Fumonisin B 1 (FB 1) is produced by fungus of the genus Fusarium (Fusarium verticiloides and F. proliferatum), and occurs predominantly in maize. The consumption of feed contaminated with FB 1 has been reported to cause deleterious effects in some fish species. This study was designed to determine the effects of dietary FB 1 on growth and lipids profile of Clarias gariepinus. 450 juvenile catfish were stocked into 5 groups of tanks consisting of 3 tanks per group and fed one of five diets amended with FB 1 (0.0 mg; 10.0 mg; 20.0 mg; 40.0 mg and 80.0 mg FB 1/kg) for 56 days. At time point’s day 7, 14, 28 and 56, five fish were sampled from each tank weighted, length measured and bled for of lipids profile determinations. Results show that there was a significant reduction (P < 0.05), in the mean body length of the fish fed diets amended with various amounts of FB 1 compared with those fed control diet; also, there was a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the weight gain of fishes fed diets amended with FB 1 compared with the control. The specific growth rate and the feed conversion ratio at 56 days shows fish fed 0.0 mg FB 1/kg had the highest specific growth rate (0.39 ± 0.14%/day) and the lowest feed conversion ratio (0.59 ± 0.01) whereas, fish fed 80.0 mg FB 1/kg had the least specific growth rate (0.07% ± 0.01%/day) and the highest feed conversion ratio (1.95 ± 0.11). Dietary FB 1 caused significant increases (P < 0.05) in serum cholesterol, HDL-C; LDL-C; triglycerides and the sphinganine-sphingosine ratio. Dietary FB 1 at an inclusion rate ≥ 20 mg FB 1/kg of diet produced significant reduction in weight gain and hyperlipidemia marked by hypercholesterolemia, increased blood high-density lipid cholesterol, increased blood low-density lipid cholesterol, elevated blood triglycerides and elevated sphinganine-sphingosine ratio.
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by fungus of the genus Fusarium (Fusarium verticiloides and F. proliferatum), and occurs predominantly in maize and in products made from maize [
Whereas the consumption of feed and/or feed ingredients contaminated with FB1 has been reported to cause deleterious effects such as diminution of weight gain, reduction of haematological parameters and immunosuppression, in some fish species [
Research grade FB1 used for the study was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St Loius, M.O USA). Purity was ascertained by HPLC-fluorescence detection after derivatization with о-phthaldiadehyde (OPA, Sigma) to be greater than 98%. Other chemicals and reagents used for the study were purchased commercially at the highest degree of purity available.
Fumonisin B1 stock solution was prepared by dissolving 1 gm fumonisin B1 (Sigma chemicals St Loius, USA) with 1000 µl of acetonitrile-water (Vol.:Vol.) resulting in a 1 µL:1 mg solution of FB1.
The basal diet was formulated according to [
From the FB1 stock solution, the volume of solution needed to produce the experimental diets for the various FB1 inclusions were pipetted into 1000 ml beakers into which had been placed 200 ml warm distilled water. After careful stirring, weighted portions of the starch binders were added, followed by the addition of the weighed portions of the basal diets and finally, pelletizing using a bench extruder. The finished feeds were oven dried at 65˚C for 5 hours, allowed to cool to room temperature and packed in cellophane bags, labelled (control diet, D0 = 0.0 mg FB1/kg; diet D1 = 10.0 mg FB1/kg; diet D2 = 20.0 mg FB1/kg; diet D3 = 40.0 mg FB1/kg and diet D4 80.0 mg FB1/kg) and there after stored at 4˚C until used.
450 juvenile fish were procured from a commercial hatchery, acclimatized for 15 days. The fishes were then weighted (151.64 ± 2.11 g), total length measured (27.00 ± 1.39 cm) and then randomly distributed into fifteen 1000 L capacity tanks which were divided into five groups consisting of three tanks each labelled A1, A2, A3 (for the group A tanks); B1, B2 and B3 (for the group B tanks); C1, C2, C3 (for the group C tanks); D1, D2, D3 (for the group D tanks and E1, E2 and E3 (for the group E tanks) respectively at a stock density of 30 fish per tank. Stocked fish were then fed diets D0 (Control, 0.0 mg FB1/kg); D1 (10.0 mg FB1/kg); D2 (20.0 mg FB1/kg); D3 (40.0 mg FB1/kg) and diet D4 (80.0 mg FB1/kg) for 56 days. At time points 7, 14, 28, and 56 days, using a hand held net, 5 fish were randomly selected from each tank, weighed and total length measured. At these same time intervals, blood for serum lipids determinations were obtained from the fish by caudal veni-puncture (using a 23 G needle fitted on a 5 ml syringe).
The effects of dietary fumonisin B1 on growth performance was determined by the evaluation of the Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and the Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) after 56 days of feeding. The specific growth rate was determined according to [
Blood samples were collected from both the control and the treatment groups. The aspirated blood were then dispensed into clean glass tubes and allowed to clot and then spurn with a bench centrifuge at 3000 RPM for 5 minutes. Serum were separated from the clotted blood using a clean syringe fitted with a clean needle and dispensed into clean ependorph tubes and stored at 0˚C until used.
1) Determination of serum lipid profile
Total serum cholesterol was estimated using automatic serum chemistry auto analyser and kit (AUTOPAK supplied by Beyer Diagnostics India) by the enzymatic (Cholesterol Esterase, Cholesterol Oxidase and Peroxidase method of [
2) Determination of serum triglycerides
Serum Triglycerides estimation was carried out with the use of the automatic serum analyser and kit (AUTOPAK, Bayer Diagnostics India) by the enzymatic Lipoprotein lipase, Glycerol kinase, Glycerol-3-Phosphate Oxidase method of [
3) Determination of serum high density lipid (HDL)
The high density lipid in the serum was estimated using the automatic serum analyser and kits (AUTOPAK, Bayer Diagnostics India) by the phosphotungstate method. Results obtained were expressed as mg∙dL−1 of serum.
Very Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (VLVD) in serum was estimated using the Friedewald formula [
The results obtained are expressed as mg∙dL−1 of serum.
4) Determination of serum low density lipid
The serum Low Density Lipoproteins was estimated mathematically as the difference between the serum total cholesterol and the sum of the Very Low Density Lipid cholesterol and the High Density Lipid cholesterol according to the Friedwald formula [
The quantification of serum sphinganine (Sa) and sphingosine (So) in serum was done according to the method of [
The 3 ml chloroformic extracts was cleaned by passing it through polypropylene columns containing 5 g of anhydrous Na2SO4 crystals packed on top of 0.2 g of silica gel 60 (15 - 40 µm). The mini columns were preconditioned with 3 ml CHCL3 (at a flow rate of less than 2 ml per minute), the chloroformic extracts were eluted and the column washed with 1 ml CHCL3, discarding the eluate. The sphingoid bases (Sa and So) were eluted with 4 ml of CHCL3:CH3OH:NH4OH (50:50:2) solution, thus evaporating the solvent from this eluate. The residues obtained was then dissolved with 1 ml of a 0.125 M KOH solution in CH3OH:CHCL3 (4:1, vol.:vol.), and were later incubated at 37˚C for 90 minutes. Then 1 ml of CHCL3 was added to each sample, and the organic phase was washed with alkaline water (0.6 ml of NH4OH 0.35 M in 250 ml of bi-distilled water). The chloroformic phases were recovered by centrifugation for 10 min at 1200 g and 10˚C; before being dried.
The dried residues obtained from the sera were then dissolved with 250 µL of CH3OH:H2O (9:1). They were then derivatized with 50 µL of Ơ-pthaldialdehide (OPA) reagent, and were analysed by reverse-phase HPLC. The OPA was prepared by adding 10 ml 3% Boric acid (pH adjusted to 10.5 with KOH); to a solution prepared with 5 ml OPA dissolved in 100 µL CH3OH and 5 µL of 2-mercaptoethanol. The Sa and So levels were then quantified by a Hewlett Packard 1100 HPLC equipped with fluorescence detector set at 335 nm and 440 nm wave lengths for excitation and emission respectively. The Sa and So levels were calculated by extrapolating the peak areas obtained for experimental samples, in a calibration curve constructed by injection of commercial standards of Sa and So (44.4; 177.7 and 355.3 ng/ml).
Results were expressed as the mean ± Standard Deviation of the mean of each group (n = 30), and analysed by a one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Variant means were then separated by the Turkey-Kramer Post hoc test (SPSS version 20). Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05.
The nutrient composition and proximate analyses of the control and fumonisin B1 amended diets as well as the FB1 contents of the diets are as presented in
One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) reveals there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the percentage gain in total length in a comparison of fishes fed the control fish and those fed the diets amended with fumonisin B1. Turkey post hoc reveals there were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the percentage gain in
FUMONISIN B1 AMENDED DIETS | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | D0 | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 |
Fish meal | 19.00 | 19.00 | 19.00 | 19.00 | 19.00 |
SoyBean cake | 37.00 | 37.00 | 37.00 | 37.00 | 37.00 |
Maize | 32.25 | 32.23 | 32.23 | 32.25 | 32.25 |
Palm oil | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Fish oil | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 |
Vit/min Premix | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
Bone meal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Salt (NaCl) | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
Fumonisin B1 | 0.00 | 10.00 | 20.00 | 40.00 | 80.00 |
Starch Binder | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
Crude Protein | 40.01 | 40.00 | 40.04 | 40.01 | 40.02 |
Gross Energy | 19.77 | 20.00 | 20.01 | 19.86 | 20.00 |
Digestible Energy | 12.00 | 12.01 | 11.98 | 12.01 | 12.10 |
D0 = 0.0 mg FB1/kg; D1 = 10.0 mg FB1/kg; D2 = 20.0 mg FB1/kg; D3 = 40.0 mg FB1/kg; D4 = 80.0 mg FB1/kg.
FUMONISIN B1 AMENDED DIETS | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | D0 | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 |
Mean initial body length (cm) | 28.10 ± 0.10a | 27.00 ± 1.39a | 28.60 ± 1.41a | 29.00 ± 0.93a | 27.70 ± 0.66a |
Mean final body length (cm) | 47.63 ± 1.09a | 35.24 ± 0.88b | 34.87 ± 0.41b | 34.02 ± 0.48b | 36.38 ± 1.75b |
Mean gain in length (%) | 69.50 ± 1.20a | 30.52 ± 0.33b | 21.92 ± 0.09c | 17.31 ± 0.48d | 31.33 ± 0.93b |
Mean initial weight (g) | 153.09 ± 1.37a | 151.64 ± 2.11a | 152.07 ± 1.33a | 152.61 ± 0.93a | 151.78 ± 1.27a |
Mean final weight (g) | 190.01 ± 2.03a | 168.14 ± 0.01b | 166.30 ± 0.12b | 164.21 ± 0.81c | 163.41 ± 0.14c |
Mean gain in weight (%) | 24.12 ± 1.31a | 10.88 ± 1.27b | 8.56 ± 0.01c | 7.60 ± 0.07d | 7.66 ± 0.12d |
SGR (%/day) FCR | 0.39 ± 0.14a 0.59 ± 0.01a | 0.19 ± 0.08b 0.98 ± 0.01b | 0.16 ± 0.02b 1.01 ± 0.00b | 0.13 ± 0.01b 1.24 ± 0.01c | 0.07 ± 0.01c 1.95 ± 0.11c |
Rows with different superscript are significantly different (P < 0.05). D0 = 0.0 mg FB1/kg; D1 = 10.0 mg FB1/kg; D2 = 20.0 mg FB1/kg; D3 = 40.0 mg FB1/kg; D4 = 80.0 mg FB1/kg.
length amongst the fishes fed the diets amended with fumonisin B1. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the data obtained for the mean final weight gain shows there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the comparison of the weight gain of fishes fed the control diets and those fed the diets amended with fumonisin B1; Turkey post hoc test shows there are no variations (P > 0.05) in the weight gain of fishes fed the diets amended with 10.0 mg FB1/kg and 20.0 mg FB1/kg; these were however significantly different (P < 0.05) from those of fishes fed diets containing 40.0 mg FB1/kg and 80.0 mg FB1/kg. Also, there was no significant variation (P > 0.05) in the mean gain in weight of fishes fed diets containing 40.0 and 80.0 mg FB1/kg (
Evaluation of the data obtained for the specific growth rate (SGR) and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) at 56 days of dietary exposure to fumonisin B1 shows fishes fed the control feed (0.0 mg FB1/kg) had the highest specific growth rate (0.39% ± 0.14%/day) and the lowest feed conversion ratio (0.59 ± 0.01) whereas, fishes fed 80.0 mg FB1/kg had the least specific growth rate (0.07% ± 0.01%/day) and the highest feed conversion ratio (1.95 ± 0.11). One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) reveals significant variation (P < 0.05) in the SGR of fishes fed the control diets compared with fish fed the diets containing various amounts of fumonisin B1. Also, Turkey post hoc shows whereas there were no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the SGR of fishes fed diets containing 10.0, 20.0 and 40 mg FB1/kg, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the SGR of fishes fed diets amended with fumonisin B1 ≤ 40.0 mg FB1/kg of the diet compared with fishfed 80.0 mg FB1/kg of the diet (
The results obtained for the effects of dietary exposure to fumonisin B1 on the serum total cholesterol are as shown in
FUMONISIN B1 AMENDED DIETS | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Days feeding | D0 | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 |
7 | 92.20 ± 1.00a | 98.07 ± 0.13b | 101.24 ± 1.09c | 103.31 ± 1.07c | 107.29 ± 2.02d |
14 | 95.19 ± 1.31a | 94.89 ± 3.48a | 112.81 ± 1.09b | 128.99 ± 1.78c | 129.19 ± 3.41c |
28 | 95.41 ± 1.11a | 96.69 ± 1.09a | 113.78 ± 1.06b | 128.43 ± 1.12c | 130.77 ± 2.40c |
56 | 93.56 ± 0.66a | 94.27 ± 1.96a | 135.44 ± 2.37b | 135.99 ± 1.08b | 155.41 ± 6.13c |
Rows with different superscript are significantly different (P < 0.05). D0 = 0.0 mg FB1/kg; D1 = 10.0 mg FB1/kg; D2 = 20.0 mg FB1/kg; D3 = 40.0 mg FB1/kg; D4 = 80.0 mg FB1/kg.
Days feeding | D0 | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 | 10.01 ± 1.21a | 12.07 ± 1.00b | 10.23 ± 1.37a | 10.24 ± 1.41a | 10.19 ± 1.67a |
14 | 7.91 ± 0.83a | 9.37 ± 0.30bc | 9.81 ± 1.00c | 8.99 ± 1.00b | 9.10 ± 0.41b |
28 | 7.79 ± 0.77a | 10.94 ± 0.38b | 10.17 ± 1.21c | 9.29 ± 1.47d | 9.96 ± 0.41cd |
56 | 7.03 ± 0.01a | 9.48 ± 1.87b | 9.99 ± 0.67b | 9.71 ± 0.99b | 10.00 ± 0.01b |
Rows with different superscript are significantly different (P < 0.05). D0 = 0.0 mg FB1/kg; D1 = 10.0 mg FB1/kg; D2 = 20.0 mg FB1/kg; D3 = 40.0 mg FB1/kg; D4 = 80.0 mg FB1/kg.
exposed to varied amounts of dietary FB1 for 56 days. It shows although there were marginal increases in the serum HDL-C levels in fish exposed to dietary FB1, except for fish fed diet containing 10.0 mg FB1/kg, at 7 days of feeding, the serum HDL-C level of the control fish was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from those of the fish fed the diets amended with varied amounts of FB1. At 14 days and as was at day 28 and 56 post dietary exposure to FB1, the serum HDL-C levels in the exposed fish was significantly increased (P < 0.05) compared with those of the control fish; Turkey post hoc evaluation revealed the variation in the serum HDL-C of the fish fed the diets amended with FB1 at days 14, 28 and 56 to be significant (P < 0.05).
Results obtained from the dietary exposure of juvenile Clarias gariepinus catfish to FB1 on serum low density lipid cholesterol (LDL-C) are shown in
Dietary exposure to FB1 caused significant increases in the serum triglyceride concentrations of the exposed fish (
FUMONISIN B1 AMENDED DIETS | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Days feeding | D0 | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 |
7 | 70.63 ± 0.98a | 63.80 ± 0.84b | 64.49 ± 0.31b | 66.09 ± 1.00b | 70.56 ± 1.02a |
14 | 71.24 ± 0.32a | 64.02 ± 0.19b | 77.45 ± 0.56b | 93.84 ± 0.75b | 93.81 ± 1.01b |
28 | 71.85 ± 0.17a | 62.87 ± 0.45b | 77.69 ± 0.92b | 93.61 ± 0.17c | 94.93 ± 1.76c |
56 | 70.31 ± 0.64a | 64.59 ± 0.37b | 99.76 ± 0.55b | 100.19 ± 0.04b | 118.99 ± 0.64b |
Rows with different superscript are significantly different (P < 0.05). D0 = 0.0 mg FB1/kg; D1 = 10.0 mg FB1/kg; D2 = 20.0 mg FB1/kg; D3 = 40.0 mg FB1/kg; D4 = 80.0 mg FB1/kg.
FUMONISIN B1 AMENDED DIETS | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Days feeding | D0 | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 |
7 | 82.79 ± 0.34a | 111.02 ± 0.49b | 132.61 ± 0.39c | 134.90 ± 0.72d | 132.72 ± 0.33c |
14 | 80.22 ± 0.81a | 107.51 ± 0.54b | 128.13 ± 0.97c | 130.81 ± 0.19d | 131.40 ± 0.21e |
28 | 78.84 ± 0.37a | 114.42 ± 0.76b | 129.59 ± 0.83c | 127.67 ± 0.26d | 129.42 ± 0.37c |
56 | 81.17 ± 0.71a | 100.99 ± 0.28b | 128.44 ± 0.51c | 130.44 ± 0.90d | 132.08 ± 0.54e |
Rows with different superscript are significantly different (P < 0.05). D0 = 0.0 mg FB1/kg; D1 = 10.0 mg FB1/kg; D2 = 20.0 mg FB1/kg; D3 = 40.0 mg FB1/kg; D4 = 80.0 mg FB1/kg.
differed significantly (P < 0.05) compared to values obtained for fish fed the diets amended with FB1.
Results for the assessment of the fish culture water quality parameters are within the range prescribed for fresh water fishes and are as follows: the pH of the culture water ranges between 7.0 and 7.4; alkalinity ranged from 0.55 mmol/L to 0.70 mmol/L; the nitrates concentration of the fish culture water ranged from 0.014 mg/L to 0.048 mg/L while the nitrites concentration in the fish culture water ranged from 5.70 mg/l to 10.40 mg/L. Also, the dissolved oxygen concentration of the fish culture water ranged between 5.17 mg/L and 7.05 mg/L while the temperature of the culture water ranged from 27.5˚C to 30.8˚C throughout the duration of the experiment [
In the present study, dietary FB1 significantly reduced growth performance parameters measured; similar effects have been reported in other fish species (Ictalurus puntatus, [
FUMONISIN B1 AMENDED DIETS | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Days feeding | D0 | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 |
7 | 0.45 ± 0.01a | 1.57 ± 0.12b | 1.70 ± 0.19c | 1.68 ± 0.01c | 1.71 ± 0.03c |
14 | 0.39 ± 0.01a | 1.66 ± 0.03b | 1.60 ± 0.09c | 1.70 ± 0.03d | 1.66 ± 0.01b |
28 | 0.41 ± 0.02a | 1.87 ± 0.01b | 2.03 ± 0.01c | 2.12 ± 0.01d | 2.16 ± 0.13d |
56 | 0.41 ± 0.01a | 1.79 ± 0.02b | 1.68 ± 0.11c | 1.69 ± 0.02c | 1.88 ± 0.12d |
Rows with different superscript are significantly different (P < 0.05). D0 = 0.0 mg FB1/kg; D1 = 10.0 mg FB1/kg; D2 = 20.0 mg FB1/kg; D3 = 40.0 mg FB1/kg; D4 = 80.0 mg FB1/kg.
Dietary fumonisin B1 exposure caused a significant increase in the sphinganine-sphingosine (Sa:So) ratio starting from day 7 of the feeding trial. In addition to the nutritional parameters commonly employed as markers of toxicity in FB1 exposures; the increase in the Sa-So ratio has also been used as toxicity indicator in diverse experimental animal models [
Serum total cholesterol increased significantly throughout the duration of the dietary exposure. The increase in serum total cholesterol occurred along the gradient of concentration of the FB1 content of the diets as well as on the duration of dietary FB1 exposure with the highest increase (66.11%) occurring in fish fed diet containing 80.0 mg FB1/kg at 56 days of dietary exposure. The increase in serum cholesterol in the juvenile Clarias gariepinus was an expected result as hypercholesterolemia has been reported to be an early finding in a number of exposed animals [
High density lipoproteins are responsible for the reverse transport of cholesterol from the peripheral cells to the liver where cholesterol is transformed to bile acids which are excreted into the biliary tract. Elevated HDL- cholesterol concentrations particularly in conjunction with an elevated triglycerides increases cardiovascular risk [
When compared with the fish fed the control diet, the serum triglycerides concentration of fish fed diets amended with FB1 increased in a nonspecific manner. Fish under condition of stress have been shown to mobilize triglycerides and protein to fulfill an increased demand for energy not only to cope with the detrimental condition imposed by the toxicant, but also, to meet the energy required to sustain increased physical activity, biotransformation and the excretion of the noxious substance [
In conclusion, the study revealed that dietary exposure to fumonisin B1 at an inclusion rate greater than or equal to 20 mg FB1/kg of diet produced significant loss in weight gain and hyperlipidemia marked by hypercholesterolemia, increased blood high density lipid cholesterol, increased blood low density lipid cholesterol, elevated blood triglycerides and elevated sphinganine-sphingosine ratio. It is therefore recommended that for increased profitability in Clarias gariepinus catfish culture, dietary fumonisin B1 content should not exceed 20.0 mg FB1/kg.
Bolade Thomas Adeyemo,Tiamiyu Lateef Oloyede,Ayuba Victoria Ogeh,Cheikyula Joseph Orkuma, (2016) Growth Performance and Serum Lipids Profile of Clarias gariepinus Catfish Following Experimental Dietary Exposure to Fumonisin B1. Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine,06,127-138. doi: 10.4236/ojvm.2016.86017
Valuable data collected but not shown in the report are presented in Tables A1-A3.
FUMONISIN B1 AMENDED DIETS | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Days feeding | D0 | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 |
7 | 16.56 ± 1.00a | 22.20 ± 1.87b | 26.52 ± 0.94c | 26.98 ± 1.32c | 26.54 ± 1.65c |
14 | 16.04 ± 0.93a | 21.50 ± 1.90b | 25.63 ± 1.27c | 26.16 ± 1.69c | 26.28 ± 2.02c |
28 | 15.77 ± 0.86a | 22.88 ± 1.34b | 25.92 ± 1.08c | 25.53 ± 1.91c | 25.88 ± 1.47c |
56 | 16.23 ± 0.05a | 20.20 ± 1.19b | 25.69 ± 1.39c | 26.09 ± 0.43c | 26.42 ± 1.85c |
D0 = 0.0 mg FB1/kg; D1= 10.0 mg FB1/kg; D2 = 20.0 mg FB1/kg; D3 = 40.0 mg FB1/kg; D4= 80.0 mg FB1/kg.
FUMONISIN B1 AMENDED DIETS | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Days feeding | D0 | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 |
7 | 29.57 ± 0.71 | 116.71 ± 2.09 | 123.97 ± 0.41 | 125.70 ± 1.76 | 130.43 ± 0.01 |
14 | 26.34 ± 1.57 | 119.71 ± 1.36 | 123.91 ± 1.27 | 123.40 ± 1.91 | 129.90 ± 1.41 |
28 | 27.31 ± 0.02 | 126.08 ± 6.11 | 139.23 ± 4.37 | 144.00 ± 1.36 | 148.09 ± 1.19 |
56 | 25.62 ± 1.30 | 123.49 ± 2.37 | 129.01 ± 1.24 | 130.11 ± 1.37 | 152.60 ± 0.13 |
D0 = 0.0 mg FB1/kg; D1 = 10.0 mg FB1/kg; D2 = 20.0 mg FB1/kg; D3 = 40.0 mg FB1/kg; D4 = 80.0 mg FB1/kg.
FUMONISIN B1 AMENDED DIETS | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Days feeding | D0 | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 |
7 | 65.93 ± 0.02 | 74.48 ± 0.13 | 73.11 ± 0.25 | 74.63 ± 0.71 | 76.11 ± 0.04 |
14 | 67.47 ± 0.19 | 70.13 ± 0.97 | 78.31 ± 0.12 | 72.71 ± 0.37 | 78.49 ± 0.65 |
28 | 64.41 ± 1.02 | 67.61 ± 0.01 | 68.53 ± 0.03 | 67.94 ± 1.53 | 69.51 ± 0.01 |
56 | 63.79 ± 0.14 | 69.34 ± 1.09 | 77.03 ± 1.22 | 81.29 ± 1.89 | 83.45 ± 1.46 |
D0 = 0.0 mg FB1/kg; D1= 10.0 mg FB1/kg; D2 = 20.0 mg FB1/kg; D3 = 40.0 mg FB1/kg; D4 = 80.0 mg FB1/kg.