Kabul New City is a new capital development and a modern city development of Afghanistan covering total area of 740 km2. In 2009 Afghan cabinet approved developing New Capital to fulfill the requirement of growing population. For sustainable development, it has been planned to have a green belt and central park about 1298 hectares within the city. It is having positive impact on human health along with the economic, social and environmental benefits. Hence, for sustaining the urban parks, their proper maintenance is a foremost problem. The solid waste management is duly considered in planning stage of development, otherwise, it would encounter major challenges during operation and maintenance of Park. The projected waste generation in KNC park area is required to be assessed, therefore, surveys of Bagh-e-Babur in existing Kabul are carried out for the visitors’ projection and solid waste generation. The highest visitors and waste were estimated in declining order of summer, spring, fall, and winter. Kabul New City Central Park results speculate that the total visitors’ projection is going to be 6,745,313 per year generating about 337 metric tons wastes/year (0.05 kg/visitor/day). 10 Vehicles of capacity 8 m3 are required to collect waste from central park towards the Transfer Station while 4 vehicles of 23 m3 are required for collection of waste from TS to Landfill. Moreover, 700 containers of 240 liters are required in the park. Furthermore, different sites were indicated in map for composting area where after the development it would be considered.
Advantages of Urban-Parks like economical values, health (Psychological and Physical) benefits, environmental and social benefits have been shown in numerous researches [
Parks increase social integration and interaction among neighbors [
Unsecured circumstances in Afghanistan have severely damaged the natural environment. Side by side trees and highways in Kabul province and nearby areas were cut off due to war, with the destruction of irrigation system [
Urban parks are crucial for sustainable development. Moreover, to make places greener, healthier, and more livable the greenways were recommended [
This study aims the MSW management of central park with duly consideration during the planning and design stage. Furthermore, the calculations carried during this stage will clear the path during operation and maintenance. However, detailed design will be carried for the solid waste management of central park.
Study AreaExisting Kabul is the fastest population growing Province and Capital of Afghanistan. Due to returnees increase the population growth’s stress of the Kabul, 5 million returnees returned to Afghanistan after 2002 [
9.261378˚N in Dehsabz district of Kabul, Afghanistan. The total area of central park is about 1298 hectares.
The KNC Central Park is designed to provide all the required facilities in a way to accommodate active and passive recreation and also provide means of revenue generation for the parks operations and maintenance. Land is allocated for different structures, functions and activities in a very efficient manner. One of the many components of the Central Park includes the Lake (
The KNC Central Park lake should include various entertainment activities and service facilities such as in /out gates, ticket booths, parking space, information desk/guide map, main lake, boats parking bays, lake island, park around the lake, circular light rail with railway stations, jogging tracks, cycle tracks, boat docking stations, tuck shops, picnic spots with lawns, flowerbeds, fancy street lights- dustbins, outdoor music etc., public toilets, prayers area. Preliminary detail of the central park is shown in
No. | Central Park Items | Data |
---|---|---|
1 | Central Park Total Area | 1298 Ha |
2 | Area of 3 Hills in Central Park | 340 Ha |
3 | Estimated Planned Landscaped Area | 280 Ha |
4 | Estimated Non Landscaped Green Area | 400 Ha |
5 | Estimated Percentage of Facilities Sites to the Total CP Area | 30% |
6 | Total No. of Facilities | 66 |
7 | Total No. of Privately Funded Facilities | 32 |
8 | Total No. of Publicly Funded Facilities | 19 |
9 | Total No. of Concession Facilities | 9 |
10 | Length of CP Railway | 4.5 Km |
11 | Area of CP Lake | 58 Ha |
12 | Area of CP Lake Island | 10 Ha |
13 | Estimated Investment for Development | USD $224 Million |
Bagh-e-Babur is one of the parks in Existing Kabul where the data for the visitors’ projection were taken. Moreover, each visitor has to pay (ticketing service) for entering into the park. The daily visitors’ data records were taken from the responsible personnel for complete year 2014 and till May 2015.
New-York visitors’ were surrogated from the New-York Case study [
where V = Visitor Projection in KNC; Pk = Population of KNC; Vn = Visitors of New York; Pn = Population of New York.
where N% = Percentage of Visitors; V = Visitors; P = total population of New York City.
Waste generation were estimated for the year 2014 in the Bagh-e-Babur Kabul and divided by the visitors per day throughout the year 2014. The America typical waste in urban parks and landscape were 0.054 kg/capita/ day [
where Kg = Kilogram; d = day; V = visitors.
Daily waste generated in Bagh-e-Babur was measured using a balance before it is discarded to the waste container.
The waste were measured on the weekends (Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday) and on Weekdays (Monday Tuesday and Wednesday) of first week of every month throughout the year 2014.
Statistical analysis was carried out using Ms. Excel.
Drawing for the central park was made by using the AutoCAD 2013 software, ArcGIS 10.
Bagh-e-Baber is an Urban Historical Park Located in the central part of Kabul city having an Area of about 11 hectares. The visitors observed in the park were highest in the month of August with value of 71,455. While lowest were observed in January with the value of 3857. The visitors observed were according to the gender (Men & Women), Age (children under 12 and slightly above 12) and foreigners. The highest observed percentage was for men that were 53.7% while 23% were females. However the children fewer than 12 were 19.2% while the adolescence were 3.8%. In contrast to all the visitors the value of the foreign visitors were lowest that was 0.3%.
One year data collection of visitors shows that the numbers of visitors are extremely high in summer and spring seasons, in the result we can express that the increasing visitors are positively correlated to the temperature. Above tables shows the Bagh e Baber entry record of 2014.
According to Pearson Correlation matrix the visitors are very significantly Positive correlated to temperature in Bagh-e-Baber park (r = 0.82, p < 0.001). It shows; when temperature is high the visitors’ number increases in Bagh-e-Baber Park when the temperature is low in Kabul city the visitors’ decreases.
The number of visitors increased during summer and spring seasons, if we look to the temperature record of Kabul city the temperature is high during April to October the number of visitor also increased during these months, but the number of visitors was high during march as well it was due to snow melting and first month of Afghan year Calendar, the people are traditionally visits attractive places in Afghanistan. Hence, the analyzing of the Bagh-e-Baber park visitors data, the KNC Park will have more visitors during summer session than winter session (
The KNC Central Park is in planning stage and it will be more manipulated towards the realistic approach in detail in design stage. At planning stage the museum and recreational areas in KNC central park was planned that will be having cinemas, restaurants, and other entertainment stuff. In addition, the ground for football and cricket will also be created within the central park. The New York central park was almost containing the same recreational and other activities as planned in the KNC central park. It is worth note that the visitors’ projection will be changed due to different factors including security, services in the area for the foreigner tourists, the entertainment facility for the local people and the recreational activities within the park.
The area of the Bagh-e-Babur is less than the KNC Park and New York Central Park comparatively. Moreover, single entertainment activity spot having that much visitors in Bagh-e-Babur (as shown in
The New York Central Park Activities include Gaming and Exercises facility, and having Lawns (small and Larger), Landscape (hill, bridges etc.), Playgrounds, Refreshment spots (restaurants etc.), Recreational areas (zoo, carousel for children etc.) Sculptures & Architectures, Water Bodies (pond, pool, lake, fountains) and Information centers (information kiosk, and police precinct). These mentioned varieties were considered for Art lovers, Athletes/Fitness Lovers, Birders, Dog Owners, Families, First time Visitors, History Lovers, and Nature Lovers [
The same planning has been carried for the KNC central park. The weather data and the activities are similar
to the New York Central Park that is the reason for the projection of the visitors according to the New York central park.
In addition to the weather condition were also considered to be slightly same both for the New York and for the Kabul. The weather degree in Centigrade was not more than 1.52 for the year 2014. The P value was observed to be 0.8, as shown in
Visitor’s projection for the Central park has been surrogated from the case study of New York Central Park due
Months | New York* | Kabul** | Difference |
---|---|---|---|
A | B | B-A | |
January | 0.27 | 1.75 | 1.48 |
February | 1.77 | 2.45 | 0.68 |
March | 5.84 | 7.15 | 1.31 |
April | 11.68 | 13.2 | 1.52 |
May | 16.92 | 17.6 | 0.68 |
June | 21.93 | 23.25 | 1.32 |
July | 24.79 | 25.75 | 0.96 |
August | 24.02 | 24.3 | 0.28 |
September | 19.98 | 21.65 | 1.67 |
October | 13.89 | 15.05 | 1.16 |
November | 8.77 | 7.35 | −1.42 |
December | 3.06 | 4.4 | 1.34 |
Mean | 12.74 | 13.66 | 0.91 |
P(T ≤ t) two-tail** | 0.80283627 |
Source: Online [
to the uniformity of both parks. 37,800,000 visitors visited New York Central Park in year of 2010-2011 [
However, the KNC Central Park estimated results revealed that summer season having highest value of visitors in the central park, which were 218,598 visitors per week. It includes 70% from the local county/Province and 30% from other part of the county/province or foreigner visitors [
In contrast to the summer season the spring season has the second highest value of visitors almost 184,693 per week has been projected. Although the fall season estimated visitors were 145,435 per week. Despite the cold season the estimated numbers of visitors in winter were observed to be the lowest visitors 57,995. In conclusion all the three seasons subsequently summer, spring and fall received highest visitors while the winter received lowest visitors comparatively in the central park.
Month | Visitors | Temperature in ˚C |
---|---|---|
Jan | 3857 | 1.75 |
Feb | 4408 | 2.45 |
Mar | 48,974 | 7.15 |
Apr | 29,509 | 13.2 |
May | 53,106 | 17.6 |
Jun | 53,130 | 23.25 |
July | 40,556 | 25.75 |
Aug | 71,455 | 24.3 |
Sep | 44,555 | 21.65 |
Oct | 44,457 | 15.05 |
Nov | 12,778 | 7.35 |
Dec | 9575 | 4.4 |
n = 12, p < 0.05, r = 0.55*; p = 0.01, r = 0.68**; p = 0.001, r = 0.80***.
Solid Waste generation in Bagh-e-Babur was estimated to be about 0.05 kg/capita/day, it includes only the waste generated by the visitors. Typical density was assumed to be 130 kg/m3 [
The more visitors projected calculation shows the highest waste generation estimation. The highest values were observed in weekends (2 days) in contrast to weekdays (5) weekly in all the four season of the year. The highest waste was estimated in declining order of summer, spring, fall, and winter. The waste generation considered is only for the outdoor in the central park (Not containing the restaurants etc. waste) (
Average waste generation per week was estimated to be 10,930 kg/week. The total vehicles and containers required were estimated on basis of weekly waste. Total 14 vehicles are required if one trip per week is considered. It includes 10 vehicles that are required from central park to Transfer Station of about 8 m3 vehicles. While, 4 vehicles that are 23 m3 are required from TS to Landfill. The total required container of about 240 liter will be used which are required about 700. During this planning stage it is taken to be that much however, the container size and the number may vary during the operation and maintenance with the real approach. Two containers in each site will be placed one for trash and one for the recyclable for onsite segregation of waste (
Total Visitors Per Year | Total Waste Per Year | Kg/Capita/day | Density in Kg/m3 | Total Volume | Total Visitors Per Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
416,360 | 20,402 | 0.05 | 130 | 157 | 416,360 |
Visitors Projection in Central park | Waste generation in Central Park in Kg for 1.5 million population | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Summer | Summer | |||||
Total per week | Total per month | Per season | Total per week | Total per month | Per season | |
70% from the local people | 153,019 | 642,678 | 1,928,035 | 7651 | 32,134 | 96,402 |
30% from other part of the Province | 65,579 | 275,434 | 826,301 | 3279 | 13,772 | 41,315 |
Total | 218,598 | 918,112 | 2,754,336 | 10,930 | 45,906 | 137,717 |
Winter | Winter | |||||
Total per week | Total per month | Per season | Total per week | Total per month | Per season | |
70% from the local people | 40,597 | 170,507 | 852,533 | 2030 | 8525 | 42,627 |
30% from other part of the Province | 17,399 | 73,074 | 365,371 | 870 | 3654 | 18,269 |
Total | 57,995 | 243,581 | 1,217,904 | 2900 | 12,179 | 60,895 |
Fall | Fall | |||||
Total per week | Total per month | Per season | Total per week | Total per month | Per season | |
70% from the local people | 101,804 | 427,578 | 855,156 | 5090 | 21,379 | 42,758 |
30% from other part of the Province | 43,630 | 183,248 | 366,495 | 2182 | 9162 | 18,325 |
Total | 145,435 | 610,826 | 1,221,651 | 7272 | 30,541 | 61,083 |
Spring | Spring | |||||
Total per week | Total per month | Per season | Total per week | Total per month | Per season | |
70% from the local people | 129,285 | 542,998 | 1,085,995 | 6464 | 27,150 | 54,300 |
30% from other part of the Province | 55,408 | 232,713 | 465,427 | 2770 | 11,636 | 23,271 |
Total | 184,693 | 775,711 | 1,551,422 | 9235 | 38,786 | 77,571 |
Total kg per year | 337,266 | |||||
Grand Total | 6,745,313 | Total metric tons per year | 337 |
Waste Transport for CP | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vehicles Required according to the Capacity | |||||
Generated waste kg/week | volume of waste in m³ | Typical Density of Solid waste | Vehicle Capacity (m³) | Total* Vehicles required | |
From Central Park to Transfer Station | 10,930 | 84.07 | 130 | 8 | 10 |
From TS to Landfill | 84.07 | 130 | 23 | 4 | |
Total | 14 |
*1 Trip/week is assumed to be for the waste towards the transfer station while 1 trip/day for the TS towards landfill.
Waste Container Calculation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Containers Required according to the Capacity | |||||
Total Allocated Waste bins | Generated waste kg/week** | volume of waste m³ | Typical Density of Solid waste | Container Capacity (m³) | Total Containers |
For Trash | 10,930 | 84.07 | 130 | 0.24 | 350 |
For Recyclables | 10,930 | 84.07 | 130 | 0.24 | 350 |
Total | 700 |
**The generated waste/week is taken for the containers for Trash and for Recyclables.
Short term and long term composting locations sites were selected. For the initial composting method the composting will be carried in the embankment of the composting area while for the long run and after the feasibility study the sophisticated composting plant will be installed in the reserved area next to the transfer station site.
Transfer station site were located in the area where all the waste will be collected and transferred from transfer station towards the landfill site (
Bagh-e-Babur Park in existing Kabul having total area is about 11 hectares with the total visitor of 416,360 per annum in the year 2014. Visitors in Bagh-e-Babur correlation to weather was significantly positive (r = 0.82, p < 0.001). Waste generation in Bagh-e-Babur was observed to be 23,586 kg per year. KNC’s park visitors’ projection was taken surrogate from New York central park, because of the recreational services and due to weather compatibility with mean difference of 0.91 and p value of 0.80. Visitor’s projection in KNC central park was speculated to be about 6,745,313 for the whole year.
Total area for the KNC central park was planned to be about 1298 hectares. The solid waste generation is taken to be 0.05 kg/visitor/day. However, at this stage the speculation in the context of this study we have come across some results and conclusions that include. Total 337 metric tons waste per year was estimated in the KNC central park. Total of 14 vehicles are required for the operation and maintenance of central park waste while. Total of 700 containers are required according to the capacity of waste estimated.
We would like to acknowledge Urban Planning division of DCDA for their contributions and efforts, and in addition, with the company of the PDCSR (Principal Design & Construction Solutions) & RICL (Regional, International Consulting Ltd) for their efforts in the Solid Waste Management of central park. Furthermore, we would like to acknowledge Jalal-ud-Din Nasiry Director of Natural Heritage Protection Division NEPA Afghanistan in this regards, his help is admirable.
Sifatullah Mukhtar,Wafaurehman Wafa,Haroon Halimzai,Ajmal Khan Shams, (2016) Planning for the Solid Waste Management of Central Park in New Capital Development of Afghanistan. Journal of Environmental Protection,07,805-815. doi: 10.4236/jep.2016.76073