We study a series-parallel repairable system consisting of three units with multiple vacations of a repairman. We first show that all points on the imaginary axis except zero belong to the resolvent set of the operator and zero is an eigenvalue of the operator, and then we prove that the semigroup generated by the operator is irreducible. By combining these results with our previous result we deduce that the dynamic solution of the system converges strongly to its steady-state solution. Thus we obtain asymptotic stability of the dynamic solution of the system.
The series-parallel repairable system consisting of three units, as one of the important systems in reliability applications, has been studied in previous literatures. Li et al. [
Our main focus in this paper is on the asymptotic stability of the dynamic solution of the system. We prove that the dynamic solution converges strongly to the steady state solution which is the eigenfunction corresponding to eigenvalue 0 of the system operator. To this purpose we first prove that 0 is an eigenvalue of the system operator we obtain that all points on the imaginary axis except zero belong to the resolvent set of the system operator, and then we prove that the semigroup generated by the operator is irreducible. By combining these results with our previous result we deduce that the dynamic solution of the system converges strongly to its steady-state solution.
According to [
( ∂ ∂ t + ∂ ∂ x ) p 0 ( t , x ) = − [ λ + 2 μ + α ( x ) ] p 0 ( t , x ) , (1)
( ∂ ∂ t + ∂ ∂ x ) p 1 ( t , x ) = − [ λ + μ + α ( x ) ] p 1 ( t , x ) + 2 μ p 0 ( t , x ) , (2)
( ∂ ∂ t + ∂ ∂ x ) p 2 ( t , x ) = − α ( x ) p 2 ( t , x ) + λ p 0 ( t , x ) , (3)
( ∂ ∂ t + ∂ ∂ x ) p 3 ( t , x ) = − α ( x ) p 3 ( t , x ) + λ p 1 ( t , x ) , (4)
( ∂ ∂ t + ∂ ∂ x ) p 4 ( t , x ) = − α ( x ) p 4 ( t , x ) + μ p 1 ( t , x ) , (5)
( ∂ ∂ t + ∂ ∂ y ) p 5 ( t , y ) = − [ λ + μ + b 2 ( y ) ] p 5 ( t , y ) , (6)
( ∂ ∂ t + ∂ ∂ y ) p 6 ( t , y ) = − b 1 ( y ) p 6 ( t , y ) , (7)
( ∂ ∂ t + ∂ ∂ y ) p 7 ( t , y ) = − b 1 ( y ) p 7 ( t , y ) , (8)
( ∂ ∂ t + ∂ ∂ y ) p 8 ( t , y ) = − b 2 ( y ) p 8 ( t , y ) + μ p 5 ( t , y ) , (9)
( ∂ ∂ t + ∂ ∂ y ) p 9 ( t , y ) = − b 2 ( y ) p 9 ( t , y ) + λ p 5 ( t , y ) , (10)
with the boundary conditions
p 0 ( t , 0 ) = ∫ 0 + ∞ α ( x ) p 0 ( t , x ) d x + ∫ 0 + ∞ b 2 ( y ) p 5 ( t , y ) d y + ∫ 0 + ∞ b 1 ( y ) p 6 ( t , y ) d y + δ ( t ) , (11)
p 1 ( t , 0 ) = p 2 ( t , 0 ) = p 3 ( t , 0 ) = p 4 ( t , 0 ) = 0 , (12)
p 5 ( t , 0 ) = ∫ 0 + ∞ α ( x ) p 1 ( t , x ) d x + ∫ 0 + ∞ b 1 ( y ) p 7 ( t , y ) d y + ∫ 0 + ∞ b 2 ( y ) p 8 ( t , y ) d y , (13)
p 6 ( t , 0 ) = ∫ 0 + ∞ α ( x ) p 2 ( t , x ) d x + ∫ 0 + ∞ b 2 ( y ) p 9 ( t , y ) d y , (14)
p 7 ( t , 0 ) = ∫ 0 + ∞ α ( x ) p 3 ( t , x ) d x , (15)
p 8 ( t , 0 ) = ∫ 0 + ∞ α ( x ) p 4 ( t , x ) d x , (16)
p 9 ( t , 0 ) = 0 , (17)
and the initial conditions
p 0 ( 0 , x ) = δ ( x ) , (18)
p i ( 0 , x ) = 0 , i = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , (19)
p i ( 0 , y ) = 0 , i = 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , (20)
δ ( x ) = { 1 , x = 0 , 0 , x ≠ 0 , (21)
where ( t , x ) ∈ [ 0 , + ∞ ) × [ 0 , + ∞ ) , ( t , y ) ∈ [ 0 , + ∞ ) × [ 0 , + ∞ ) ; and the symbols in the equations have the following meaning.
p 0 ( t , x ) d x : the probability that at time t all the three units are operating, the repairman is in vacation, the system is good and the elapsed vacation time lies in [ x , x + d x ) ;
p 1 ( t , x ) d x : the probability that at time t unit 1 and one of unit 2 and unit 3 are operating, another one is waiting for repair, the repairman is in vacation, the system is good and the elapsed vacation time lies in [ x , x + d x ) ;
p 2 ( t , x ) d x : the probability that at time t unit 2 and unit 3 are temporarily halted, unit 1 is waiting for repair, the repairman is in vacation, the system is down and the elapsed repair time lies in [ x , x + d x ) ;
p 3 ( t , x ) d x : the probability that at time t one of unit 2 and unit 3 is temporarily halted, another one is waiting for repair, unit 1 is also waiting for repair , the repairman is in vacation, the system is down and the elapsed vacation time lies in [ x , x + d x ) ;
p 4 ( t , x ) d x : the probability that at time t unit 1 is temporarily halted, unit 2 and unit 3 are waiting for repair, is also waiting for repair, the repairman is in vacation, the system is down and the elapsed vacation time lies in [ x , x + d x ) ;
p 5 ( t , y ) d y : the probability that at time t unit 1 and one of unit 2 and unit 3 are operating, another one being repaired by the repairman, the system is good and the elapsed repair time of unit 2 or unit 3 lies in [ y , y + d y ) ;
p 6 ( t , y ) d y : the probability that at time t unit 2 and unit 3 are temporarily halted, unit 1 being repaired, the system is down and the elapsed repair time of unit 1 lies in [ y , y + d y ) ;
p 7 ( t , y ) d y : the probability that at time t one of unit 2 and unit 3 are temporarily halted, another one is waiting for repair, unit 1 being repaired, the system is down and the elapsed repair time of unit 1 lies in [ y , y + d y ) ;
p 8 ( t , y ) d y : the probability that at time t unit 1 is temporarily halted, one of unit 2 and unit 3 is waiting for repair, another one being repaired by the repairman, the system is down and the elapsed repair time of unit 2 or unit 3 lies in [ y , y + d y ) ;
p 9 ( t , y ) d y : the probability that at time t unit 1 is waiting for repair, one of unit 2 and unit 3 is temporarily halted, another one being repaired by the repairman, the system is down and the elapsed repair time of unit 2 or unit 3 lies in [ y , y + d y ) ;
λ , μ : positive constants; α ( x ) : the vacation rate function;
b 1 ( y ) , b 2 ( y ) : the repair rate function of unit 1 and unit 2 (or unit 3).
Assumption 1.1: The functions α ( x ) and b i ( y ) : [ 0 , + ∞ ) → [ 0 , + ∞ ) ( i = 1 , 2 ) are measurable and bounded such that
α = lim x → + ∞ α ( x ) , b i = lim y → + ∞ b i ( y ) , b ∞ = min ( α , b 1 , b 2 ) . (22)
In [
{ d p ( t ) d t = A p ( t ) , t ∈ [ 0 , ∞ ) , p ( 0 ) = ( δ ( x ) , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ) T ∈ X , (23)
where X = ( L x 1 ( [ 0 , + ∞ ) ) ) 5 × ( L y 1 ( [ 0 , + ∞ ) ) ) 5 with norm
‖ p ‖ = ∑ i = 0 4 ‖ p i ‖ L x 1 ( [ 0 , + ∞ ) ) + ∑ i = 5 9 ‖ p i ‖ L y 1 ( [ 0 , + ∞ ) ) , (24)
p = ( p 0 ( x ) , p 1 ( x ) , p 2 ( x ) , p 3 ( y ) , p 4 ( x ) , p 5 ( y ) , p 6 ( y ) , p 7 ( y ) , p 8 ( y ) , p 9 ( y ) ) t ∈ X , (25)
A p = A m p , D ( A ) = { p ∈ D ( A m ) | E p = F p } (26)
A m = ( A 1 , 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 μ A 2 , 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 λ 0 A 3 , 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 λ 0 A 4 , 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 μ 0 0 A 5 , 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 6 , 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 7 , 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 8 , 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 μ 0 0 A 9 , 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 λ 0 0 0 A 10 , 10 ) , (27)
D ( A m ) = ( W x 1 , 1 [ 0 , ∞ ] ) 5 × ( W y 1 , 1 [ 0 , ∞ ] ) 5 (28)
A 1 , 1 = − d d x − [ λ + 2 μ + α ( x ) ] , A 22 = − d d x − [ λ + μ + α ( x ) ] , A 33 = A 44 = A 55 = − d d x − α ( x ) , (29)
A 6 , 6 = − d d y − [ λ + μ + b 2 ( y ) ] , A 7 , 7 = A 8 , 8 = − d d y − b 1 ( y ) , A 9 , 9 = A 10 , 10 = − d d y − b 2 ( y ) , (30)
φ 1 : L x 1 [ 0 , ∞ ) → C , f → φ 1 ( f ) = ∫ 0 ∞ α ( x ) f ( x ) d x , φ i : L y 1 [ 0 , ∞ ) → C , f → φ i ( f ) = ∫ 0 ∞ b i ( y ) f ( y ) d y ( i = 1 , 2 ) . (32)
To prove our main result on the asymptotic stability of the dynamic solution of system, we first prove the some lemmas.
In [
Lemma 2.1: Let γ ∈ ρ ( A 0 ) , then
(i) γ ∈ σ p ( A ) ⇔ 1 ∈ σ p ( F D γ ) .
(ii) If γ ∈ ρ ( A 0 ) and there exists γ 0 ∈ ℂ such that 1 ∈ σ ( F D γ 0 ) , then
γ ∈ σ ( A ) ⇔ 1 ∈ σ ( F D γ ) .
In our situation the operator F D γ is 10 ´ 10-matrix, see [
Lemma 2.2: For the operator ( A , D ( A ) ) we have 0 ∈ σ p ( A ) .
Proof: All the entries of F D 0 are positive and one can compute each column sum of the 10 ´ 10-matrix F D 0 as follows:
a 11 ( 0 ) + a 61 ( 0 ) + a 71 ( 0 ) + a 81 ( 0 ) + a 91 ( 0 ) = ∫ 0 + ∞ c ( x ) e − ( λ + 2 μ ) x − ∫ 0 x c ( τ ) d τ d x + 2 ∫ 0 + ∞ c ( x ) e − ( λ + μ ) x − ∫ 0 x c ( τ ) d τ ( 1 − e − μ x ) d x + λ λ + 2 μ ∫ 0 + ∞ c ( x ) e − ∫ 0 x c ( τ ) d τ ( 1 − e − ( λ + 2 μ ) x ) d x + 2 λ ∫ 0 + ∞ c ( x ) e − ∫ 0 x c ( τ ) d τ [ 1 λ + μ ( 1 − e − ( λ + 2 μ ) x ) − 1 λ + 2 μ ( 1 − e − ( λ + 2 μ ) ) ] d x + 2 μ ∫ 0 + ∞ c ( x ) e − ∫ 0 x c ( τ ) d τ [ 1 λ + μ ( 1 − e − ( λ + 2 μ ) x ) − 1 λ + 2 μ ( 1 − e − ( λ + 2 μ ) x ) ] d x = ( 2 − λ λ + 2 μ − 2 μ λ + μ ) ∫ 0 + ∞ c ( x ) e − ( λ + μ ) − ∫ 0 x c ( τ ) d τ d x + ( − 1 − λ λ + 2 μ + 2 λ λ + 2 μ + 2 μ λ + 2 μ ) ∫ 0 + ∞ c ( x ) e − ( λ + 2 μ ) − ∫ 0 x c ( τ ) d τ d x + ( λ λ + 2 μ + 2 λ λ + μ − 2 λ λ + 2 μ + 2 μ λ + 2 μ − 2 μ λ + 2 μ ) = 1 , (33)
a 7 , 3 ( 0 ) = ∫ 0 + ∞ α ( x ) e − ∫ 0 x α ( τ ) d τ d x = 1 (34)
a 8 , 4 ( 0 ) = ∫ 0 + ∞ α ( x ) e − ∫ 0 x α ( τ ) d τ d x = 1 (35)
a 9 , 5 ( 0 ) = ∫ 0 + ∞ α ( x ) e − ∫ 0 x α ( τ ) d τ d x = 1 (36)
a 62 ( 0 ) + a 82 ( 0 ) + a 92 ( 0 ) = ∫ 0 + ∞ c ( x ) e − ( λ + 2 μ ) x − ∫ 0 x c ( τ ) d τ d x + λ λ + μ ∫ 0 + ∞ c ( x ) e − ∫ 0 x c ( τ ) d τ ( 1 − e − ( λ + μ ) x ) d x + μ λ + μ ∫ 0 + ∞ c ( x ) e − ∫ 0 x c ( τ ) d τ ( 1 − e − ( λ + μ ) x ) d x = ∫ 0 + ∞ c ( x ) e − ( λ + μ ) x − ∫ 0 x c ( τ ) d τ d x + ∫ 0 + ∞ c ( x ) e − ∫ 0 x c ( τ ) d τ d x − ∫ 0 + ∞ c ( x ) e − ( λ + μ ) x − ∫ 0 x c ( τ ) d τ d x = 1 , (37)
a 16 ( 0 ) + a 66 ( 0 ) + a 76 ( 0 ) = ∫ 0 + ∞ b 2 ( y ) e − ( λ + μ ) y − ∫ 0 y b 2 ( y ) d τ d y + μ λ + μ ∫ 0 + ∞ b 2 ( y ) e − ∫ 0 y b 2 ( τ ) d τ ( 1 − e − ( λ + μ ) y ) d y + λ λ + μ ∫ 0 + ∞ b 2 ( y ) e − ∫ 0 y b 2 ( τ ) d τ ( 1 − e − ( λ + μ ) y ) d y = 1 , (38)
a 1 , 7 ( 0 ) = ∫ 0 + ∞ b 1 ( y ) e − ∫ 0 y b 1 ( τ ) d τ d y = 1 , (39)
a 6 , 8 ( 0 ) = ∫ 0 + ∞ b 1 ( y ) e − ∫ 0 y b 1 ( τ ) d τ d y = 1 , (40)
a 6 , 9 ( 0 ) = ∫ 0 + ∞ b 2 ( y ) e − ∫ 0 y b 2 ( τ ) d τ d y = 1 , (41)
a 7 , 10 ( 0 ) = ∫ 0 + ∞ b 2 ( y ) e − ∫ 0 y b 2 ( τ ) d τ d y = 1. . (42)
From (33)-(42) we know that the matrix F D 0 is column stochastic and thus 1 ∈ σ p ( F D 0 ) . Applying Lemma 2.1(i), we immediately obtain 0 ∈ σ p ( A ) .
Using Lemma 2.1(ii) we can show that 0 is the only spectral value of A on the imaginary axis.
Lemma 2.3: The spectrum σ ( A ) of a satisfies σ ( A ) ∩ i R = { 0 } .
Proof: If b ∈ ℝ , b ≠ 0 , then it is not difficult to derive that ‖ F D a i ‖ < 1 , thus the spectral radius fulfills r ( F D a i ) ≤ ‖ F D a i ‖ < 1 . This implies 1 ∈ ρ ( F D a i ) . By Lemma 2.1 (ii) we obtain that a i ∉ σ ( A ) for all a ∈ R , a ≠ 0 , i.e., σ ( A ) ∩ i R = { 0 } .
Lemma 2.4: If the operator ( A 0 , D ( A 0 ) ) is defined by A 0 p = A m p , D ( A 0 ) = { p ∈ D ( A m ) | E p = 0 } , then for the set S = { γ ∈ ℂ | Re γ > − μ ∞ } we have
S ⊆ ρ ( A 0 ) (43)
Moreover, if γ ∈ S , then
R ( γ , A 0 ) = ( t 1 , 1 0 ⊕ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t 2 , 1 t 2 , 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t 3 , 1 0 t 3 , 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t 4 , 1 t 4 , 2 0 t 4 , 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 t 5 , 1 t 5 , 2 0 0 t 5 , 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t 6 , 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t 7 , 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t 8 , 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t 9 , 6 0 0 t 9 , 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 t 10 , 6 0 0 0 t 10 , 10 ) (44)
where
t 1 , 1 = R ( γ , D 11 ) , t 2 , 1 = 2 μ R ( γ , D 22 ) R ( γ , D 11 ) , t 2 , 2 = R ( γ , D 22 ) , (45)
t 3 , 1 = λ R ( γ , D 33 ) R ( γ , D 11 ) , t 3 , 3 = R ( γ , D 33 ) , (46)
t 4 , 1 = 2 λ μ R ( γ , D 44 ) R ( γ , D 22 ) R ( γ , D 11 ) , t 4 , 2 = λ R ( γ , D 44 ) R ( γ , D 22 ) , t 4 , 4 = R ( γ , D 44 ) , (47)
t 5 , 1 = 2 μ 2 R ( γ , D 55 ) R ( γ , D 44 ) R ( γ , D 11 ) , t 5 , 2 = μ R ( γ , D 55 ) R ( γ , D 22 ) , t 5 , 5 = R ( γ , D 55 ) , (48)
t 6 , 6 = R ( γ , D 66 ) , t 7 , 7 = R ( γ , D 77 ) , t 8 , 8 = R ( γ , D 88 ) , t 9 , 6 = μ R ( γ , D 99 ) R ( γ , D 66 ) , (49)
t 9 , 9 = R ( γ , D 99 ) , t 10 , 6 = λ R ( γ , D 10 , 10 ) R ( γ , D 66 ) , t 10 , 10 = R ( γ , D 10 , 10 ) . (50)
The resolvent operator of the differential operators D i , j , 0 where D i , j , 0 = D i , j with domain D ( D i , j , 0 ) = { g ∈ W 1 , 1 ( 0 , + ∞ ) : g ( 0 ) = 0 } , i = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , j = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , are given by
( R ( γ , D 1 , 1 , 0 ) g ) ( x ) = e − ( γ + λ + 2 μ ) x − ∫ 0 x α ( τ ) d τ ∫ 0 x e ( γ + λ + 2 μ ) s − ∫ 0 s α ( τ ) d τ g ( s ) d s , (51)
( R ( γ , D 2 , 2 , 0 ) g ) ( x ) = e − ( γ + λ + 2 μ ) x − ∫ 0 x α ( τ ) d τ ∫ 0 x e ( γ + λ + μ ) s − ∫ 0 s α ( τ ) d τ g ( s ) d s , (52)
( R ( γ , D i , i , 0 ) g ) ( x ) = e − γ x − ∫ 0 x α ( τ ) d τ ∫ 0 x e γ s − ∫ 0 s α ( τ ) d τ g ( s ) d s , i = 3 , 4 , 5 , (53)
( R ( γ , D 6 , 6 , 0 ) g ) ( x ) = e − ( γ + λ + μ ) x − ∫ 0 x α ( τ ) d τ ∫ 0 x e ( γ + λ + μ ) s − ∫ 0 s α ( τ ) d τ g ( s ) d s , (54)
( R ( γ , D j , j , 0 ) g ) ( y ) = e − γ y − ∫ 0 y b 1 ( τ ) d τ ∫ 0 y e γ s − ∫ 0 s b 1 ( τ ) d τ g ( s ) d s , j = 7 , 8 , (55)
( R ( γ , D k , k , 0 ) g ) ( y ) = e − γ y − ∫ 0 y b 2 ( τ ) d τ ∫ 0 y e γ s − ∫ 0 s b 2 ( τ ) d τ g ( s ) d s , k = 9 , 10. (56)
Applying the same method as in [
Lemma 2.5: If γ ∈ ρ ( A 0 ) ∩ ρ ( A ) , then R ( γ , A ) = R ( γ , A 0 ) + D γ ( I d − F D γ ) − 1 F R ( γ , A 0 ) .
The following property of C 0 -semigroup ( T ( t ) ) t ≥ 0 generated by the system operator ( A , D ( A ) ) is useful to prove the asymptotic stability of the dynamic solution of the system.
Theorem 2.6: The semigroup ( T ( t ) ) t ≥ 0 generated by ( A , D ( A ) ) is irreducible.
Proof: By Lemma 2.4 and Lemma 2.5we can see that R ( γ , A ) transforms any positive vector p ∈ X into a strictly positive vector. Using ( [
Using Lemma 2.2, Lemma 2.3, Theorem 2.6and the same method as in ( [
Theorem 2.7: The space X can be decomposed into the direct sum
X = X 1 ⊕ X 2 (57)
where X 1 = fix ( T ( t ) ) t ≥ 0 = ker A is one-dimensional and spanned by a strictly positive eigenvector p ^ ∈ ker A of A . In addition, the restriction ( T ( t ) | X 2 ) t ≥ 0 is strongly stable.
Corollary 2.8: For all p ∈ X , there exists α > 0 , such that
lim t → ∞ T ( t ) p = α p ^ , (58)
where ker A = p ^ , p ^ ≫ 0.
We now obtain our main result as follows.
Corollary 2.9: The dynamic solution of the system (1)-(20) converges strongly to the steady-state solution as time tends to infinity, that is,
lim t → ∞ p ( t , . ) = α p ^ , (59)
where α > 0 and p ^ as in Corollary 2.6.
In this paper, we investigated a series-parallel repairable system consisting of three units with multiple vacations of a repairman. The study of the dynamic solution as well as its stability is in demand in terms of theory and practice. We discussed the asymptotic stability of the dynamic solution and showed that the dynamic solution converges strongly to the steady state solution by analyzing the spectral distribution of the system operator and taking into account the irreducibility of the semigroup generated by the system operator.
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11361057).
Keyim, T. and Haji, A. (2017) Asymptotic Stability of a Series-Parallel Repairable System Consisting of Three-Unit with Multiple Vacations of a Repairman. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 5, 185-193. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2017.51018