This study selected water-cement ratio 0.5 and slump 16 cm for ACI mix design, and used nano- clay to replace 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% of cement by weight to make cylinder and angle column specimens. The effects of different high temperatures on the compressive strength and heat transfer coefficient were tested, and the ignition loss of nano-clay cement paste was measured. The results showed that an appropriate replacement of nano-clay for 0.3% - 0.5% of cement can enhance the strength and heat transfer coefficient of concrete, especially 0.3% replacement. The 0.1% nano- clay replacement for cement reduces the strength and heat transfer coefficient of concrete. When the ambient temperature exceeds 300?C, the nano-clay concrete strength begins to decline, and the heat transfer coefficient decreases greatly, the effect of hot environment on the strength trend of nano-clay concrete is similar to that on normal concrete. When the nano-clay replaces cement by 0% - 0.5%, the ignition loss is approximately in exponential and logarithmic relationships to the compressive strength respectively when the ignition loss is smaller than and greater than 6%.
When the dimensions of materials enter into the nano range, conventional theories of material science no longer hold true. Nano materials have special characteristics, including the surface effect, small-size effect, quantum size effect, macroscopic quantum tunneling effect, and others [
Cement paste’s main source of strength comes from C-S-H gel and CH crystals, which interact with each other chemically when heated. Its properties after being subjected to heat are affected mainly by the change of water content as well as the decomposition and fusion of minerals. Typically, capillary water and gel pore water evaporate when the temperature reaches 105˚C; at 200˚C, the bonded water inside the C-S-H gel starts to separate; at 250˚C - 300˚C, most of the hydrate bonded water containing Al2O3 and Fe2O3 and about 20% of the bonded water in the C-S-H gel are lost; at 400˚C - 700˚C, the remaining 80% of the bonded water in the C-S-H gel breaks down completely; between 500˚C - 580˚C, Ca(OH)2 starts to disintegrate; at 750˚C, calcium carbonate starts to disintegrate, releasing CO2, and producing CaO, which swells when it comes into contact with water and causes the concrete to crack [
This study simulates the concrete under the effect of fire to research the effect of nano-clay on the compressive strength and heat transfer coefficient of concrete. In addition, the feasibility of using the ignition loss test result to evaluate the retained strength of concrete is analyzed.
This study conducted ACI mix design using a 0.5 water-cement ratio and a slump of 16 cm and created specimens with 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% weight of cement replaced by nano-clay (numbered as W5N0, W5N1, W5N3, and W5N5, respectively). The mix proportions are shown in
There are three test items:
1) Compressive strength of concrete at different curing ages
A ψ10 × 20 cm cylinder specimen is made according to the mix proportion, stripped on the following day and cured in saturated limewater. The compressive strength on Days 7, 14, 28, 49, 56 and 90 is measured respectively.
2) Compressive strength of concrete in hot environment
A ψ10 × 20 cm cylinder specimen is made according to mix proportion, stripped on the following day and cured in saturated limewater for 28 days for simulation test for the effect of different high temperatures on the compressive strength. The specimen is taken out of the water and put in 105˚C oven for 3 days, and then put in high temperature furnace, the specimen is exposed to 25˚C, 300˚C, 440˚C, 500˚C, 580˚C, 800˚C and 1000˚C respectively. It is indicated in literature that the compressive strength of concrete decreases mainly in one-hour delay under the effect of high temperature [
The cement paste is extracted from the damaged specimen (including a small amount of fine aggregate in small particle size which cannot be removed) to test the ignition loss. The ignition loss test procedure is: 1) take 10 g sample, weighed W25; 2) put in 105˚C oven for 24 hours, weighed W105 after cooling; 3) put in full
Number Material | W5N0 | W5N1 | W5N3 | W5N5 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Coarse aggregate | 926.0 | 926.0 | 926.0 | 926.0 |
Fine aggregate | 758.1 | 758.1 | 758.1 | 758.1 |
Cement | 410.0 | 409.6 | 408.8 | 408.0 |
Water | 205.0 | 205.0 | 205.0 | 205.0 |
Nano-clay | 0.00 | 0.41 | 1.23 | 2.05 |
electronic high temperature furnace, heated to 440˚C and delayed 8 hours, weighed W440 after cooling; 4) heated in full electronic high temperature furnace to 580˚C and delayed 8 hours, weighed W580 after cooling; 5) heated in full electronic high temperature furnace to 1007˚C and delayed 8 hours, weighed W1007 after cooling; 6) calculate ignition loss (IL), expressed as Equation (1).
3) Thermal conductivity of concrete in hot environment
A 15 × 15 × 24 cm square angle column specimen is made according to mix proportion, stripped on the following day and cured in saturated limewater for 28 days. This test only considers the longitudinal transfer of heat in concrete. Two 15 × 15 cm surfaces are heating surface and radiating surface, wrapped in refractory wool with good heat insulation to avoid the heat energy in the concrete dissipating from sides. The temperature is increased to 800˚C at heating rate of 5˚C/min. The temperature data acquisition unit records the temperature change per second. The heat transfer coefficient is calculated by Equation (2).
where k = heat transfer coefficient (W/m-˚K); Q = heat-flow rate (W); A = cross-section area normal to direction of heat flow (m2); dT/dx = temperature gradient of direction of heat flow (˚K/m).
The test results are shown in
Number Curing time (days) | W5N0 | W5N1 | W5N3 | W5N5 |
---|---|---|---|---|
7 | 24.8 | 21.0 | 27.4 | 25.8 |
14 | 28.1 | 25.6 | 31.7 | 30.4 |
28 | 33.7 | 30.0 | 35.7 | 34.8 |
49 | 36.4 | 32.4 | 38.1 | 36.9 |
56 | 36.8 | 32.8 | 38.4 | 37.3 |
90 | 37.9 | 35.0 | 40.0 | 38.8 |
and 83.4% of the strength on Day 28 respectively. The compressive strength on Days 56 and 90 is increased by 9.2 and 12.5% respectively, meaning the strength grows rapidly during the first 28 days of curing, the strength develops slowly after 28 days. The concrete with a small replacement of nano-clay for cement (W5N1, W5N3 and W5N5) has a strength development trend similar to normal concrete, meaning a small amount of nano-clay has no significant impact on the time varying development trend of concrete strength.
Take the curing age of 28 days as an example, 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% nano-clay replace cement by weight, the strength is reduced by 11.0% and increased by 5.9% and 3.3% respectively. The strength of specimens at other ages has similar trends, meaning a proper amount of nano-clay replacing cement by 0.3% - 0.5% can increase the concrete strength, and the 0.3% replacement increases the concrete strength significantly, the 0.1% nano- clay replacement for cement reduces the concrete strength.
The test results are shown in
Number Temperature (˚C) | W5N0 | W5N1 | W5N3 | W5N5 |
---|---|---|---|---|
25 | 38.2 | 37.5 | 41.6 | 41.1 |
300 | 36.9 | 35.9 | 41.1 | 40.3 |
440 | 28.9 | 26.3 | 32.9 | 31.4 |
500 | 24.7 | 18.5 | 27.3 | 26.0 |
580 | 17.9 | 14.5 | 21.1 | 20.4 |
800 | 8.0 | 6.0 | 8.8 | 8.6 |
1000 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.8 | 2.6 |
Number Temperature(˚C) | W5N0 | W5N1 | W5N3 | W5N5 |
---|---|---|---|---|
200 | 2.05 | 1.95 | 2.17 | 2.12 |
300 | 1.52 | 1.45 | 1.65 | 1.57 |
400 | 1.22 | 1.18 | 1.34 | 1.26 |
500 | 1.04 | 1.00 | 1.16 | 1.07 |
600 | 0.90 | 0.88 | 1.01 | 0.96 |
700 | 0.81 | 0.79 | 0.91 | 0.87 |
800 | 0.73 | 0.71 | 0.83 | 0.80 |
The test results are shown in
Number Temperature (˚C) | N0 | N1 | N3 | N5 |
---|---|---|---|---|
25 | 16.0 | 15.9 | 16.3 | 16.1 |
300 | 13.3 | 12.9 | 13.8 | 13.7 |
440 | 9.2 | 9.1 | 9.6 | 9.2 |
500 | 7.2 | 6.6 | 7.6 | 7.4 |
580 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.5 | 6.2 |
800 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.1 |
1000 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.5 |
When the water-cement ratio of paste is 0.5, and the nano-clay replacement for cement is 0% - 0.5%, the ignition loss is approximately in exponential relationship to the compressive strength when the ignition loss is lower than 6%, y = 1.267e0.443IL, the correlation factor (R2) is 0.969; when the ignition loss is higher than 6%, the ignition loss is approximately in logarithmic relationship to the compressive strength, y = 22.832ln(IL) - 22.003, the correlation factor is 0.920. Therefore, the compressive strength of concrete can be calculated by ignition loss, or the ambient temperature of concrete can be calculated by ignition loss (
This study selects water-cement ratio 0.5 and slump 16 cm for ACI mix design, and uses nano-clay to replace cement 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% by weight respectively. Cylinder specimens are made to test the effect of different high temperatures on the compressive strength and heat transfer coefficient, and the ignition loss of nano-clay cement paste is measured, concluded as follows:
1) For the specimen at the curing age of 28 days, 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% nano-clays replace cement by weight, the strength is reduced by 11.0% and increased by 5.9% and 3.3% respectively. The strength of specimens at other ages has similar trends and the 0.3% replacement increases the concrete strength significantly, the 1% nano-clay replacement reduces the concrete strength.
2) In 25˚C and 300˚C environments, the strength of normal concrete is increased by 13.4% and 9.5% respectively compared with control group. However, in 440˚C, 500˚C, 580˚C, 800˚C and 1000˚C environments, the strength is reduced by 14.2%, 26.7%, 46.9%, 76.3% and 93.8% respectively. In different hot environments, the 0.1% nano-clay replacement can reduce the concrete strength, the 3% - 5% replacement can increase the concrete strength, and the 0.3% replacement increases the concrete strength significantly.
3) For 0.1% - 0.5% nano-clay concrete, when the temperature is 300˚C to 580˚C, the paste ignition loss decreasing amplitude is increased markedly.
4) The heat transfer coefficient of concrete decreases as the ambient temperature increases, the maximum decreasing amplitude occurs at 200˚C - 300˚C. The 0.3% and 0.5% nano-clay replacement can increase the heat transfer coefficient of concrete.
5) When the nano-clay replaces 0% - 0.5% of cement, and the ignition loss is lower than 6%, the ignition loss is approximately in exponential relationship to the compressive strength. When the ignition loss is higher than 6%, the ignition loss is approximately in logarithmic relationship to the compressive strength.
Wei-Chien Wang,Shao-Yu Wang,Cheng-Hsun Lin, (2016) Effect of Hot Environment on Strength and Heat Transfer Coefficient of Nano-Clay Concrete Paper Title. Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering,04,45-52. doi: 10.4236/msce.2016.47007