In this paper new technique is developed to monitor the health status of the PV panels in the array. For finding the health status short circuit current is measured continuously over a fixed time period. This technique can classify the health status into four categories such as Healthy, Low Fault, Medium Fault and High Fault. By this classification faulty operation can be rectified and power generation may be improved. In case of high faults, PV panels can be protected. The cost requirement for the implementation is very low. The proposed technique is implemented in MATLAB Simulation and hardware. The array considered in this paper is 2 × 2 Series Parallel .
The increasing power requirements for almost all application areas and disadvantages of the conventional energy sources like pollution, limited amount, etc. in today’s world have attracted the attentions of the solar PV and meeting the power requirements using solar energy as one of the mentioned renewable energy sources has been considered by many researchers. The photovoltaic (PV) generation system is increasing rapidly and showing an industrial growth of approximately 45% per year worldwide [
Photovoltaic (PV) power generators convert the energy of solar radiation directly to electrical energy without any moving parts. PV power generators can be classified into stand-alone and grid-connected generators. In stand-alone systems, the energy storage has big influence on the design of the systems. In grid-connected systems, the grid acts as an energy storage into which the PV power generator can inject power whenever power is available. The electrical grids have specific voltage levels. They are much higher than the maximum voltage of single silicon based PV cell [
Although a variety of energy storage methods are under consideration, the majority of PV systems today use battery storage. The most commonly used batteries are lead acid ones because of their good availability and cost effectiveness; the nickel (Ni-Cd or Ni-HD) types are gaining increased acceptance for portable applications and in environments with extreme temperature variations, particularly cold [
However relatively high installation costs, lack of economically efficient energy storage devices and relatively low efficiencies have formed the disadvantages of this huge energy source. However, for an efficient use of solar energy, having a precise knowledge of the amount of power yield of each individual photovoltaic generator under different conditions carries a great importance during system design procedures. The output characteristics of solar cells strongly depend on the changing environmental conditions (e.g. irradiance, temperature etc.) and the cell/module interconnection types.
A critical element for a large spreading of the PV technology is the low value of the cell efficiency. This value ranges from 5% to 17% for commercial PV-cell until 25% for laboratory applications in conditioned environment. This low value of the efficiency is strongly affected by the temperature. In fact, the optimal performances of the PV-cell are reached only if the operating temperature of the PV-cell is just equal to the NOCT (Nominal Operating Cell Temperature) defined by the rating [
The power output of the PV panel varies directly proportional to the irradiation and inversely proportional to the temperature. The output power increases with decrease in temperature and decreases with increase in temperature. During the temperature increase, current increases and voltage decreases and the net power decreases. Some faults in the PV panel can vary the temperature of the panel and some others can’t. So, fault identification by temperature analysis alone as well as by short circuit analysis alone is not efficient, since the current varies with temperature rise.
Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text, even after they have been defined in the abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, MKS, CGS, sc, dc, and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations in the title or heads unless they are unavoidable.
In the proposed method fault levels are identified by using both temperature and short circuit current values. For every 30 minutes, from morning 6.00 am to evening 6.00 pm temperature and short circuit current values are measured for each panel. The measured temperature and current values are compared with the reference and also within the same array groups. For measuring the temperature LM35 is used and for measuring the current, ACS712 module is used.
The specifications of the PV panel used in work are
Voc = 21.9 V
Isc = 0.59 A
Vm = 18.25
Im = 0.55 A
Pmax = 10 W
For the proposed system, 2 × 2 solar PV module is used. Each module is of 10 W power rating and under Standard Testing Condition (STC), that is 1000 W/m2 of irradiance at 25˚C, it has the open circuit voltage (Voc) of 21.96 V and the short circuit current (Isc) of 0.59 A. The PV array is composed of PV modules connected in series and parallel in order to obtain the desired voltage and current. The two PV modules in each leg are connected in series and the two legs are connected in parallel. The maximum output current and voltage of the PV are 1.1 A and 36.5 V respectively. By knowing these values, the mathematical model of a PV module is framed by using below equations.
where, Voc and Isc are the open circuit voltage and short circuit current of the PV module respectively. Vm and Im are the maximum output voltage and current from the PV module respectively. (1), (2), (3) and (4) are equations used for the modeling of PV module in MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Photovoltaic’s have nonlinear characteristics, where the performance and output power are directly affected with the change of the operating conditions (temperature and solar irradiance). Under STC, the proposed model produces the maximum power of 40 W which is clearly shown in the PV curve
Msc = Maximum short circuit current out of all panels in the array
Tp = Total panels in the array
Tsc = Total short circuit current of all the panels
Temperature Variation Index (TVI)
Mt = Maximum temperature out of all panels in the array
Tp = Total panels in the array
Tt = Total temperature of all the panels
First TVI is calculated, if TVI is greater than 0.1 then health status will be high fault, if it is lesser than 0.1 then SCCVI is calculated and health status is found using
TVI | Health Status |
---|---|
TVI < 0.1 | Check the SCCVI |
0.1 < TVI < 1.0 | High Fault |
SCCVI | Health Status |
---|---|
0 | Healthy |
SCCVI < 0.1 | Low Fault |
0.1 < SCCVI < 0.2 | Medium Fault |
0.2 < SCCVI < 1.0 | High Fault |
Panel Number | Isc (A) | Health Status |
---|---|---|
P1 | 0.59 | Healthy |
P2 | 0.59 | |
P3 | 0.59 | |
P4 | 0.59 | |
P1 | 0.59 | Low Fault |
P2 | 0.39 | |
P3 | 0.59 | |
P4 | 0.59 | |
P1 | 0.59 | Medium Fault |
P2 | 0.39 | |
P3 | 0.29 | |
P4 | 0.59 | |
P1 | 0.59 | High Fault |
P2 | 0.19 | |
P3 | 0.29 | |
P4 | 0.19 | |
P1 | 0.49 | High Fault |
P2 | 0.10 | |
P3 | 0.25 | |
P4 | 0.20 |
of the PV system.
Various faults are created by varying the irradiation and temperature of each panel and the corresponding powers are tabulated in
Type of fault | Before reconfiguration output power (W) | After reconfiguration output power (W) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Simulation | Hardware | Simulation | Hardware | |
Low | 32.1 | 32.6 | 37.1 | 37.1 |
Medium | 17.3 | 17.5 | 27.3 | 27.6 |
Low | 30.2 | 30.6 | 34.1 | 35.1 |
Medium | 14.8 | 15.5 | 23.2 | 24.4 |
Low | 27.7 | 28.5 | 32.1 | 33.2 |
Medium | 12.6 | 13.1 | 21.1 | 20.3 |
Medium | 16.8 | 16.5 | 24.2 | 25.4 |
Low | 29.7 | 28.6 | 31.2 | 32.3 |
Medium | 11.6 | 12.3 | 20.1 | 19.8 |
In practical setup, partial shading fault is created by hiding the panels in the array by cardboard sheet. The obtained practical results are on par with the simulation results.
This paper clearly explains the proposed health monitoring system for 2 × 2 PV array. The method finds the health status once in every 30 minutes from morning 6.00 am to evening 6.00 pm. The main advantages of the proposed method are
・ Accurate fault detection
・ Classifying the faulty
・ Energy extraction improvement
・ Extendable for any type of arrays
The reconfigured control switch can be implemented to maximize the power generation under the faulty conditions for the proposed system.
Pounraj, P., Prince Winston, D., Cynthia Christabel, S. and Ramaraj, R. (2016) A Continuous Health Monitoring System for Photovoltaic Array Using Arduino Microcontroller. Circuits and Systems, 7, 3494-3503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/cs.2016.711297