Mobile phones and other electronic devices are emitting radiations that will provide harmful effects to the human health. In order to measure the radiation, an innovative low cost measurement system is proposed in this paper. The ideology is to simplify the circuit’s value by converting a voltage detecting circuit to a field detecting circuit by finding an optimum resistance on trial and error basis. The requirement for a trial and error technique is to not allow too high or too low resistance which can be either short or open, resulting provides more damage to the circuit.
The usage of mobile phones and other electronic devices has increased tremendously. This technology improvement will provide many advantages in our day to day life. But, it has disadvantage too. The radiations from these devices will cause many problems to human health [
Sensing Tip
・ Sensitivity also depends on the type of material used for the sensing edge
・ Requires material with high conductivity for super and accurate detection
・ Hence copper is chosen in our study
The circuit in
The circuit in
The circuit in
・ When the cell phone is in ideal condition, the voltage across the output terminal is zero (LED OFF). When the cell phone gets ringed or gets message, the voltage across output terminal rises. (LED ON).
・ Thus the hardware was implemented and its working was tested and analysis was also performed.
The mobile phones radiate more when call-negotiation is happening with the cell tower. Once call is in progress, RF levels fall substantially. Some popular cheap brands (like Micromax) are actually radiating substantially more than good brands like Nokia and Samsung. Laptops can also radiate RF, which is more than mobile phones. iPhones radiate a lot too. They do it in approx 5 to 10 second bursts when not in use. When call is being received or in progress, they behave like any other phone, except with much more radiation.
The system is composed by a set of N sensor nodes, each one equipped with a sensor circuit in any of the above mentioned circuits, a gateway node integrated with a receiver capable of collecting data from various nodes. The collected data is stored in a database on the receiver that can be accessed for data visualization through the display unit. The field values are measured by an isotropic antenna. The voltage signal related to the field sample is acquired by means of a I/O interface (amplification and signal conditioning) and converted into a digital quantity with a analog-to-digital converter (ADC) of the central unit at the arduino. Such a unit is provided with a microcontroller (ATMEGA328), a memory, and a radio module (RF) transmit data to the gateway. As regards to the measurement procedure, each node acts in three different states: (a) stand-by, (b) field measurement, and (c) data transmission. In the state (a), the idle configuration or sleep mode is activated and the power consumption is minimized. After a wake-up signal, the data collection is performed by means of a broadband field probe [state (b)]. In such a state, the radio of the sensor node is turned off in order to limit/avoid the interferences on the field measurements.
On the contrary, mesh topologies are suitable to monitor larger areas, where the locations of the electromagnetic sources are unknown. However, a synchronization between nodes is necessary to avoid data transmissions during the measurement phases, also more energy for data transmission is usually needed because of multiple packet retransmission and overhead (multihop routing).
In this project a virtual sensor node is constructed by means of arduino ATMEGA328 which can be added in the proteus software using the arduino proteus library, where we can run the arduino programs. Each ATMEGA represents a sensor node which sends the data at prime number delay to the gateway receiver placed in common, which is also a arudino node. The values received at the gateway node are displayed through the virtual monitor shown in
The analysis was performed on a switch board by varying the sensing material to Copper and Aluminium with varied length and area. Here, the switch board is considered as a radiation source. The radiation field meter circuit is used to measure the radiation generated by the source. The distance between the radiation source and the field meter are varied and the readings are tabulated in
Source: 15A switch board
Sensing edge: Copper wire of length 30 cm
No. of Turns: 2
Diameter of the circle: 4.4 cm
Mode of the switch: ON
From the tabulation, it is clear that, when the source is nearer to the field meter, the radiation is more and the distance is more, the radiation is less. The readings are plotted in
S.No | Distance from the source (cm) | Electric field (v/cm) |
---|---|---|
1 | 0 | 145 |
2 | 5 | 66 |
3 | 8 | 37 |
4 | 10 | 27 |
5 | 12 | 13 |
6 | 15 | 10 |
7 | 18 | 7 |
are decreases and at one point it is approaches the minimum value. From the results, it is appreciating that, at least a minimum distance will maintain form the radiating source to avoid unwanted radiation.
Source: 15A switch board
Sensing edge: Copper wire of length 30 cm
No. of Turns: 2
Diameter of the circle: 4.4 cm
Mode of the switch: OFF
The above configuration is set up and the readings are noted in
Sl.No. | Distance from the source(cm) | Electric field(V/cm) |
---|---|---|
1 | 0 | 34 |
2 | 5 | 16 |
3 | 8 | 9 |
4 | 10 | 3 |
5 | 12 | 2 |
6 | 15 | 1 |
7 | 18 | 0 |
From the readings, it is realize that, when the radiating source is in Off condition also, it will emits radiation. But, the radiation level is low, compared to its On condition.
Source: 15A switch board
Sensing edge: Copper wire of length 100 cm
No. of Turns: 7
Diameter of the circle: 4.4 cm
Mode of the switch: ON
The copper wire length and the turns are varied and the above process are repeated and the readings are noted in
The graph in
Sl.No. | Distance from the source(cm) | Electric field(V/cm) |
---|---|---|
1 | 0 | 435 |
2 | 5 | 115 |
3 | 8 | 56 |
4 | 10 | 35 |
5 | 12 | 25 |
6 | 15 | 12 |
7 | 18 | 8 |
Source: 15A switch board
Sensing edge: Copper wire of length 100 cm
No. of Turns: 7
Diameter of the circle: 4.4 cm
Mode of the switch: OFF
Now, the switch is closed (OFF mode) for the same configuration and the above process are repeated and the readings are noted in
Sensing edge: Flat Aluminium electrode of area 9 × 5 cm
Mode of the switch: ON
Source: 15A switch board
Sensing edge: Flat Aluminium electrode of area 9x5 cm
Mode of the switch: OFF
The same procedure is repeated for the Aluminium Wire and the readings are tabulated in
Sl.No. | Distance from the source (cm) | Electric field (V/cm) |
---|---|---|
1 | 0 | 80 |
2 | 5 | 21 |
3 | 8 | 10 |
4 | 10 | 6 |
5 | 12 | 4 |
6 | 15 | 2 |
7 | 18 | 1 |
Sl.No. | Distance from the source (cm) | Electric field (V/cm) |
---|---|---|
1 | 0 | 707 |
2 | 5 | 233 |
3 | 8 | 103 |
4 | 10 | 66 |
5 | 12 | 44 |
6 | 15 | 27 |
7 | 18 | 13 |
Sl.No. | Distance from the source (cm) | Electric field (V/cm) |
---|---|---|
1 | 0 | 257 |
2 | 5 | 35 |
3 | 8 | 15 |
4 | 10 | 10 |
5 | 12 | 6 |
6 | 15 | 4 |
7 | 18 | 2 |
For high frequency mobile phone radiation where the magnitude variation is very small, the tabulation from the sensor circuit is as follows.
Radiation for Different Mobile PhonesThe radiation measurement of different Mobile phone was carried out and the readings are noted in
The readings are plotted in
In this paper a simple and low cost radiation measurement system has been presented. The proposed system consists of a set of wireless sensor nodes, each node equipped with the field detector circuit with sensing tip. The detected electromagnetic radiation, which is analog in nature, is converted into corresponding voltage levels by using analog to digital converter (ADC). The simulation is carried out with two different sensing tips of variable length and switch board as a radiating source. The experimental results show that the radiation level is high nearby the source and decreases gradually as the distance increases from the source. When the length of the copper wire is increased, the emitted radiation level also increases. Moreover the Aluminium wire leads to more
Models | Cellkon | Micromax | Motto | Samsung |
---|---|---|---|---|
Electric field Single mobile phone(V/m) | 2.0 - 3.5 | 2.4 - 2.6 | 2.7 - 3.0 | 2.3 - 2.8 |
Double mobile phones | 2.7 - 3.5 | 2.8 - 3.1 | 3.0 - 3.2 | 2.5 - 2.9 |
Distance from the radiating source (cm) | Single source (V/cm) | Double Source (V/cm) |
---|---|---|
0 | 24.2 | 44 |
10 | 4.5 | 8 |
20 | 2.5 | 4 |
25 | 2.1 | 3.8 |
30 | 2.0 | 3.1 |
40 | 2.0 | 2.6 |
50 | 1.9 | 2.3 |
60 | 1.9 | 2.1 |
90 | 1.8 | 1.8 |
Distance from the radiating source (cm) | Single source (V/cm) | Double Source (V/cm) |
---|---|---|
0 | 30 | 50 |
10 | 6.1 | 10.8 |
20 | 3.2 | 6.2 |
30 | 2.7 | 5.2 |
40 | 2.5 | 4 |
50 | 2.1 | 2.7 |
60 | 1.9 | 2.1 |
90 | 1.8 | 1.8 |
radiation than copper.
The experimental results reveal that, when the number of radiating sources increases the amount of emitted radiation also increases.
R. Sittalatchoumy,R. Seetharaman, (2016) An Innovative Low Cost EM Pollution Measurement System. Circuits and Systems,07,2025-2035. doi: 10.4236/cs.2016.78176