In this paper, a Hybrid MPPT algorithm is proposed to improve the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems under partial shading conditions. Partial shading occurs due to clouds, trees, dirt and dust in PV systems. In partial shading, multiple peaks arise in the PV characteristic curve. The Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm adjusts the duty cycle of the switch in DC-DC converter for regulating the input voltage at the Maximum power point (MPP) and to provide impedance matching i.e. input resistance of converter equal to equivalent solar resistance of PV system at MPP for the maximum power transfer. The Cuk converters have low switching losses and the highest efficiency. Therefore Cuk converter is chosen as power conditioning circuit to trackmaximum power using Hybrid MPPT technique. The influence of algorithm parameters on system behaviour is investigated and the various advantages and drawbacks of the technique are identified for different weather conditions. Practical results obtained using Solartech SPMO85P PV modules connected to a RL load through Hybrid MPPT controller validates the simulated results.
Maximum power is harvested in PV systems by using DC-DC converters as an interface between the PV panel and the load. Although a reliable and fast MPPT algorithm can be designed by using the approaches [
PV cells connected together form a panel and a number of panels contribute to form a PV array. The PV array consists of a number of panels connected in series and parallel arrangements. The performance of the PV system depends on the operating conditions especially on solar irradiation, temperature, configuration and shading. The shading on PV panel, for instances, due to a passing cloud or neighboring buildings causes not only energy loss in the conversion, but also further non-linearity on the I-V characteristics [
The effect of changing cell temperature and solar irradiance on the choice and design of different topologies of DC-DC converter commonly used in PV systems is discussed in [
Under fluctuation of climatic conditions, MPP changes and MPPT must adjust the converter duty cycle to track the new MPP. Therefore the converter must be chosen to be able to match the MPP under different atmospheric conditions [
Under partial shading conditions, conventional MPPT methods may not be able to track maximum power irrespective of the change in irradiance conditions. At the local maximum power point, it may converge resulting in reduction of PV panel output. Due to this reason the overall PV system efficiency gets degraded. Therefore a Hybrid MPPT algorithm which can be used even under partial shading conditions is discussed in this paper.
The aim of this work is the practical implementation of Cuk DC-DC converters and Hybrid MPPT tracker to improve the PV system performance under partial shading conditions. This work is divided into the following sections: In section 2, PV system specifications and working of Hybrid MPPT controller are discussed. In Section 3 and 4, Cuk converter state space analysis and experimental validation are done. Finally a conclusion is drafted in Section 5.
Standalone PV systems consist of PV array, DC-DC converters, controllers and load. DC-DC converters are used as an intermediate unit to match the load characteristics with those of the PV array. DC-DC voltage con verter is selected based on the level of voltage required. MPPT algorithm is used for extracting maximum available power from PV module. Maximum power is defined as the peak power voltage at which PV module produces maximum power. Maximum power changes with solar irradiation (G) and temperature (T).
The mathematical model of PV cell shown in
The equation of the mathematical model is
where IPV, VPV denote PV cell output current and voltage, Io is dark saturation current. Rse, Rsh denote series and shunt resistance and VT = nKT/q is thermal voltage. Here n is emission coefficient factor of PV cell, K is Boltzmann constant and T is cell temperature.
A PV array (
Description | Parameter | Nominal value |
---|---|---|
Maximum power | Pmax | 85.2 W |
Short circuit current | Isc | 5.45 A |
Voltage at MPP | VMPP | 25.2 V |
Current at MPP | IMPP | 9.1 A |
Open circuit voltage | Voc | 22.2 V |
Solar irradiance | G | 1000 w/m2 |
Ambient temperature ◦ | T | 25˚C |
combination of such modules. A solar array is formed with maximum power of 85.2 W at VMPP = 25.2 V and IMPP = 9.1 A
The PV array has nonlinear characteristics. So MPP is tracked using an iterative technique, P&O that involves PV voltage, current and changes in load resistance. MPPT is used to calculate the equivalent duty signal to obtain the maximum output voltage. The conventional P&O algorithm has best performance with load changes, while has poor performance with changes in climatic conditions and partial shading effect.
Under partial shading conditions multiple local maxima will appear on the power-voltage characteristics of solar PV system in that only one will be global maximum power point. The above mentioned situation is shown in the power-voltage curve of partially shaded array in
During partial shading, global and local maximum power points are produced. The, MATLAB analysis in [
k1 is proportionally constant (0.71 - 0.78).
where
1) A sudden decrease or increase of irradiance causes PV system short circuit current to alter. Therefore whenever the current difference sensed is higher than the specified threshold, the MPP is determined by FOCV technique. As k1 determines on the characteristics of the PV array, it is calculated by determining VMPP and VOC for the PV system at various irradiance and temperature levels. Otherwise, difference in the availability of power is calculated.
2) To improve both tracking speed and algorithm accuracy, the variable perturbation size concept has been introduced. As the operation point is closer to the desired point, a smaller perturbation size is produced while the produced perturbation is larger for operation point located far from the absolute MPP. Thus, the energy loss due to the fluctuation of the tracker near MPP is also reduced.
3) During perturbation K suppose that, the solar irradiance is increased under fixed load RL. MPP moves from a lower point to upper point in the I-V curve. Hence voltage perturbation increases.
4) Both increasing of PV power and voltage under constant load from lower to upper I-V and P-V curves will give positive change in power ΔP > 0 where
5) If solar irradiance is decreased from during next instant of perturbation K + 1 of P&O algorithm voltage level reduces and move the MPP from upper I-V curve to MPP on lower I-V curve. The transferring of operating point will also decrease the PV power under fixed load with negative change in power ΔP < 0, and negative change in voltage ΔV < 0, Both negative change in power (ΔP < 0) and voltage (ΔV < 0) under constant load (ΔRL = 0) will orient algorithm to increment voltage perturbation to reach MPP.
6) When the load is varied under constant weather condition, the conventional P&O algorithm will track MPP of PV system with best performance.
Therefore, the load resistance (RL) will orient the algorithm to recognize the cause of power variation which is either coming from weather or load. The combination of both weather and load change techniques and FOCV, will result in a Hybrid MPPT algorithm. These steps continue till MPP is reached. Thus the voltage at which MPP is reached is tracked.
The Cuk converter is a converter based on a switching boost-buck topology. Essentially, the converter is composed of two sections, an input stage and an output stage. The schematic of the Cuk converter is presented in
The three basic components in MPPT design are: a switch-mode DC-DC converter, a control circuit, and tracking algorithm. The heart of the MPPT hardware is a DC-DC converter. MPPT uses the converter for regulating the input voltage at the MPP and to provide load matching for the maximum power transfer.
During the range of load variation, there is only one point at which the PV module provides its MPP. This point is when RL equal to the resistance at MPP (Ropt) RL = Ropt. But it is very difficult to select a fixed load which matches this value, and even if this is done, this point changes under changed climatic conditions. On the other hand, when a DC-DC converter is connected between the PV module and the load, the operating point depends on the impedance seen by the module (Ri), which depends on two parameters: RL and duty cycle (D). Thus
under different loads, the duty cycle can be adjusted to change Ri to match Ropt at any atmospheric conditions. By changing the duty cycle of the PWM control signal, the load impedance as seen by the source varies and matches the point of the peak power of the source so as to transfer the maximum power to load. Hybrid MPPT algorithm is implemented using Cuk converter as shown in
In the state switch S is on 0 < t < DT the input inductor L1 stores energy from the source over S during the time interval. The energy storage capacitor C1 is now in the right hand mesh and it transfers stored energy, over S, to the load R, and energy storing elements L2 and C2. Due to the inappropriate voltage polarity of the charge on the capacitor C1, diode D1 is reverse biased and therefore off.
When switch S is off, DT < t < T the energy storage capacitor C1 in the left hand mesh is charged through L1 and D in this time interval. Diode D common to both meshes is forward biased in this time interval. L2 and C2 in the right hand mesh transfer their stored energies, left from the previous time interval during the steady-state operation, to the load RL over D again.
In the steady state, the average values of VL1 and VL2 (with the switch duty cycle in range (0 < D < 1) are
Since VL2 = VC1 − VC2 when S is on and VL2 = −VC2 when S is off. By letting the both voltages to go to zeros in the steady state, since the voltage across the capacitor cannot change instantaneously when the switching speed is high.
When a Cuk converter works in CCM it has high efficiency. The choice of circuit elements plays a major role in determining the dynamic characteristics of the converter. Inductor L1 is the minimum value of inductance to guarantee working of DC-DC converter in CCM. Cmin is the minimum value of capacitance to reduce the ripple voltage. Consider Cuk converter works in CCM mode.
In the state space, with the state variables x1, x2, x3 and x4 represented by currents iL1, iL2 and voltages VC1, VC2 the model of Cuk converter can be expressed as follows with
During on state when u = 1 the state space equation can be obtained as
During off state when u = 0 the state space equation can be obtained as
Using state space averaging technique
where γ is the status of the switches, and
The inductor value, required to operate the converter in the CCM is calculated such that the peak inductor current at maximum output power does not exceed the power switch current rating. Taking into account that the ripple of the PV output current must be less than 2% of its mean value, the output capacitor value is calculated.
The input capacitor value is calculated to give the desired peak-to-peak output voltage ripple.
When the Cuk converter is used in PV applications, the input power, voltage and current change continuously with the atmospheric conditions, thus the converter conduction mode changes since it depends on them. Also, the duty cycle is changed continuously in order to track the MPP of the PV array. The choice of the converter switching frequency and the inductor value is a compromise between converter efficiency, cost, power capability and weight. For example, the higher the switching frequency, the lower the inductor core size, but the power switch losses are higher. Also, by using a large value, the peak-to-peak current ripple is smaller, requiring lower current rating power switches, but the converter size is increased substantially because a larger inductor core is required. The value of L1 and L2 decreases with the increase in frequency .The value of C1 and C2 decreases with the increase in frequency. The values of circuit parameters are chosen as follows.
Switching frequency is selected 25 KHz frequency for design as more switching losses occur with higher frequency. The switching frequency must be low enough to keep the efficiency high.
f = 25 K, D = 50%, RL = 10 Ω
The circuit parameters are calculated and tabulated in
The performance of Cuk converter used as an interface between PV array and load is simulated using MATLAB in this section. The specification of solar panel used is given in
The simulated system is composed of series connected PV module each with 85 W power rating, Hybrid MPPT controller, DC/DC Cuk converter and RL load. The simulations were performed on a Cuk converter circuit with values shown in
The simulation model is composed of two Solartech SPM085P solar model with each with a power of 85 watts. The solar irradiance level is stepped from high to low level to check for partial shading. The initial level is set at G = 1000 w/m2. At t = 0.5 sec, the irradiance is suddenly stepped down to G = 500 w/m2. The temperature is kept constant at 25˚C for all irradiance levels.
Description | Parameter | Nominal value |
---|---|---|
Primary inductor | 15 µH | |
Primary capacitor | 22 µF | |
Secondary inductor | 15 µH | |
Secondary capcitor | 44 µF | |
MOSFET | S | MUR3060 |
Diode | D | IRFP460 |
Load | R | 2 to 10 Ω |
L | 5 to 10 mH | |
Switching frequency | f | 25 KHZ |
PV module | 2 nos in series | 170 |
MPPT controller shows that global and local MPPs are easily detected (
The experimental set up to test the performance of the proposed MPPT algorithms is shown in
MPPT is designed using MATLAB for simulations and implemented practically by using a microcontroller that is programmed to execute the Hybrid MPPT algorithm. The program senses the panel voltage (VPV) and current (IPV) to determine the single operating point (IMPP, VMPP) at which maximum power output is produced. The goal of the MPPT is to match the impedance of the load to the optimal impedance of the panel. The algorithm is written using C# programming language on an interface known as Micro C. The program built generates a “.hex” file which is burned onto the microcontroller by means of a lock burner. The output of the microcontroller is the PWM signal to control the Cuk DC/DC converter. The partial shading configuration for two PV panels connected in series for experimental verification with G1 = 1000 W/m2 and G2 = 500 W/m2 is shown in
MPP is approximately 250 ms, and even if the solar irradiation is changed, the MPP scheme is not giving false results. Also, the experimental and simulation results are almost similar, except the steady state oscillation is invisible in simulation. It is due to the fact that dP/dV is much less.
For a step change in irradiation the voltage changes from first level, open circuit voltage, second level of power tracking and third level of steady state condition as shown in
Methodology | Step irradiation (1000 w/m2 to 500 w/m2) | |
---|---|---|
Output power profile (watts) | Tracking time (ms) | |
Conventional P&O controller | 100 W to 90 W | 300 |
Hybrid MPPT controller | 140 W to 85 W | 130 |
atmospheric conditions change rapidly during partially shaded condition.
In discussing the results of the simulation and experiment, a conventional Cuk converter could be a good choice for a standalone PV system that operated in low irradiation conditions. Also, a conventional Cuk converter can be selected if the key consideration is to have a low cost Cuk converter that is a non-complicated circuit to operate and the efficiency and current ripple are not the main priority. The Hybrid MPPT algorithm was simulated using Cuk converter in MATLAB Simulink and experimental prototype was developed using PIC16F877A microcontroller. The Hybrid MPPT algorithm improves steady state stability, dynamic response and tracks the maximum power of 150 Watts with tracking efficiency of 93.2%. Duty ratio control using Hybrid MPPT algorithm offers better energy utilization efficiency and better stability characteristics at a slower transient response and improved performance at rapidly changing irradiance.
The author would like to thank the management and Principal of ULTRA College of Engineering and Technology for Women for their continuous support.
Kannabiran Kanimozhi,Bagarudeen Raja Mohamed Rabi, (2016) Development of Hybrid MPPT Algorithm for Maximum Power Harvesting under Partial Shading Conditions. Circuits and Systems,07,1611-1622. doi: 10.4236/cs.2016.78140