This study introduces venture capital investment as a variable in underpricing of stock’s IPO. From the theoretical perspective, this study uses four points of view—Certification, Supervision, Adverse selection and Grandstanding theory, to explain the relationship of venture capital investment and underpricing of IPO. In real empirical part, this study takes 125 second-board companies as a sample to research on the relationship among venture capital investment, the characteristics of venture capital and underpricing of IPO. The finding shows that in the second-board market, companies which have venture capital institutions involved show a higher IPO underpricing rate compared to the companies which have no venture capital institutions involved. The main finding is that there is irrational investment behavior in the market.
As of the end 2014, there are more than 400 companies listed on second-board market, which have provided a new financing channel for many innovative small and medium-sized enterprises. The IPO underpricing refers to the phenomenon that closing price higher than the issue price in First-day. Among the first batch of 28 second-board market listed companies, the average underpricing rate is 106.23%, the highest up to 209.73%. The high underpricing level will attract people to purchase new shares, then use pricing discrepancies to arbitrage, thus have negative effects on fund allocation of capital market.
Venture capital investment refers to a way of operation that the venture capital institutions invest innovative small and medium-sized enterprises in the form of purchasing shares, then, venture capital institutions participate the company’s management to help it up to the IPO standard, after the company have positive profits, its share price will rise and the venture capital institutions will sell the shares to get a capital gain. On the one hand, venture capital investment promoted the normal operation of second-board market, and became an important channel to solute financing difficulty of many small and medium-sized enterprises. On the other hand, second-board market provided the best exit channel for venture capital; it made venture capital get involved in the capital market to promote innovative small and medium-sized enterprises’ development.
Certification Theory is earliest proposed by American scholar Megginson & Weisss (1991) . he called the positive tension that venture capital produced to IPO enterprises as Certification Theory―like underwriter, venture capital have the third party certification effect on IPO enterprises. As a shareholder, venture capital institution will convey honesty information to public in order to protect its reputation. So, if a company have venture capital institution as its stockholder, public investors will see it as a signal of high-quality company. This make the involvement of venture capital institution can reduce the degree of information asymmetry between company and investors and help investors know more about the company’s true value, then reduce the underpricing rate.
Barry et al. (1990) think if venture capital institutions with high proportion share and occupying a certain seat on the board will play a supervisory role in the company. It can make the underpricing degree of the companies which have venture capital involved is lower than the companies which don’t have venture capital involved. Barry C. B. called this phenomenon as Supervision Theory and it is a supplement to the Certification Theory. On the one hand, in order to protect their own interests, venture capital institution will pay close attention to the operating conditions of the invested enterprise. On the other hand, risk investment institutions can influence on the operating decision through its holdings of shares and the rights of the board, then play a supervision role in the enterprise.
In 1990, Amit, Glosteii and Muller (1990) first introduce “Adverse selection Theory” to IPO underpricing. In this theory, there is exist information asymmetry between venture capital institutions and enterprise,―as an outside investor, the information venture capital institutions grasped can not comprehensive and true, and it may cause deviation when evaluated the enterprise. In fact, this situation may cause the enterprises which venture capital institutions involved are not high-quality enterprises, so these enterprises tend to choose a lower issuance price and caused a higher underpricing rate.
American scholar Gompers (1996) proposed the Gradstanding Theory. In his finding, compared to the enterprises which immature venture capital institutions involved in, the enterprises which mature venture capital institutions involved in shows a lower underpricing rate and have a better performance in other IPO indexes. Gompers think the reason of this phenomenon is venture capital institutions need to raise money to maintain operations, but most of the new venture capital institutions are lack of high reputation, in order to raise more funds in the future, these institutions are crying out for success projects to enhance reputation in capital market. So these enterprises that immature venture capital institutions involved don’t choose the best opportunity to go public, leading to the higher underpricing rate and dismal performance.
This study selected a total of 125 the second-board market listed companies from 2012 to 2014 as sample. Through consulting the stockholder list in prospectus to check whether there exists venture capital institutions and its proportion of shareholding. All the prospectus are down from can explain this source a little bit? Other data like IPO underpricing, IPO P/E ratio, turnover rate are from explain a little bit? it is a database created by some investment firm from my memory. This study dividing these 125 companies into two sub-sample: VC-Backed and NON-VC-Backed, then dividing “VC-Backed” sample into two groups: VC-Rep-High and VC-Rep-Low. Specific steps are as follows: first, look up the keyword like investment, venture investment, innovational investment in prospectus, if the company’s shareholders including venture capital institutions, it will be classification to “VC-Backed” sample, otherwise will be classification to “NON-VC-Backed” sample. Second, refer to the China venture capital and private equity annual ranking 2014 by Zero2IPO Group, the companies which in the list of “the ranking might be different from 2012 to 2014, why using 2014 and “Top 20 VC Firms of the Year 2014 (China)”, the study classified these companies into “VC-Rep-High”. After classified the 125 companies, the sub- sample “VC-Backed” size is 105, sub-sample “NON-VC-Backed” size is 20, in the sub-sample “VC-Backed”, the sample size of “VC-Rep-High” is 14 and the sample size of “VC-Rep-Low” is 91.
This study selected IPO underpricing as explained variable. In consideration of the influence of market quotation on IPO underpricing, this study chooses the adjusted IPO underpricing (AUp) as explained variable.
In the above formula, can you explain this formula a little bit, any theory backup or reason?, P1 refers to the first-day closing price, P0 refers to the IPO price, M1 refers to the second-board closing index of first trading day, M0 refers to the second-board closing index of issue day.
Would be better if there is some summary table of ALL variables, to give us a general picture of the dataset.
First, the participation of venture capital institutions. In this study, the companies in sub-sample “VC-Backed” average value of 1.
Second, the reputation of venture capital institutions. The companies in sub- sample “VC-Rep-High” average value of 1.
Third, the quantity of venture capital institutions. If the company’s shareholders including more than one institution, the fraud cases will be decreased in some degree.
Fourth, total shareholding ratio of venture capital institutions?. The total shareholding ratio will send secondary market investors a message―the higher shareholding ratio refers to the higher reduction ratio of shareholders, thus, small investors will face the bigger risk and give the share lower valuations.
IPO underpricing can be influenced by various factors. Except for venture capital institutions, this study uses three other factors―basic status of the company, market performance and shareholders’ profitability to select appropriate indexes, the specific indexes are as follow:
First, operation time. This variable refers to the year from company’s establish to the stock be listed. To a certain extent, company’s operation years can reflect its maturity level, the degree of recognition that market to company and amount of public information that investors can obtain.
Second, financing scale. In some degree, the bigger financing scale means the bigger company scale, large-scale company often establish a more completely and standard system in information disclosure. The better information disclosure system can reduce the degree of information asymmetry between company and investors, this will restrict opportunistic behavior to some extent and have a positive influence on IPO underpricing. This study use natural logarithm of financing amount to measure financing scale.
Third, first day price earnings ratio. To a certain extent, price earning ratio can be a measuring indicator of speculation degree, when the price earning ratio exceeds a certain value, the higher price earning ratio refers to the higher speculation degree. Price earning ratio have a big effect on the investors’ selection and then influent IPO underpricing.
Fourth, first day turnover rate. This variable refers to the ratio of volume and issued amount, it reflect the frequency of investors trade new stocks. The high turnover rate means the investment deal is active, investors have a stronger desire of purchase. However, the high turnover rate always means a more speculative atmosphere and have bad influence on IPO underpricing.
Fifth, the lottery rate of online distribution. The lottery rate is connected with Financing volume of subscribe, it also reflect investors’ recognition degree to the issue price and investors’ mood. The lower lottery rate means the Larger amount of money, in this case, the investors who cannot purchase the new share will transfer their requirements to secondary market, this can make the stock price deviate from the actual value and increase the transaction price, then affect IPO underpricing.
Sixth, earnings per share. Generally speaking, earnings per share is the important index to measure investment value and risk, it also always be used to measure the management results of the company and as a important financial index to evaluate the company’s profitability. This study choose the earnings per share of the previous year.
This study chooses why this method not other econometric tools? Is this mean test enough? to test the IPO underpricing and its influence index.
This study divided the 125 companies into two groups?have venture capital involved and the opposite, then compare the average value of the two sub-samples’ IPO underpricing. The result is as follow:
VC | N | Mean | Std. Deviation | Std. Error Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|
Underpricing 1 | 105 | 0.30262406 | 0.225184737 | 0.021975780 |
0 | 20 | 0.22012552 | 0.204613536 | 0.045752978 |
Notes: group 1 is the company which have venture capital involved, the group 2 is the company which don’t have venture capital involved.
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances | t-test for Equality of Means | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | Sig. | t | df | Sig. (2-tailed) | Mean Difference | Std. Error Difference | 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference | ||
Lower | Upper | ||||||||
Equal variances assumed | 0.001 | 0.973 | 1.522 | 123 | 0.131 | 0.0825 | 0.05419 | −0.02478 | 0.18977 |
Equal variances not assumed | 1.625 | 28.501 | 0.115 | 0.0825 | 0.05076 | −0.02139 | 0.18639 |
study accept the assumption of the null hypothsis of two independent sample’s T test―the IPO underpricing have nothing to do with the venture capital. On the growth enterprise board, venture capital has no had significant effects on IPO underpricing, explain a little bit, is this conclusion surprised or against some theories
There are many factors that affect IPO underpricing, like the basic information of listed companies, market performance and shareholders. In order to ensure the accuracy of research result, this paper choose the variables that related to IPO underpricing as control variable, use independent-samples T test to compare the value, the purpose is to find the difference of financing scale, PE ratio, turnover rate, win a label rate and earnings per share.
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The companies that have venture capital’s support, the reputation, amount, and shareholding ratio of venture capital institution called the characteristics of venture capital. This paper use independent-samples T test, Spearman rank correlation analysis and Pearson product-moment correlation to research the relationship between venture capital and IPO underpricing. This chapter choose VC- Backed sample―the 105 companies that have venture capital institution involved as research object.
Mean value | T-value | significance level | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
operation time | VC-Backed | 11.92250 | −0.760 | 0.449 |
NON-VC-Backed | 12.71164 | |||
first day price earnings ratio | VC-Backed | 30.98114 | 1.102 | 0.273 |
NON-VC-Backed | 28.20900 | |||
financing scale | VC-Backed | 19.68185 | −0.969 | 0.335 |
NON-VC-Backed | 19.80048 | |||
first day turnover rate | VC-Backed | 3.092736 | −0.04 | 0.968 |
NON-VC-Backed | 0.395905 | |||
the lottery rate of online distribution | VC-Backed | 1.314509 | −2.83 | 0.777 |
NON-VC-Backed | 1.391680 | |||
earnings per share | VC-Backed | 1.208829 | 1.287 | 0.200 |
NON-VC-Backed | 0.98870 |
This chapter choose independent-samples T test to research the relationship between the reputation of venture capital institution and IPO underpricing. For the companies in high reputation list, it’s value of VC-Rep is 1, otherwise the value is 0. The result is as follow:
From the mean of IPO underpricing, the value of VC-Rep-H sample is higher than VC-Rep-L sample. From the
After consult the prospectus of 105 companies in VC-Backed sample, we can calculated out the amount of venture capital institution in each companies’ shareholder list. Because of the amount of venture capital institution is discrete variable, this paper choose Spearman rank correlation analysis to research the relationship between amount of venture capital institution and IPO underpricing. The result is as follow
We can find negative correlation between amount of venture capital institution and IPO underpricing, the coefficient is −0.14, but Sig. (1-tailed) is 0.078, this mean the relationship between amount of venture capital institution and IPO underpricing is insignificant.
This paper use Pearson product-moment correlation to research the relationship between shareholding ratio of venture capital institution and IPO underpricing, the result is as follow:
Rep | N | Mean | Std. Deviation | Std. Error Mean | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IPO underpricing | 0 | 91 | 0.305923 | 0.2161072 | 0.0226542 |
1 | 14 | 0.281179 | 0.2859546 | 0.0764246 |
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances | t-test for Equality of Means | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | Sig. | t | df | Sig. (2-taile d) | Mean Difference | Std. Error Difference | Confidence Interval of the Difference | |||
Lower | Upper | |||||||||
IPO underpricing | Equal variances assumed | 1.711 | 0.194 | 0.381 | 103 | 0.704 | 0.0247445 | 0.0649144 | −0.1039978 | 0.1534868 |
Equal variances not assumed | 0.310 | 150.368 | 0.760 | 0.0247445 | 0.0797115 | −0.1448032 | 0.1942921 |
amount of venture capital institution | IPO underpricing | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Spearman’s rho | amount of venture capital institution | Correlation Coefficient | 1.000 | −0.140 |
Sig. (1-tailed) | - | 0.078 | ||
N | 105 | 105 | ||
IPO underpricing | Correlation Coefficient | −0.140 | 1.000 | |
Sig. (1-tailed) | 0.078 | - | ||
N | 105 | 105 |
This paper choose IPO underpricing as explained variable and use multivariate regression analysis to research the correlation between IPO underpricing and its influencing factor.
There are three model in this paper, model 1 is to explain the not only correlation, might also show some causal relationship? Between IPO underpricing and its influencing factor, model 2 is to explain the correlation between IPO underpricing and venture capital, model 3 is to analyze the correlation between IPO underpricing and venture capital’s characteristics.
Model 1: AUp = β0 + ∑βi *C variablesi + ε
Model 2: AUp = β0 + β1 *VC + ∑β i *C variablesi + ε
Model 3: AUp = β0 + β1 *VC Rep + β2 *VCNum + β3 *VCShare + ∑βi *C variablesi + ε
In model 1, βi (i = 1, 2,…,7) means the coefficient of each control variable and Cvariables i (i = 1, 2,…,7) means control variables. In model 2, β1 means the degree of venture capital participate in company, and βi (i = 1, 2, …, 8) means the coefficient of each control variable. In model 3, β1 means the reputation of venture capital institution, β2 means the amount of venture capital institution and β3 means the shareholding ratio of venture capital institution. βi (i = 4, 5, ……, 10) means the coefficient of each control variable.
IPO underpricing | shareholding ratio of venture capital institution | ||
---|---|---|---|
IPO underpricing | Pearson Correlation | 1 | −0.172* |
Sig. (1-tailed) | - | 0.040 | |
N | 105 | 105 | |
shareholding ratio of venture capital institution | Pearson Correlation | −0.172* | 1 |
Sig. (1-tailed) | 0.040 | - | |
N | 105 | 105 |
*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (1-tailed).
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After theoretical research and empirical analysis, the conclusions are as follow: first, certification theory and supervision theory didn’t play a role on Growth Enterprises Market; second, the reputation of venture capital institutions have weak influence on IPO underpricing; third, the real reason of IPO underpricing is speculation and blindness in investment in secondary market.
Model | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | t | Sig. | Collinearity Statistics | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Std. Error | Beta | Tolerance | VIF | |||
(Constant) | 3.147 | 0.800 | - | 3.932 | 0.000 | - | - |
operation time | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.043 | 0.511 | 0.611 | 0.906 | 1.104 |
price earnings ratio | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.017 | 0.168 | 0.867 | 0.648 | 1.542 |
financing scale | −0.147 | 0.041 | −0.330 | −3.568 | 0.001 | 0.761 | 1.314 |
turnover rate | 0.006 | 0.061 | 0.009 | 0.097 | 0.923 | 0.811 | 1.233 |
lottery rate of online distribution | −0.063 | 0.019 | −0.312 | −3.250 | 0.002 | 0.709 | 1.411 |
earnings per share | 0.070 | 0.031 | 0.219 | 2.230 | 0.028 | 0.678 | 1.476 |
Model | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | t | Sig. | Collinearity Statistics | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Std. Error | Beta | Tolerance | VIF | |||
(Constant) | 2.993 | 0.816 | - | 3.666 | 0.000 | - | - |
operation time | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.049 | 0.576 | 0.566 | 0.901 | 1.109 |
price earnings ratio | −5.683E−5 | 0.002 | −0.003 | −0.026 | 0.980 | 0.624 | 1.604 |
financing scale | −0.141 | 0.042 | −0.316 | −3.367 | 0.001 | 0.742 | 1.348 |
turnover rate | 0.008 | 0.061 | 0.012 | 0.133 | 0.895 | 0.810 | 1.235 |
lottery rate of online distribution | −0.061 | 0.019 | −0.301 | −3.117 | 0.002 | 0.699 | 1.430 |
earnings per share | 0.062 | 0.032 | 0.196 | 1.940 | 0.055 | 0.641 | 1.561 |
venture capital | 0.050 | 0.051 | 0.082 | 0.972 | 0.333 | 0.921 | 1.086 |
Model | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | t | Sig. | Collinearity Statistics | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Std. Error | Beta | Tolerance | VIF | |||
(Constant) | 2.761 | 1.060 | - | 2.604 | 0.011 | - | - |
operation time | −0.001 | 0.005 | −0.024 | −0.249 | 0.804 | 0.878 | 1.140 |
price earnings ratio | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.013 | 0.112 | 0.911 | 0.617 | 1.621 |
financing scale | −0.123 | 0.055 | −0.258 | −2.219 | 0.029 | 0.626 | 1.597 |
turnover rate | 0.003 | 0.071 | 0.004 | 0.038 | 0.969 | 0.793 | 1.261 |
lottery rate of online distribution | −0.063 | 0.022 | −0.316 | −2.0817 | 0.006 | 0.671 | 1.490 |
earnings per share | 0.061 | 0.038 | 0.198 | 1.0605 | 0.112 | 0.555 | 1.802 |
reputation | −0.017 | 0.064 | −0.026 | −0.272 | 0.786 | 0.897 | 1.115 |
amount | −0.002 | 0.013 | −0.021 | −0.164 | 0.870 | 0.517 | 1.936 |
shareholding ratio | 0.000 | 0.001 | −0.095 | −0.804 | 0.423 | 0.602 | 1.660 |
To cure the above problems, there are four advices: First, improve the quality of venture capital institutions. As a venture capital institution, it needs to pay close attention to long-term development of enterprise, like cultivate professional personnel, provide value-added services for the enterprise. Second, perfect evaluation system of the reputation of venture capital institution. A perfect evaluation system can urge venture capital institutions to constantly improve its ability. This will be good for establishing positive market competition mechanism. Third, it can improve the quality of listed company. Before choosing a venture capital institution, the company needs to measure its circumstance and the background of venture capital institution. After getting the venture capital, the company needs to seek help of venture capital institution actively to improve management mode, innovative ability and service level. Fourth, instruct investors to be rational. Investors need to accumulate investment knowledge and cultivate logical thought, this can help reduce the blind investment behavior.
Wu, L. (2017). The Influence of Venture Capital Investment on Underpricing of Second-Board Market IPO. Journal of Financial Risk Management, 6, 37-47. https://doi.org/10.4236/jfrm.2017.61004