Background: Urinary retention is one of the common urologic emergencies constituting a significant workload of urologists and non-urologists alike. Aims and Objectives: This study was undertaken to identify the causes and complications associated with urinary retention in adult male patients at AKTH, Kano. Patients and Methods: It was a prospective hospital-based study of 110 consecutive adult male patients who presented to Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano with urinary retention over 12 months. On presentation, a brief history was taken and rapid physical examination done; the urinary retention was relieved by urethral catheterization or suprapubic cystostomy. A detailed history and thorough physical examination findings were later obtained. Results: One hundred and ten patients were seen during the study period. There ages ranged from 17 to100 years with a mean of 56 ± 19.3 SD years. Patients within the age range 55 - 74 years accounted for the largest group, (25.5% + 23.6% = 49.1%). The most common cause of urinary retention in this study was benign prostatic hyperplasia (51.8% of the patients). This was followed by urethral stricture (20%), cancer of the prostate (7.3%), urethral injury (7.3%) and bladder tumour (6.4%). More than half of the patients (53.4%) presented with acute urinary retention, 30.5% presented with chronic urinary retention, and 16.1% were diagnosed to have acute-on-chronic urinary retention. The complications of urinary retention found were: urinary tract infection (in 24.5% of patients), renal impairment (14.5%), and anaemia (11.8%). Conclusion: Urinary retention is commoner among the middle aged and the elderly. Benign prostatic hyperplasia remains the leading cause of urinary retention. Acute urinary retention was the commonest type of urinary retention; however, complications due to the retention were associated with chronic and acute-on-chronic urinary retention.
Urinary retention (UR) is defined as inability to empty the bladder despite being distended with urine [
Urinary retention is one of the common urologic emergencies worldwide [
The incidence is estimated to be 4.5 - 6.8 per 1000 men (aged 43 - 80 years) per year and this increases with increasing age [
There are several causes of UR. These can be due to the following mechanisms:
1) Greater resistance to the flow of urine, either related to mechanical obstruction (e.g. urethral stricture, clot retention) or dynamic obstruction (e.g. increased α-adrenergic activity in the smooth muscles of the prostate and the bladder neck in BPH) [
Urinary retention is associated with complications which are predominantly seen in CUR and acute-on-chronic UR due to gradual urine accumulation with subsequent stasis and increase in intravesical pressure.
Stagnation of urine leads to infection, which may involve the entire urinary system [
Studies have shown that around half the men with CUR have increased serum creatinine or upper urinary tract dilatation. It seems generally accepted that this is more common in high pressure chronic urinary retention [
It was a hospital based prospective study of 110 consecutive adult male patients who presented in urinary retention over one year (Jan-Dec, 2012). The patients were recruited through the emergency and the urology outpatient units of AKTH, Kano. Informed consent was obtained from each of the patients or their care-givers for recruitment into the study. Ethical approval was also obtained from the research ethics committee of the hospital.
On presentation, a brief history was taken and rapid physical examination done to establish if patient was in urinary retention and if it was acute, chronic or acute-on-chronic. The clinical assessment was done also to detect conditions that may require resuscitation such as dehydration, anaemia, UTI and renal impairment. UR was relieved as part of the resuscitation. Urethral catheterization was initially used to relieve the retention in most patients, where it failed or was contraindicated then SPC was done. Volume of urine drained was recorded. In AUR the urine was drained at once while in CUR it was drained gradually over the following 24 to 48 hrs. All catheterizations were done in an aseptic setting by doctors in surgery department.
A detailed history including preceding LUTS and the duration, associated symptoms such as haematuria and passage of necrotic materials, history of precipitating factors (including trauma to the urogenital region, UTI, drugs etc), predisposing factors (e.g. past history of urethritis or urethral instrumentation, past history of passage of stone in the urine, past history of untreated childhood terminal haematuria, previous surgery for difficulty/ inability to pass urine etc.) were obtained and recorded. Other aspects of the history including history of trauma to the back or low back pain, low back swellings, diabetes mellitus, previous UR, and features of complications of UR (such as uraemic symptoms, fever, pain on micturition etc.) were all obtained.
Detailed physical examination findings including general appearance of the patient, presence or absence of pallor, dehydration, uraemic frosts, facial and pedal oedema were recorded. Vital signs were also recorded. Abdominal examination findings such as suprapubic swelling or tenderness, loin swellings or tenderness, inguinal and scrotal swellings, blood at the tip of penis/external urethral meatus, periurethral indurations, perineal sinuses and findings on digital rectal examinations (including enlarged prostate and whether it has benign or malignant features, presence of high riding prostate, presence of bladder tumour) were all looked for and entered into a questionnaire. Neurologic system examination including examination of the spine (for swellings, deformity, areas of tenderness) and limbs (for muscles tone and power) were done and findings recorded. Other examinations such as sensory level, deep tendon reflexes and bulbocarvanosus reflex were done on spinal diseased patients.
All the patients had their urine samples taken at catheterization for urinalysis and microscopy, culture and sensitivity. Full blood count, serum urea, electrolytes and creatinine (U/E/Cr) and abdominal ultrasound were done on all the patients. Other investigations were individualized depending on the clinical impression of the possible cause of UR and associated complications. These investigations were retrograde urethrogram (RUG), micturating cystourethrogram (MCUG), Abdominal X-ray (KUB), PSA, prostate biopsy, cystoscopy/urethro- cystoscopy with or without biopsy. The results of the investigations were retrieved and recorded in the questionnaire during subsequent review in the ward or at urology outpatient clinic for the outpatients.
The generated data was analysed using SPSS version 16.
The patients seen in this study were adults male of the ages ranged from 17 to 100 years with a mean age of 56 ± 19.3 SD years as shown in
years accounting for almost half of the patients in the study (25.5% + 23.6% = 49.1%). Patients within the ages of 35 - 44 years and 45 - 54 years accounted for 12.7% each. The much older age group (≥85 years) and the younger (≤24 years) had the lowest rate of developing UR.
Following the initial management of the patients, causes of UR found are shown in
From this study, majority of the patients (53.4%) were found to have AUR, 30.5% had CUR while 16.1% developed acute-on-chronic UR as shown in
Of the 27 (24.5%) patients who had documented UTI at presentation, E. coli was cultured in 17 (63%) patients, Klebsiella specie in 6 (22.2%) patients, and Pseudomonas aeroginosa in the remaining 4 (14.8%) patients. The patients found to have anaemia (11.8%) had haemoglobin that ranged from 6 g/dl to 8 g/dl with a mean of 7.2 ± 1 SD g/dl. In the patients with renal impairment (14.5%) various degree of derangement in U/E/Cr was recorded. However, 4 of the patients had haemodialysis based on biochemical indication.
All the complications observed above were seen in the patients with CUR and acute-on-chronic UR.
In 61.0% of the patients, the retention was successfully relieved by urethral catheterization, while in the remaining 39.0% the retention was relieved by SPC (
Urinary retention is one of the common urological emergencies in our environment. It is commonly caused by BPH, urethral strictures, prostatic cancer, urethral trauma, bladder tumour and stones.
Urinary retention was found in this study to be commoner among middle aged and the elderly. Those in the age group 60 - 79 years constitute the largest group (27.3% + 21.8% = 49.1%). The patients within the age group of 20 - 29 years accounted for 12.7%. The much older age group (≥90 years) and the younger (≤20 years)
Causes of UR | No of patients | Percent |
---|---|---|
BPH Urethral stricture Cancer of the prostate Urethral injury Bladder tumour BPH and Urethral stricture Bladder/Urethral stone Bladder neck stenosis Cancer of the prostate and Urethral stricture Total | 57 22 8 8 7 4 2 1 1 110 | 51.8 20.0 7.3 7.3 6.4 3.6 1.8 0.9 0.9 100 |
Causes of UR | Mean age (years) | Standard Deviation (SD) |
---|---|---|
BPH Urethral stricture Cancer of the prostate Urethral trauma Bladder tumour | 66.5 40.9 68.5 24.6 50.9 | 10.8 13.2 6.5 5.0 13.5 |
Causes of UR | Types of UR | Total No (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Acute UR No (%) | Chronic UR No (%) | Acute-on-chronic UR No (%) | ||
BPH Urethral stricture Urethral injury Cancer of the prostate Bladder tumour BPH and urethral stricture Bladder/urethral stone Cancer of the prostate and urethral stricture Bladder neck stenosis Total | 31 (52.5) 11 (18.6) 8 (13.6) 3 (5.1) 4 (6.8) - 2 (3.4) - - 59 (100) | 18 (53) 7 (20.6) - 3 (8.8) 3 (8.8) 2 (5.9) - 1 (2.9) - 34 (100) | 8 (47.0) 4 (23.5) - 2 (11.8) - 2 (11.8) - - 1 (5.9) 17 (100) | 57 (51.8) 22 (20.0) 8 (7.3) 8 (7.3) 7 (6.4) 4 (3.6) 2 (1.8) 1 (0.9) 1 (0.9) 110 (100) |
Complications | No of patients | Percent |
---|---|---|
None Urinary tract infection Renal impairment Anaemia Renal impairment and UTI Renal Impairment and anaemia Anaemia and UTI Total | 66 19 7 6 5 4 3 110 | 60 17.3 6.4 5.5 4.5 3.6 2.7 100 |
had the lowest rate of developing urinary retention of 2.7% each. The largest age group in this study was similar with the findings by John MF, et al. in “Management of Acute Urinary Retention: a Worldwide Survey of 6074 Men with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia” [
percentage of the causes of UR such as BPH and cancer of the prostate are commoner in the said age group.
The mean age of patients who presented with UR from BPH in this study (66.5 ± 10.8 SD years) was similar to the finding in a previous study on benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate carcinoma in native Africans done at Zaria, Nigeria, which found a mean age of 66.1 years among 545 patients with BPH 65. Studies from other parts of the world also showed similar findings as reported in “Management of Acute Urinary Retention: A Worldwide Survey of 6074 men with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia” [
From this study the mean age of patients with UR from Bladder Tumour was 50.9%; this was also similar to the findings of Ochicha O, et al. in a previous study on bladder cancer in Kano [
The most common cause of UR from this study was BPH in 51.8% of the patients. This was followed by urethral stricture in 20%, cancer of the prostate and urethral trauma were each responsible for UR in 7.3% of the cases, and bladder tumour accounted for 6.4% and bladder /urethral stone in 1.8%. Some patients were found to have more than one cause; 3.6% of the patients had both BPH and urethral stricture. These were similar to findings in other studies such as the one conducted by Yeboah, et al. at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana from 1982 to 1989 on 1124 patients [
Similarly, the causes of urinary retention found by Yenlia EMT, et’al. in Kumasi, Ghana were similar to our findings except for the low percentage of patients with bladder tumour as noted above.
Bassey Tom Etuknwa in his study on the management of urinary retention in rural areas at Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria found BPH to account for up to in 92% of causes of UR, cancer of the prostate in 6%, and urethral stricture in 4% [
The causes in different types of UR were also similar to the findings in general causes. In AUR, CUR and acute-on-chronic UR, BPH was the leading cause followed by urethral stricture.
Complications of UR such as UTI, renal impairment, urinary stones, and anaemia are known to be more commonly associated with chronic or acute-on-chronic UR [
Similarly, all the organisms responsible for UTI in this study were gram negative bacteria, which are the commonest pathogens of the urinary tract [
Urinary retention is common among the middle aged and the elderly men; the age of presentation may suggest the likely cause of the retention. BPH was the leading cause of UR in our environment, but urethral stricture, prostatic cancer and bladder tumour still remain important causes. Though AUR is the commonest form of UR, CUR and acute-on-chronic UR were associated with complications such as renal impairment and UTI. Most UR could be relieved by urethral catheterization, and SPC was only offered in failed urethral catheterization or where it was contraindicated.
Muzzammil Abdullahi,Bashir Yunusa,Sharfuddeen Abbas Mashi,Sani Ali Aji,Sani Usman Alhassan, (2016) Urinary Retention in Adults Male Patients: Causes and Complications among Patients Managed in a Teaching Hospital in North Western Nigeria. Open Journal of Urology,06,114-121. doi: 10.4236/oju.2016.67020