Resistive RAM is a promising, relatively new type of memory with fast switching characteristics. Metal chalcogenide films have been used as the amorphous semiconductor layer in these types of devices. The amount of crystallinity present in the films may be important for both reliable operation and increased longevity of the devices. Germanium sulfide films can be used for these devices, and a possible way to tune the crystalline content of the films is by substituting Sn for some of the Ge atoms in the film. Thin films of GexSnySz containing varying amounts of tin were deposited in a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition reactor. Films with 2%, 8%, 15%, 26%, and 34% atomic percentage Sn were deposited to determine crystallinity and structural information with XRD and Raman spectroscopy. Based on these depositions it was determined that at about 8% Sn content and below, the films were largely amorphous, and at about 26% Sn and above, they appeared to be largely crystalline. At 15% Sn composition, which is between 8% and 26%, the film is more a mixture of the two phases. Based on this information, current-voltage (IV) curves of simple memory switching devices were constructed at 5% Sn (in the amorphous region), at 25% Sn (in the crystalline region), and at 15% (in the mixed region). Based on the IV curves from these devices, the 15% composition gave the best overall switching behavior suggesting that a certain degree of order in the semiconductor layer is important for RRAM devices.
Germanium chalcogenides have been successfully employed in the production of phase memory and in resistive RAM, (conductive bridging RAM) [
Tin sulfide exists as several different stoichiometric phases including SnS, SnS2, and Sn2S3 and deposition of the different phases has been reported [
In this study SnCl4 was added to the PECVD of GeS2 films, at various concentrations, to study the effect of Sn addition on the structure of the thin films and their behavior in RRAM memory devices. SnCl4 was added to produce GexSnySz films containing 2%, 8%, 15%, 26%, and 34% Sn based on atomic percentage. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to probe structural changes and similarities in the deposited films. Based on the information from these depositions simple RRAM devices were constructed at low Sn content (5%), middle Sn content (15%), and relatively high Sn content (25%), and the current- voltage curves were measured and compared for the devices made with Sn content at these low, middle, and high atomic content ranges.
The PECVD parallel plate reactor used in this experiment was a prototype reactor used in prior investigations. The reactor has been previous described in detail [
The gas phase resulting from the vapor pressures of the GeCl4 and SnCl4 liquids provided the Ge and Sn components for the GexSnySz thin films. The vapor pressure of the GeCl4 at 22˚C was sufficient enough to drive the mass flow controller allowing the set flow of GeCl4 to reach the reactor without heating. The vapor pressure of the SnCl4 was less under the same temperature conditions, and its flow required the application of heat tape to the reagent canister and gas line. The canister was kept at 40˚C and the line 45˚C by means of two separate power sources. Also for some of the depositions, ultrapure argon was bubbled through the SnCl4, to provide sufficient backing pressure for control by the mass flow controller.
For all experiments, the pressure inside the chamber was maintained between 194.7 and 197.3 Pa by means of an automatic control valve supplying argon to the pump to control the pumping speed. The gases were fed through the top platen and showerhead in a continuous flow. The power of the plasma was kept at a constant 22 W for all depositions. The temperature of the substrate ranged from 140˚C - 150˚C.
Doubly polished pure crystalline silicon wafers in the 111 orientation, and glass microscope slides were used as the target substrates. The silicon wafer was broken up into equally sized pieces and then they, along with the glass microscope slides were placed on an unbroken silicon wafer and consistently oriented in the chamber on the grounded electrode. Thicknesses of the resultant films were determined by an Ambios Technologies XP-100 profilometer.
The flow rates of the GeCl4 and H2S reactants were kept constant for each deposition. H2S was kept at 12.0 sccm and the GeCl4 at 1.0 sccm. The argon flow rates varied, depending on the deposition, in order to keep the total gas pressure in the reactor constant between depositions. The SnCl4 flow rate was the main variable throughout the course of the entire experiment. As indicated previously, some of the depositions used argon backing on the SnCl4 line and the flow rates were corrected for this mixture. The flows of the depositions under these parameters ranged from 3 sccm to 20 sccm. There were also a few depositions which used only SnCl4 without any argon backing and the flow rates were calculated based only on the SnCl4 physical properties. The flows of the depositions under these parameters ranged from 5 sccm to 15 sccm.
Film composition and properties were determined using a variety of methods. The chemical make-ups of the films, in atomic percentages, were determined using an Oxford Model 7353 EDS coupled with a LEO Model 1430 SEM. Raman spectroscopy was used to determine the molecular composition of the films. Raman spectra were collected with a Jobin-Yvon Horiba HR-800 Raman microscope using the 647.1 nm line of a Lexel Model 95L-K2 Kr-ion laser for excitation. These two techniques were combined in order to confirm the identities of the species present in the films. A Bruker D8 Discover XRD, Cu-Kα radiation, was used to determine crystallinity of the films.
RRAM devices were constructed by depositing three layers of material, in succession, on a standard microscope slide cut in half lengthwise. The three layers were: a lower aluminum electrode layer, a thin film semiconductor layer, and a silver electrode layer on the top. The construction was performed by first depositing two aluminum lines, roughly 6 mm wide and separated by ~5 mm along the length of a microscope slide using a Denton Deskpro magnetron sputter system. The slides were masked with aluminum foil to create the two-line pattern on the slide. The thickness of the deposited lines was roughly 0.5 micrometers. Next, the slides with the aluminum lines were masked with aluminum foil so that ~6 mm on opposing ends of each line was covered by the foil. This was done to provide a conductive contact point for future testing of the devices. Next the masked slides were placed into the PECVD chamber and the GexSnySz semiconductor layer was deposited on the exposed parts of the glass slides including the parts of the aluminum lines that were exposed. The thickness of the chalcogenide semiconductor layer was typically 100 - 200 nm. The final layer of the devices consisted of two 5 mm wide, 0.4 µm thick, silver lines deposited on top of the GexSnySz semiconductor layer, perpendicular to the aluminum lines. These provided the upper contacts for the RRAM devices, and the silver for the formation of the conductive bridging in the RRAM. When all three layers were present, in the structure described, a total of four devices are created at the intersections of the silver and aluminum lines with the GexSnySz layer sandwiched between the aluminum and silver line intersection.
The RRAM memory devices, constructed with the chalcogenide semiconductor layer, with different percentages of Sn, were tested by constructing current vs voltage curves for each. An ideal RRAM memory device would, at a certain voltage, change nearly instantaneously from a low conductance to much higher conductance condition. This occurs when the Ag upper layer is sufficiently positively charged relative to the Al bottom layer, that Ag ions move through the semiconductor layer and form conductive bridges between the Al and Ag layers. If the conductance changes by two to three orders of magnitude, this is sufficient for both “off” and “on” memory states. To determine if this behavior is present for the devices constructed with different Sn percentages, current vs voltage curves were gathered. A Keithley Model 2602 SourceMeter was connected to the Ag and Al electrodes using small flat alligator clips. A graphical program was written in LabVIEW to control the voltage sweeps and simultaneously collect the current measurements. The voltage limits were determined based on the amount of current change seen in the initial sweeps. In some cases higher voltage level sweeps ±3 V were required to observe significant changes in the current. In other cases significant changes in the current were observable with a sweep of only ±1 V.
The compositions of the thin films of GexSnySz deposited with PECVD were found to be close to the desired values of 2%, 8%, 15%, 26%, and 34% Sn. As mentioned previously, these thin films are the semiconductor film that separates the Al and Sn electrodes in the RRAM devices. Based on EDS measurements the atomic ratio of (Ge + Sn)/S varied between 0.6 and 0.9 (average 0.69) and in some cases residual Cl was also measured.
The XRD spectra of these films are shown in
The Raman spectra of these films are presented in
cm−1. As the amount of Sn increases to 8%, a broad peak at around 312 cm−1 becomes more prominent in the spectrum, and the peak at 342 cm−1 broadens and becomes less intense. As the Sn composition increases to 15%, the maximum is now slightly less than 310 cm−1, but the spectrum is still fairly broad. At both 26% and 34% Sn, the spectrum has narrowed more significantly with just one prominent peak likely assignable to primarily Sn2S3 with some SnS2 at about 307 cm−1 [
As described previously in the methods section, simple Resistive RAM devices were constructed with an aluminum lower electrode, a silver upper electrode, and the GexSnySz semiconductor thin film layer sandwiched between the lower and upper conductive layers. The conductivity of each of the devices was measured as a function of the voltage difference between the upper Ag electrode and the lower Al electrode. The voltage was first increased so that the potential of the Ag was positive relative to the Al electrode, and then the relative voltage on the Ag electrode was lowered so it was eventually negative relative to the Al electrode. For the first few cycles, the voltage limits were often set between +3.0 V and −3.0 volts. Presumably, this is necessary for pathways and silver ions to form and move through the semiconductor layer. After a few cycles, typically 4 or 5, the voltage limits are reduced to a narrower range. These current-voltage curves (I-V curves) were collected over several cycles to determine the repeatability and durability of the RRAM device. The I-V curves generated from devices containing 5% Sn, 15% Sn, and 25% Sn are presented in
The I-V curves made with thin films with low concentrations of Sn have I-V curves where the current increase is somewhat complicated as the sweep voltage increases. Although the conductivity only increases slightly until 0.3 V, at that point it starts to rise more quickly with a moderate slope. At the much higher concentration of Sn of 25%, there is almost no conductivity hold-off and the current increases linearly with a higher slope than for the low Sn percentage case. At intermediate concentrations of Sn, around 15% Sn, the I-V curves are now more nonlinear, and the conductivity does not change significantly until the voltage sweep rises beyond 1 V. Once it reaches higher than a volt, then the conductivity increases linearly with a high slope and increases by more than 1 order of magnitude in 0.3 - 0.4 volts. For the 15% case as the voltage is increased above some threshold value the conductivity increases sharply, and then decreases as the voltage is lowered to negative values. At a low enough negative value the current again snaps back to the low values encountered at the beginning of the positive sweep. The I-V pattern is somewhat repeatable but changes slightly from one I-V sweep to the next.
Thin chalcogenide thin films with varying concentrations of Sn were deposited with a PECVD reactor. Based on XRD spectra of the depositions, thin films with Sn concentrations of 8% and below are largely amorphous as indicated by very broad peaks present in the spectra. At 15%, the films appear to become more crystalline with some narrow peaks present at 2θ values consistent with SnS2. At Sn compositions above about 26%, the XRD spectra show a high degree of crystallinity consistent with SnS2, and perhaps GeS2 whose principal peak also occurs at a 2θ of about 15 degrees.
The Raman spectra show a similar trend with broad spectral structure consistent with both germanium disulfide and tin disulfide at 8%. At 15% the SnS2 peak becomes more prominent and near 26% Sn content the spectrum appears as a much narrower peak assignable as Sn2S3 or a mixture of Sn2S3 and SnS2, and is likely more ordered than the amorphous GeS2 films present at very low Sn content.
Both the XRD and Raman spectra suggest that the order in the thin film changes significantly from largely amorphous below about 8% to largely crystalline above about 26%. At 15% there appears to be a mixture of amorphous and crystalline qualities. This condition appears to be more optimal for the formation of a RRAM memory device as the simple memory devices created with the Sn composition of 15% have a higher hold-off voltage and more rapid “on-off” switching characteristics. Apparently if the crystallinity is too high there is too much conductance and little hold-off, and when the films are too amorphous the reproduction of the Ag ion channels may be more difficult for each cycle.
We would like to acknowledge Prof. Kris Campbell of BSU for helpful discussions regarding Raman spectra of metal doped germanium chalcogenides.
Rodriguez, R., Poulter, B., Gonzalez, M., Ali, F., Lau, L.D. and Mangun, M. (2017) The Effect of Tin on PECVD-Deposited Germanium Sulfide Thin Films for Resistive RAM Devices. Ma- terials Sciences and Applications, 8, 188- 196. https://doi.org/10.4236/msa.2017.82012