 1 W, wavelength: 532 nm, thickness: 2 mm). The spatial resolution, framerate, and shutter speed of the camera are 640 × 480 pixels, 200 fps, and 1/200 s, respectively.
The Reynolds number of the jet Re is defined by dU0/ν, where ν is the kinematic viscosity of water. The experiments are conducted at values of 475 ≤ Re ≤ 4753.
The experimental conditions are listed in
Upper fluid | Water |
---|---|
Lower fluid | Aqueous NaCl |
Nozzle diameter | 10 mm |
Angle of nozzle to horizontal (x) axis | 60˚ |
Tank diameter | 30d |
Reynolds number Re = dU0/ν | 475 ≤ Re ≤ 4753 |
Concentration of aqueous NaCl | 0.02 |
Thickness of upper fluid | 6d |
Thickness of lower fluid | 12d |
jet height hj is measured. This study defines the nondimensional height as Hj = (hj − 12d)/d, where hj − 12d is the height from the density interface.
When the jet height hj is less than 13d or Hj ≤ 1, the jet is regarded as having reached the density interface without penetrating it. In this case, the jet behavior is classified into three patterns, namely, A, B, and C, according to the Re value.
・ Pattern A: The jet reaches the interface without penetrating it but spreads almost horizontally outward along the interface.
・ Pattern B: The jet penetrates the interface but does not reach the upper water surface. The top of the jet falls back to the interface and spreads horizontally without penetrating the interface again.
・ Pattern C: The jet reaches the upper water surface, spreads along the surface, and falls back to the interface.
Re | 475 | 713 | 951 | 1188 | 1426 | 1663 | 1901 | 2139 | 2376 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pattern | A | A | B | B | B | B | B | B | B |
Re | 2614 | 2852 | 3089 | 3565 | 4040 | 4753 | |||
Pattern | C | C | C | C | C | C |
collides with the tank wall, flows along the tank wall, and returns to the position where the jet penetrates the cross-section, producing a pair of vortices in the horizontal cross-section, as is explained later. In the case when Re = 2139, the jet behavior is classified as Pattern B, where Hj = 3.63. The top of the jet penetrates the density interface and falls back to the interface owing to the gravitational effect, as the density of the jet is greater than the density of the upper fluid. The fluid descending from the top of the jet spreads horizontally when it again reaches the density interface. This downward flow causes the interface to heave and leads to mixing of the fluids in the layer region along the interface. The jet reaching the density interface flows almost horizontally along the tank wall, as is explained later. In the case when Re = 3565, the jet behavior is classified as Pattern C, where Hj = 6. The jet spreads horizontally just below the water surface. Mixing of fluids around the density interface is also observed. The flow colliding with the tank wall spreads markedly in a vertical direction along the wall. Active mixing is generated in wider regions.
The time t1 when the top of the jet reaches the water surface is measured using visualized images of the flow in the central vertical cross-section of the tank.
points of t* = 500, 1000, and 2000. Images in the central vertical cross-section (x-z section), in the horizontal cross-section at the density interface (z/d = 12), as well as in the lower and upper horizontal cross-sections (z/d = 9 and 15) are shown. When t* = 500 in the lower cross-section at z/d = 9, the jet colliding with the tank wall flows along the wall and returns to the position where the jet penetrates the cross-section. The locations of collision and penetration are indicated by A and B, respectively. In this cross-section, a pair of vortices is produced. At t* = 500, the top of the jet appears in the cross-section at the density interface (z/d = 12), but it does not appear in the upper cross-section at z/d = 15. When t* = 1000, the jet spreads widely with the production of a pair of vortices in the lower cross-section (z/d = 9). When t* = 2000, the fluid issuing from the nozzle occupies almost all of the lower cross-section (z/d = 9). In the cross-section at the density interface (z/d = 12), the collision of the jet with the tank wall and the spread of the jet along the tank wall are also confirmed. However, the spread of the jet is less than that in the lower fluid. The jet does not reach the upper cross-section at z/d = 15. These findings demonstrate that mixing is mainly produced by the jet in the lower cross-section.
jet in these cross-sections are almost the same. However, the spread at the density interface is greater when compared with the result for Re = 475 shown in
Visualized images for Re = 3656 are shown in
When a fluid with a density of ρ reaches a density interface from the outside, it flows in a horizontal direction along the interface if the condition ρ1 < ρ < ρ2 is satisfied, where ρ1 and ρ2 are the densities of the upper and lower fluids, respectively [
An example of this type of flow can be observed in the temperature-stratified water of a dam reservoir when muddy water mixed with sand flows into the reservoir and reaches the density interface. The horizontal flow along the density interface visualized in Figures 6-8 corresponds to the intrusion of an internal density current. Such flow was also revealed by the authors’ experiment [
The visualized images of the flow in each horizontal cross-section at t* = 500 and 2000 shown in Figures 6-8 are divided into grids of 0.608d × 0.608d to determine the luminance of the fluorescent dye Γ at each grid point by 256 gradations. The distribution of Γ along the horizontal axes (x- and y-axes) is measured.
The distribution of Γ at the density interface (z/d = 12) for Re = 3565 is shown in
The spatial average value of Γ, namely
A jet issues diagonally upward from a nozzle into a two-layer density-stratified fluid in a cylindrical tank. The upper and lower fluids are water and an aqueous NaCl solution, respectively, and the lower fluid issues from a nozzle mounted on the tank bottom. The nozzle diameter d is 10 mm, and the angle between the centerline of the jet and the bottom of the tank is 60˚. The diameter of the tank is 30d. The thicknesses of the upper and lower fluids are 6d and 12d, respectively. The mass concentration of the aqueous NaCl solution is 0.02. The Reynolds number Re, defined by the nozzle diameter, the fluid velocity at the nozzle outlet, and the kinematic viscosity of water, range from 475 to 4753. The results are
summarized as follows:
1) The jet causing the flows along the density interface collides with the tank wall and induces a pair of vortices at the interface. Jet-induced flow is also observed in a horizontal cross-section in the lower fluid. Such secondary flow noticeably appears when Re is higher or the jet markedly penetrates the density interface.
2) The abovementioned flow along the density interface corresponds to an internal density current. This study reveals that an internal density current with a pair of vortices is induced by a jet issuing diagonally upward from a nozzle into a two-layer density-stratified fluid in a cylindrical tank.
3) With an increase in Re, the jet spreads more in the vertical direction and therefore mixing of fluids in the tank becomes more active.
Degawa, T., Fukue, S., Uchiyama, T., Ishikawa, A. and Motoyama, K. (2017) Behavior of a Jet Issuing Diagonally Upward into Two-Layer Density-Stratified Fluid in a Cylindrical Tank. Journal of Flow Control, Measurement & Visualization, 5, 51-64. https://doi.org/10.4236/jfcmv.2017.53004
d nozzle diameter
Hj nondimensional height from density interface = (hj − 12d)/d
hj height of jet
Re Reynolds number = dU0/ν
Recr Reynolds number at which the jet reaches water surface
t elapsed time from start of issuing jet
t* nondimensional time = tU0/d
U0 mean velocity at nozzle outlet
x, y, z orthogonal coordinates
Γ luminance of the fluorescent dye concentration
ν kinematic viscosity of water
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