The pond water is used by a variety of animals i.e. mammals, birds, duck , and fish. Sediments play a significant role in determining the overall environmental quality for the living organism. Therefore, in this work, chemical characterization of pond water and sediment in the largest coal burning basin of India i.e. Korba basin is described. Elements i.e. C, O, S, F, Cl, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, Fe, As, Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb , and Hg were quantified. Toxic metals i.e. As, Cd, Hg , and Pb were highly enriched in the sediments, ranging from 36 - 154, 0.14 - 1.19, 0.12 - 0.82 and 26 - 127 mg/kg with mean value (p = 0.05) of 95 ± 12, 0.62 ± 0.11, 0.35 ± 0.08 and 75 ± 13 mg/kg, respectively. The concentration variations, pollution indices and sources of elements in water and sediment are discussed.
Pond, a stagnant water body is widely used for drinking, bathing, washing for industrial and agricultural purposes. The bottom of the water reservoir is made up of sediment (i.e. sand, silt, and clay). The ponds gain water through rainfall, run-off or tail water from irrigation. However, in an urban area, the pond is polluted due to several anthropogenic activities i.e. industrial and sewage effluents, runoff water, vehicular emissions, etc. Coal, a naturally occurring combustible material is widely used for energy generation in an urban area by emitting various gasses, the inorganics and organics into the ecosystem [
The largest coal deposits in the country are present in the Korba basin (22.35˚N and 82.68˚E). Several open and underground coal mines are in operation with annual production of ≈3 BT coal. A huge amount of coal >10,000 MT annually is consumed by the various unit of thermal power plants running in the Korba area by emitting several million tons of fly ash into the environment. The Asia’s biggest Aluminum plant is also in the operation in this area. The environment of Korba city has been polluted due to the huge exploitation of coals. The large population (≈0.5 million) residing in the basin is exposed from various environmental contaminants related to coal burning and leaching.
The water and sediment samples were collected from 26 ponds, lie over ≈500 km2 area of the Husdo river basin in May 2012 as shown in
One kilogram of the top sediments (0 - 10 cm) was sampled by a stainless steel spoon, and stored in glass jar [
A weighed amount of sediment sample (0.25 g) was placed in a 50 mL Pt-cru- cible by adding 2.0 g NaOH [
value of the settled aqueous solution was measured by a Hanna pH meter (type- HI991300).
The physical parameters (i.e. pH, EC and DO) of the water samples were measured with the Hanna made sensors.
The Dionex chromatography DX120 equipped with anion separation column (AS9-HC, 250 × 4 mm), cation separation column (CS12A, 250 × 4 mm) and con- ductivity detector was used for analysis of the ions (i.e. Na+, K+,
The F− content was analyzed by using Metrohm-720 ion meter using the fluoride selective electrode. The calibration curve was prepared by using 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0 and 10.0 mg/L F− containing the buffer solution in 1:1 ratio (v/v). The buffer was prepared by dissolving sodium citrate (300 g), 1,2-cyclohexanedia-mine-N- tetraaceticacid (22 g) and NaCl (60 g) in a volume of one liter with the de-ioni- zed water by subsequent adjustment of pH value to 5.2 ± 0.2. Ten milliliters of water sample was mixed with the buffer in a 1:1 ratio (v/v), and F− content were analyzed by using standard calibration curve.
The CHNSO-IRMS Analyzer by SV Instruments Analytical Pvt. Ltd. was used for analysis of black or elemental carbon (BC). The sediment sample (15 mg) was oxidized with O2 at 1020˚C with constant helium flow by detecting the resulting CO2 gas with a thermal conductivity detector. The H3PO4 (10 drops) treated sediment sample was oxidized in a similar way for determination of BC and OC content. The OC content was analyzed by titration method using K2Cr2O7 as oxidant [
The Hitachi High-Tech Scanning electron microscope (SEM)-SU6600 equipped with the energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) and cathode luminescence (CL) detector was used for characterization of elements (i.e. C, O, S, Cl, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, Fe, Mn, and Ni). The sample was irritated with X-ray in a polyethylene disc in both secondary electron imaging (SEI) and backscattered electron imaging (BSEI) modes to record surface photographs and elemental peaks as shown in
The Varian ICP-OES-700-ES was used for monitoring of metals (i.e. Cr, Cu, Zn, and Pb) in the sediment extract. The GF-AAS SpectrAA 220 Zeeman and CV- AAS SpectrAA 55B were used for the analysis of As, Cd, and Hg. The results are expressed on a dry-weight basis. The NCS DC 73,382˚C RM sediment sample was used for the quality control. The accuracy of analysis of the metals in the reference sample was found within ≤2%. The precision (RSD) of elemental analysis (n = 3) in the sediment with the SEM-ESD, ICP-AES, AAS, ion selective and IC technique was found to be ≤12, 7, 6, 5 and 5%, respectively.
The pollution indices i.e. enrichment factor (Ef), contamination factor (Cf) and
pollution load index (PLI) were used to determine element concentration in the sediment samples with respect to the baseline concentration. The concentration ratio of an element, X to Al in the sediment was normalized to the ratio of element, X and Al present in the earth’s crust. The following equations were used for computation of the pollution indices [
where, Xs and Als are concentrations of metal and Al in the sediment, and Ale and Xe are background concentration of metal and Al in the earth crust.
The geographical characteristics of twenty six ponds are summarized in
S. No. | Location | Area, m2 | pH | DO, mg/L | EC, µS/cm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | Shakti Nagar | 13,000 | 5.9 | 8.0 | 395 |
S2 | Gevra, Dipka | 2700 | 7.0 | 7.9 | 378 |
S3 | PN, Dipka | 7200 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 402 |
S4 | Banki, Dipka | 1000 | 7.8 | 7.4 | 610 |
S5 | Delwadih | 2700 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 530 |
S6 | Shingali | 1800 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 512 |
S7 | Kusmunda | 9000 | 7.2 | 6.4 | 460 |
S8 | Rajgamar-3 | 3600 | 7.0 | 6.5 | 320 |
S9 | Mudapar | 5400 | 7.7 | 6.7 | 341 |
S10 | PN, Darri | 2700 | 5.8 | 6.7 | 362 |
S11 | Darri west | 7200 | 6.4 | 6.9 | 367 |
S12 | Jamnipali | 13,000 | 6.7 | 5.8 | 428 |
S13 | Gopalpur | 7200 | 7.7 | 6.3 | 515 |
S14 | HTPP, Darri | 1000 | 6.4 | 5.9 | 540 |
S15 | Manuikpur-1 | 36,000 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 532 |
S16 | Manikpur-2 | 7200 | 6.0 | 7.9 | 345 |
S17 | Dader-1 | 7200 | 8.5 | 7.8 | 278 |
S18 | Dader-2 | 27,000 | 6.6 | 7.1 | 320 |
S19 | Kudarikhar | 3600 | 6.1 | 8.4 | 418 |
S20 | Naktikhar | 2700 | 7.1 | 8.3 | 436 |
S21 | Danras-1 | 18,000 | 5.7 | 7.7 | 456 |
S22 | Danras-2 | 5000 | 7.8 | 8.2 | 378 |
S23 | SN-Balco | 5000 | 8.5 | 8.1 | 310 |
S24 | Pathadi | 7200 | 6.5 | 7.2 | 605 |
S25 | Dhendheni | 3600 | 7.9 | 7.5 | 376 |
S26 | Sukhri | 1800 | 8.0 | 8.2 | 380 |
PN = Pragati Nagar, HTPP = Hydro Thermal Power Plant, SN = Shanti Nagar.
The catchment areas of the ponds were ranged from 1000 - 36,000 m2. Among them, five ponds exhibited with larger catchment area, ranging from 18,000 to 36,000 m2. The pH, DO and EC value of the water (n = 26) was ranged from 5.7 - 8.5, 5.8 - 8.4 mg/L and 278 - 610 µS/cm with mean value of 7.0 ± 0.3, 7.2 ± 0.3 mg/L and 423 ± 35 µS/cm, respectively. The ratio of sum of total concentration of anions to cations, Σanion/Σcation was found to be 0.8 ± 0.6. The concentration of elements i.e. F−, Cl−,
S. No. | F− | Cl− | Na+ | K+ | Mg2+ | Ca2+ | Al | Fe | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | 2.8 | 29 | 35 | 14 | 8 | 9 | 30 | 1.9 | 1.9 |
S2 | 2.5 | 21 | 29 | 16 | 7 | 10 | 32 | 2 | 1.2 |
S3 | 2.1 | 32 | 22 | 21 | 12 | 11 | 29 | 2.3 | 1.1 |
S4 | 3.6 | 46 | 50 | 30 | 19 | 13 | 36 | 3.2 | 1.4 |
S5 | 4.1 | 39 | 43 | 22 | 10 | 14 | 43 | 3.7 | 2.3 |
S6 | 2.6 | 28 | 70 | 19 | 8 | 10 | 28 | 1.6 | 2.7 |
S7 | 1.8 | 17 | 66 | 14 | 7 | 12 | 31 | 2.8 | 1.1 |
S8 | 1.9 | 18 | 18 | 13 | 6 | 9 | 26 | 2.4 | 1.5 |
S9 | 1.7 | 12 | 41 | 13 | 7 | 7 | 19 | 1.6 | 1.0 |
S10 | 3.2 | 15 | 23 | 14 | 7 | 13 | 37 | 2.7 | 2.0 |
S11 | 4.9 | 16 | 48 | 10 | 6 | 7 | 22 | 1.3 | 1.8 |
S12 | 3.8 | 32 | 17 | 24 | 12 | 12 | 35 | 2.5 | 1.6 |
S13 | 4.8 | 36 | 34 | 20 | 10 | 16 | 45 | 3.9 | 1.3 |
S14 | 3.4 | 42 | 47 | 23 | 14 | 12 | 32 | 2.5 | 2.9 |
S15 | 4.2 | 36 | 45 | 19 | 11 | 15 | 42 | 3.7 | 1.8 |
S16 | 1.9 | 19 | 35 | 11 | 7 | 8 | 22 | 1.6 | 1.8 |
S17 | 1.7 | 16 | 17 | 11 | 7 | 8 | 22 | 2.3 | 0.9 |
S18 | 2.8 | 26 | 40 | 12 | 6 | 11 | 30 | 1.8 | 1.6 |
S19 | 4.1 | 26 | 51 | 14 | 6 | 7 | 23 | 1.1 | 1.3 |
S20 | 2.4 | 36 | 37 | 18 | 6 | 9 | 24 | 1.4 | 1.1 |
S21 | 4.2 | 28 | 35 | 16 | 8 | 14 | 43 | 1.5 | 1.4 |
S22 | 2.1 | 37 | 33 | 19 | 9 | 5 | 16 | 1.9 | 0.7 |
S23 | 1.9 | 22 | 28 | 9 | 5 | 7 | 18 | 1.4 | 0.6 |
S24 | 4.7 | 37 | 57 | 22 | 16 | 15 | 44 | 3.6 | 2.7 |
S25 | 2.2 | 31 | 31 | 12 | 6 | 10 | 27 | 1.2 | 1.6 |
S26 | 2.4 | 17 | 59 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 20 | 1.7 | 1.1 |
S. No. | As | Cr | Cu | Zn | Cd | Pb | Hg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | 15 | 11 | 12 | 120 | 2.1 | 12 | 1.2 |
S2 | 20 | 13 | 13 | 115 | 3.2 | 13 | 1.1 |
S3 | 21 | 16 | 18 | 129 | 4.2 | 15 | 1.2 |
S4 | 8.3 | 15 | 17 | 117 | 5.1 | 14 | 1.0 |
S5 | 18 | 11 | 15 | 184 | 6.5 | 26 | 1.1 |
S6 | 17 | 12 | 16 | 167 | 4.7 | 25 | 1.5 |
S7 | 18 | 17 | 31 | 214 | 6.6 | 26 | 1.2 |
S8 | 9.0 | 10 | 17 | 176 | 6.4 | 23 | 0.9 |
S9 | 18 | 11 | 14 | 76 | 7.0 | 14 | 2.7 |
S10 | 23 | 21 | 42 | 300 | 9.2 | 33 | 3.6 |
S11 | 18 | 20 | 31 | 296 | 10 | 43 | 1.6 |
S12 | 30 | 11 | 21 | 117 | 14 | 24 | 3.8 |
S13 | 27 | 14 | 21 | 271 | 15 | 30 | 3.4 |
S14 | 17 | 11 | 12 | 212 | 10 | 31 | 1.6 |
S15 | 22 | 12 | 17 | 205 | 8.2 | 34 | 1.3 |
S16 | 9.1 | 14 | 12 | 78 | 5.2 | 14 | 0.9 |
S17 | 16 | 12 | 14 | 134 | 7.3 | 22 | 1.7 |
S18 | 19 | 14 | 16 | 167 | 8.3 | 27 | 0.8 |
S19 | 9.2 | 13 | 11 | 110 | 6.4 | 16 | 1.3 |
S20 | 17 | 15 | 13 | 198 | 7.2 | 25 | 1.1 |
S21 | 18 | 14 | 11 | 90 | 8.1 | 21 | 0.6 |
S22 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 87 | 2.5 | 12 | 1.7 |
S23 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 99 | 2.6 | 17 | 3.3 |
S24 | 25 | 21 | 21 | 232 | 10 | 41 | 2.1 |
S25 | 17 | 17 | 13 | 213 | 7.1 | 36 | 1.5 |
S26 | 11 | 14 | 11 | 86 | 4.2 | 15 | 0.9 |
occur in following increasing order in the ecosystem: Hg < Cd < Cr < Cu < As < Pb < Zn < Fe < Al < F− < K+ < Mg2+ < Na+ < Cl− < Ca2+ <
Sediment is composed of organic and inorganic particles of various sizes. The se- diment includes boulders, cobbles, pebbles, sand, silt, and clay. The particle sizes of all sediments were found in inhomogeneous orders (
The pH value of sediments was found to be slightly acidic, ranging from 5.4 - 8.1 with mean value (p = 0.05) of 6.60 ± 0.03 due to high S content (
The concentration of five elements i.e. C, P, O, S, and Cl in the sediments are summarized in
The concentration of crustal elements i.e. Si, Al, and Fe was ranged from 6.0 - 14.9, 4.3 - 11.0 and 0.8% - 4.9% with mean value (p = 0.05) of 11.0 ± 0.9, 7.4 ± 0.7 and 2.1% ± 0.4%, respectively,
The heavy metals i.e. As, Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Hg were found to be present at the trace levels, ranging from 36 - 154, 29 - 79, 18 - 92, 42 - 294, 0.14 - 1.19, 26 - 127 and 0.12 - 0.82 mg/kg with mean value (p = 0.05) of 95 ± 12, 47 ± 5, 49 ± 8, 133 ± 28, 0.62 ± 0.11, 75 ± 13 and 0.35 ± 0.08 mg/kg, respectively,
Among 22 detected elements, oxygen was found to exist at the highest level with the lowest value for Hg. They were occurred in following increasing trend in sediment: Hg < Cd << Cr ≈ Cu < Pb < As < Zn << Ti ≈ Mg ≈ Cl < P < S ≈ Ca < Na < K ≈ F << Fe << Al < BC < Si < TC < O. The content of three elements i.e. P, S, and Cl was observed to be much higher than the baseline value of 0.065,
S. No. | Color | pH | % | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BC | TC | O | Cl | P | S | F | |||
S1 | B | 5.6 | 8.5 | 15.3 | 54.9 | 0.31 | 0.45 | 0.52 | 1.02 |
S2 | B | 6.7 | 9.6 | 20.6 | 48.5 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.38 | 1.09 |
S3 | B | 6.8 | 8.8 | 21.6 | 40.5 | 0.38 | 0.28 | 0.34 | 1.19 |
S4 | B | 7.4 | 4.8 | 16.2 | 48.6 | 0.56 | 0.68 | 0.82 | 1.28 |
S5 | B | 6.1 | 8.8 | 23.7 | 39.5 | 0.41 | 0.55 | 0.67 | 0.92 |
S6 | B | 6.2 | 8.7 | 20.2 | 41.8 | 0.32 | 0.92 | 1.10 | 0.88 |
S7 | B | 6.9 | 8.8 | 23.7 | 43.6 | 0.23 | 0.34 | 1.01 | 1.10 |
S8 | B | 6.7 | 8.6 | 20.5 | 44.3 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 1.34 |
S9 | B | 7.3 | 10.2 | 23.7 | 45.2 | 0.11 | 0.41 | 0.70 | 0.87 |
S10 | BW | 5.5 | 11.1 | 19.1 | 45.9 | 0.22 | 0.2 | 0.34 | 0.92 |
S11 | BW | 6.1 | 10.5 | 27.8 | 47.2 | 0.18 | 0.44 | 0.56 | 0.74 |
S12 | W | 6.4 | 12.7 | 31.5 | 35.9 | 0.44 | 0.68 | 0.14 | 0.86 |
S13 | W | 7.3 | 13.8 | 22.8 | 38.2 | 0.42 | 0.54 | 0.45 | 1.11 |
S14 | W | 6.1 | 11.4 | 28.5 | 35.7 | 0.58 | 0.68 | 0.78 | 1.02 |
S15 | W | 6.6 | 12.9 | 26.8 | 41.1 | 0.46 | 0.54 | 0.69 | 0.84 |
S16 | W | 5.7 | 3.7 | 16.5 | 51 | 0.22 | 0.37 | 0.48 | 0.87 |
S17 | W | 8.1 | 5.3 | 12.0 | 50.5 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.36 | 1.21 |
S18 | W | 6.3 | 9.1 | 18.7 | 44.1 | 0.31 | 0.45 | 0.60 | 0.96 |
S19 | BW | 5.8 | 6.9 | 16.0 | 55.3 | 0.32 | 0.44 | 0.57 | 0.72 |
S20 | BW | 6.8 | 10.1 | 16.6 | 49.8 | 0.45 | 0.56 | 0.69 | 0.78 |
S21 | BW | 5.4 | 9.8 | 19.5 | 47.3 | 0.37 | 0.49 | 0.62 | 0.81 |
S22 | BI | 7.4 | 3.6 | 8.9 | 56.1 | 0.48 | 0.7 | 0.61 | 1.06 |
S23 | BW | 8.1 | 9.9 | 21.9 | 49.3 | 0.21 | 0.38 | 0.50 | 0.68 |
S24 | BW | 6.2 | 11.5 | 24.3 | 43.7 | 0.43 | 0.6 | 0.76 | 0.71 |
S25 | B | 7.5 | 9.2 | 24.1 | 45.9 | 0.27 | 0.36 | 0.42 | 0.64 |
S26 | BW | 7.6 | 8.5 | 23.6 | 49.1 | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.08 | 0.92 |
0.006% and 0.037%, respectively [
The background concentration of Al, Fe, Na, K, Mg, Ca, P, S, F, Cl, Cr, Zn, Cu, Pb, As, Cd, and Hg reported in the earth crust was 81,530, 39,200, 24,300, 23,200, 14,900, 25,600, 650, 62, 557, 370, 92, 67, 28, 17, 4.8, 0.09, and 0.05 mg/kg, respectively [
S. No. | Na | K | Al | Si | Mg | Ca | Ti | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | 0.7 | 0.78 | 8.3 | 13.8 | 0.25 | 0.62 | 0.27 | 1.92 |
S2 | 0.6 | 0.72 | 8.6 | 13.9 | 0.26 | 0.62 | 0.39 | 2.43 |
S3 | 0.8 | 1.24 | 10.0 | 14.7 | 0.4 | 0.60 | 0.41 | 2.12 |
S4 | 1.2 | 1.96 | 10.1 | 14.2 | 0.46 | 0.70 | 0.16 | 0.76 |
S5 | 0.9 | 0.97 | 7.2 | 10.2 | 0.59 | 0.86 | 0.45 | 2.79 |
S6 | 0.8 | 0.88 | 6.8 | 9.2 | 0.39 | 0.58 | 0.44 | 1.74 |
S7 | 0.6 | 0.72 | 9.3 | 11.1 | 0.26 | 0.6 | 0.23 | 1.73 |
S8 | 0.5 | 0.62 | 11.0 | 14.6 | 0.19 | 0.56 | 0.19 | 1.09 |
S9 | 0.5 | 0.71 | 6.6 | 12.4 | 0.18 | 0.36 | 0.40 | 2.08 |
S10 | 0.5 | 0.71 | 6.9 | 13.6 | 0.31 | 0.71 | 0.35 | 3.75 |
S11 | 0.4 | 0.65 | 5.5 | 10.4 | 0.29 | 0.43 | 0.26 | 1.83 |
S12 | 1.1 | 1.23 | 6.4 | 11.3 | 0.42 | 0.72 | 0.29 | 3.26 |
S13 | 1.0 | 1.09 | 9.1 | 14.9 | 0.31 | 0.88 | 0.52 | 4.86 |
S14 | 1.2 | 1.37 | 8.5 | 9.1 | 0.28 | 0.66 | 0.35 | 3.99 |
S15 | 1.0 | 1.05 | 7.6 | 9.2 | 0.47 | 0.72 | 0.57 | 3.87 |
S16 | 0.5 | 0.64 | 7.6 | 9.4 | 0.12 | 0.39 | 0.28 | 1.71 |
S17 | 0.5 | 0.70 | 10.4 | 11.2 | 0.26 | 0.45 | 0.31 | 1.77 |
S18 | 0.6 | 0.70 | 7.9 | 10.1 | 0.28 | 0.66 | 0.41 | 2.86 |
S19 | 0.6 | 0.61 | 4.3 | 8.6 | 0.19 | 0.43 | 0.26 | 1.85 |
S20 | 0.8 | 0.61 | 5.2 | 6.3 | 0.28 | 0.44 | 0.37 | 2.09 |
S21 | 0.7 | 0.84 | 5.8 | 10.7 | 0.23 | 0.59 | 0.33 | 2.75 |
S22 | 0.8 | 0.98 | 8.8 | 13.5 | 0.21 | 0.31 | 0.28 | 1.31 |
S23 | 0.4 | 0.46 | 4.8 | 11.6 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.23 | 1.49 |
S24 | 1.0 | 1.85 | 5.8 | 11.2 | 0.52 | 0.86 | 0.45 | 4.65 |
S25 | 0.6 | 0.65 | 4.6 | 11.4 | 0.21 | 0.52 | 0.39 | 2.86 |
S26 | 0.3 | 0.37 | 7.1 | 12.5 | 0.16 | 0.39 | 0.31 | 1.86 |
The Cf value for Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, P, Cl, Hg, F, As, and S were found to be 1.7, 2.1, 4.2, 6.5, 7, 9, 9, 17, 19, and 90, respectively. The sediment was highly (Cf ≥ 6) contaminated with seven elements i.e. Cd, P, Cl, Hg, F, As, and S [
A good correlation (r = 0.91 - 0.99) between water and sediment content of species i.e. Cl−, As, Na, K, Ca, Cr, Zn, Cd, and Pb were observed, indicating origin from the similar sources. Poor to fair correlation (r = 0.34 - 0.72) between water and sediment content of species i.e.
S. No. | Cr | Cu | Zn | Pb | Hg | Cd | As |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | 36 | 33 | 89 | 33 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 63 |
S2 | 52 | 36 | 85 | 37 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 96 |
S3 | 62 | 63 | 106 | 49 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 98 |
S4 | 56 | 60 | 105 | 47 | 0.25 | 0.52 | 36 |
S5 | 42 | 53 | 167 | 81 | 0.31 | 0.63 | 100 |
S6 | 50 | 42 | 153 | 78 | 0.28 | 0.36 | 82 |
S7 | 64 | 66 | 190 | 92 | 0.36 | 0.50 | 92 |
S8 | 33 | 46 | 152 | 74 | 0.26 | 0.45 | 65 |
S9 | 29 | 25 | 53 | 35 | 0.21 | 0.65 | 114 |
S10 | 74 | 87 | 294 | 106 | 0.61 | 0.82 | 138 |
S11 | 74 | 81 | 288 | 127 | 0.77 | 0.95 | 127 |
S12 | 37 | 39 | 113 | 82 | 0.63 | 1.19 | 154 |
S13 | 54 | 68 | 268 | 120 | 0.82 | 1.18 | 149 |
S14 | 42 | 36 | 185 | 112 | 0.74 | 0.84 | 111 |
S15 | 38 | 52 | 199 | 107 | 0.63 | 0.77 | 127 |
S16 | 47 | 31 | 42 | 31 | 0.30 | 0.39 | 51 |
S17 | 35 | 21 | 85 | 54 | 0.54 | 0.66 | 79 |
S18 | 51 | 63 | 154 | 87 | 0.65 | 0.72 | 99 |
S19 | 41 | 22 | 78 | 37 | 0.33 | 0.42 | 43 |
S20 | 54 | 56 | 186 | 75 | 0.53 | 0.64 | 93 |
S21 | 45 | 32 | 78 | 53 | 0.46 | 0.62 | 98 |
S22 | 41 | 32 | 67 | 26 | 0.12 | 0.20 | 59 |
S23 | 47 | 53 | 85 | 48 | 0.32 | 0.22 | 65 |
S24 | 79 | 92 | 218 | 125 | 0.71 | 0.96 | 127 |
S25 | 69 | 66 | 198 | 108 | 0.61 | 0.62 | 84 |
S26 | 30 | 18 | 57 | 35 | 0.31 | 0.35 | 60 |
different sources. A good correlation (r = 0.97) of F− with Al content of the sediment was observed, indicating origin mainly from the Aluminum plant effluents. A fair correlation (r = 0.42 - 0.84) of the BC with the elements i.e. As, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Pb, and Hg in the sediment was marked, indicating the origin mainly from the coal-burning processes,
The concentration of elements i.e. F−, Al, As, Fe, Cd, Pb, and Hg in the surface wa- ter was found to be above the permissible limits. Three elements i.e. F−, S, and As were highly enriched in the sediment. The high BC content in sediment may demobilize the metal contents. However, the high fluoride fraction in the ponds was seen to reflect as fluorosis diseases in the animals. A careful evaluation of the health
BC | Fe | Cr | Cu | Zn | Pb | Hg | Cd | As | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BC | 1.00 | ||||||||
Fe | 0.75 | 1.00 | |||||||
Cr | 0.19 | 0.29 | 1.00 | ||||||
Cu | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.87 | 1.00 | |||||
Zn | 0.60 | 0.57 | 0.67 | 0.82 | 1.00 | ||||
Pb | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.58 | 0.74 | 0.93 | 1.00 | |||
Hg | 0.63 | 0.74 | 0.41 | 0.52 | 0.73 | 0.86 | 1.00 | ||
Cd | 0.64 | 0.71 | 0.27 | 0.44 | 0.64 | 0.77 | 0.88 | 1.00 | |
As | 0.84 | 0.79 | 0.31 | 0.48 | 0.64 | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.80 | 1.00 |
condition of the human being and animals using this contaminated water is urgently required.
We are thankful to Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India for awarding scholarship to one of the authors: R. S.
Sharma, R., Patel, K.S., Lata, L. and Milosh, H. (2017) Contamination of Pond Water and Sediment in Coal Burning Area. Journal of Environmental Protection, 8, 358-379. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2017.83027