Guanidine hydrochloride was chemically bonded to surface of modified silica by means of condensation with grafted amino groups. Ion-exchanging and complexing properties of the obtained adsorbent have been studied with respect to cations of Zn(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), Co(II) and metal-containing oxoanions of W(VI), Mo(VI), Cr(VI), V(V). Optimum conditions for quantitative extraction of the studied ions were determined. The structure and composition of Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes on the surface of the synthesized adsorbent have been investigated. The possibility of quantitative determination of cobalt(II) and copper(II) trace amounts after their preconcentration by the synthesized adsorbent was demonstrated.
Surface immobilized silicas are widely used in solid-phase extraction, concentration and further quantitative analysis of ions and molecules. Various ligands, which can form ion-exchanged, coordinated, chemisorbed or molecular complexes with appropriate analytes, are usually used as surface modifiers [
Therefore, we can expect that silica with grafted layer of guanidyl groups can be prepared by means of the similar condensation reaction of guanidine hydrochloride with functional groups of amino-containing silica. However, such possibility is needed in an experimental confirmation.
The aim of this work was to investigate the possibility of the direct chemical anchorage of guanidine on the surface of the amino-grafted silica, to study adsorption properties of the synthesized adsorbent with respect to metal ions.
Initial solutions with concentration of 1 mg/ml were prepared by dissolving of precise sample weights of the Analar grade salts (NH4)6Mo7O24∙4H2O, (NH4)2Cr2O7, Na2WO4∙2H2O, NH4VO3, ZnCl2, Pb(NO3)2, CuCl2・2H2O, Cd(NO3)2∙4H2O and Co(NO3)2∙6H2O by method described in [
The Analar grade 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, guanidine hydrochloride and absolute toluene were used for synthesis of new adsorbent. Chemical binding of guanidine to the silica surface was carried out in two stages. Silica gel (Merck) with the specific surface area of 256 m2/g, pore size of 12 nm and particles diameter of 0.1 - 0.2 mm was used as a carrier.
At the first stage, amino-grafted silica gel was obtained by chemical modification of surface with solution of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane in toluene. Initial silica sample (70 g) was preliminarily dried at 200˚C for 2 h. Then silica was placed in three-necked round bottom reactor with a thermometer and a reflux condenser and suspended in 250 ml of absolute toluene, then 14 ml of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane was added under constant stirring. Reaction mixture was refluxed at the toluene boiling temperature for 2 h. Obtained amino-grafted silica (aminosilica) was then filtered and after 5 times washing with 50 ml toluene and dried under vacuum at 100˚C - 110˚C. The concentration of grafted amino groups (1.0 mmol/g) was estimated by titrimetry with sodium hydroxide.
At the second stage chemical binding of guanidine hydrochloride was carried out. 20 g of aminosilica was placed in three-necked round bottom reactor with a thermometer, a reflux condenser, oil bath and mixer and suspended in 30 ml of distilled water, then solution of 1.53 g (0.016 mol) of guanidine hydrochloride in 5 ml of distilled water was added under constant stirring.
The reaction mixture was heated and kept at 70˚C - 95˚C for 2 h. Then the temperature was gradually raised to 150˚C during 3 h, facilitated removal of water. When the reaction mixture had become almost dry, mixer was switched off, but the mixture was kept at temperature of 150˚C - 160˚C for 2 h.
The fact of the condensation reaction running and successful binding of guanidine hydrochloride on the aminosilica surface was qualitatively detected by elimination of ammonia and by tracking changes of pH of the reaction mixture from a weakly alkaline (pH = 7.3) to alkaline (pH = 8.5) (Scheme 1).
Scheme 1. Covalent binding of guanidine hydrochloride on the surface of modified amino-grafted silica.
IR-spectrum of the synthesized adsorbent was investigated and compared with IR-spectrum of guanidine hydrochloride to confirm its covalent binding on the surface of modified amino-grafted silica. Spectra were registered using Nicolet Nexus 470 FT-IR spectrometer. The structure of guanidine hydrochloride is very similar to the structure of amino-grafted silica. However, the characteristic band of
The concentration of bound guanidine was determined by thermogravimetry.
According to thermogravimetric data the difference in weight loss of the sample between the first and second stage of the synthesis was 7.3%. This weight loss can be attributed to the binding of guanidine hydrochloride on the surface of modified silica. The concentration of chemically bound guanidine hydrochloride, which was calculated from the obtained data, is 75 mg/g (0.95 mmol/g) of silica. The degree of conversion of surface aminogroups is 95%.
The degree of ions adsorption (R) was calculated using the formula:
where mo is a weight of introduced metal, mads is a weight of adsorbed metal, m is a weight of metal in equilibrium solution, calculated as m = С∙V, where С is an equilibrium concentration and V is an equilibrium volume.
Photometric measurements of equilibrium concentrations (С) of working solutions were conducted using spectrophotometer SF-46 (LOMO, Russia), in a quartz cell with path length of 10 mm at 540 nm for Cr(VI), 470 nm for Mo(VI), 610 nm for W(VI), 490 nm for V(V) and Cu(II), 495 nm for Zn(II), 520 nm for Pb(II) and 500 nm for Co(II) and Cd(II) according to methods described in [
Diffuse-reflectance spectra of complexes on modified silica surface were registered using a spectrophotometer Specord-40. Samples of adsorbent (0.1 g) with previously adsorbed metals were used for these investigations. Concentration of adsorbed metals was 0.5 - 10 mg per 1 g of a carrier.
Studies of adsorption properties of silicas with chemically bound molecules of guanidine hydrochloride were carried out in the static mode. Sample weight (0.1 g) of modified adsorbent was poured into 25 ml of the solution of salts of the chosen cations and anions with a certain pH (content of metals for Mo(VI), Cr(VI), Zn(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Co(II) and Pb(II)―100 μg, for V(V)―300 μg, for W(VI)―1 mg) and was kept for 24 h under stirring for determination of a dependence of the adsorption degree on the solution рН. Buffer solutions were added to the working solution in a ratio of 1:5 (5 ml per 25 ml of working solution). Under such conditions depending on the chemical composition of the buffer, the primary coordination spheres of different chemical nature are formed in the initial solutions of transition metal taken for study, where aqua-, amino-, chloride or citrate ligands dominated. The obtained results are presented in
Synthesized adsorbent quantitatively removes Zn(II) and Cu(II) cations from distilled water without addition of the buffer solutions. Under these conditions the maximum possible (93% - 97%) extraction of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Co(II) cations is observed. This characteristic of the synthesized chemically modified silica is valuable that would allow extract simultaneously these cations and no additional reagents are required. Also good results for solid-phase extraction of studied ions on the surface of the modified silica are observed in the weakly alkaline medium (pH 8.0), i.e. from initial ammonium complexes.
In the highly acidic media, the obtained adsorbent lost adsorption activity with respect to analyzed cations. Under these conditions, nitrogen atoms of polyhexamethyleneguanidine chloride [
Regularities of adsorption of metal-containing oxoanions by synthesized adsorbent also confirm such behavior. The obtained results show that quantitative extraction of Cr(VI) oxoanions is observed in the acidic medium
pH (medium) | Adsorption, % | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zn(II) | Pb(II) | Cd(II) | Cu(II) | Co(II) | |
1.0 (hyrochloric acid) | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1.7 (oxalate buffer) | 69 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 39 |
4.0 (phthalate buffer) | 84 | 18 | 10 | 10 | 0 |
6.9 (phosphate buffer) | 99 | - | 50 | 70 | 30 |
(distilled water) | 100 | 93 | 97 | 100 | 95 |
8.0 (ammonium-acetate buffer) | 100 | 86 | 75 | 99 | 66 |
pH (medium) | Adsorption, % | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
W(VI) | Mo(VI) | K2Cr2O7 | (NH4)2Cr2O7 | V(V) | |
1.0 (hyrochloric acid) | 100 | 75 | 89 | 89 | 53 |
1.7 (oxalate buffer) | - | 82 | 99 | 100 | 77 |
4.0 (phthalate buffer) | 100 | 100 | 28 | 31 | 100 |
6.9 (phosphate buffer) | - | 0 | 0 | 82 | 77 |
(distilled water) | 48 | 86 | 0 | 0 | 17 |
8.0 (ammonium-acetate buffer) | 44 | 94 | 0 | 0 | 77 |
(pH 1.7), Mo(VI) and V(V) oxoanions from the weakly acidic solutions, and full removal of W(VI) oxoanions is detected in the acidic (pH 1.0) and weakly acidic media.
Conditions of the kinetic adsorption experiments: weight of adsorbent is 0.1 g, the volume of working solution is 25 ml, metal content in the initial solution is 100 mg (5 mg for W). Results of studies of the kinetic characteristics of the synthesized sorbent with respect to each of investigated ions are summarized in
As seen from the obtained data, the quantitative removal of Cu(II) ions and the maximum possible extraction of Pb(II) ions occur in a relatively short time (10 minutes). At the same time, the practically quantitative adsorption of Cd(II) and Co(II) cations is achieved only for a day. But it is necessary to notice that even for a short time of contact (20 minutes) extraction of the sizable amount of these cations takes place. Thus, the kinetic adsorption characteristics of the obtained adsorbent are similar to the mineral adsorbents.
Adsorption of the major part (80% - 90%) of Cr(VI) and Mo(VI) oxoanions (
Synthesized adsorbent shows much better kinetic properties than silica gel with chemically bound polyhexamethyleneguanidine [
For estimation of the adsorption capacity of silicas with chemically bound guanidine the adsorption isotherms of Pb(II), Cd(II), Co(II), Zn(II), Cu(II) cations and Mo(VI)-, W(VI)-, Cr(VI)-, and V(V)-containing anions have been investigated. Experiments were carried out with initial concentration of metals in the solution from 9.6 × 10−6 up to 3.0 × 10−2 mol/L. Some of obtained isotherms are represented in
Isotherms of all studied metals belong to the L-type, which may indicate a uniform distribution of ligands on the surface of the synthesized adsorbent. In the case of adsorption of transition metals cations, it provides evidence that the similar complexes with active sites of the modified silica surface are formed for these metals.
The values of adsorption capacity of obtained adsorbent estimated from adsorption isotherms are summarized in
Obtained experimental results indicated that adsorption capacity of the silica gel with chemically bound guanidine hydrocloride with respect to metal-containing anions lied at the quite high level inherent to the silica gel with chemically bound guanidine-containing polymers [
Ion | Adsorption capacity, mmol/g | Quantitative extraction, mmol/g | Color of complex |
---|---|---|---|
W(VI) | 5.70 | ˂0.30 | white |
Mo(VI) | 0.76 | ˂0.30 | pale green |
Cr(VI) | 0.44 | ˂0.01 | grey-yellow |
V(V) | 0.70 | ˂0.10 | yellow |
Co(II) | 0.12 | - | violet |
Zn((II) | 0.18 | ˂0.02 | white |
Cu(II) | 0.22 | ˂0.12 | light blue |
Pb(II) | 0.02 | - | white |
Cd(II) | 0.11 | - | white |
When studying the adsorption properties of silica with chemically bound guanidine hydrochloride, formation of colored (violet and light blue) complexes of the surface sites with Co(II) and Cu(II) cations, respectively, was detected. Electron diffuse-reflectance spectra of the surface complexes with Co(II) and Cu(II) cations are presented on
As known, pink-colored octahedral aqueous complexes [Co(H2O)6]2+ with absorption in the region of 500 nm are formed in aqueous solutions of Co(II) salts. Such characteristic color was also inherent for the working solutions of Co(II) salts before and during contact with the silica, chemically modified with guanidine hydrochloride. After solid-phase extraction of cobalt ions the light-violet coloration of the adsorbent was observed. Absorption spectra of cobalt compounds, coordinated on the silica surface with chemically bound guanidine hydrochloride, are characterized by three absorbance bands―at λ1 = 575 nm, λ2 = 620 - 650 nm and λ3 = 520 - 530 nm.
According to [
for aqueous complexes of cobalt [Co(H2O)6]2+, to tetrahedral corresponding to formation of the complex with [Co(PHMG)2(H2O)2]2+ structure (Scheme 2).
Color of the formed compounds, their electronic spectra and literature data [
Existence of a straight-line correlation between the absorbance values of band at λmax = 640 nm in diffuse reflectance electronic spectra and the amounts of cobalt, adsorbed on the surface of silica gel with chemically bound guanidine hydrochloride (
Diffuse-reflectance electronic spectra of Cu(II) complexes with guanidine are characterized by a maximum absorption at 600 nm (
Scheme 2. Complexation of Co(II) ions with active sites of surface of the synthesized adsorbent.
straight-line correlation between the absorbance values of band at λmax = 600 nm and the amounts of copper, adsorbed on the surface of silica gel with chemically bound guanidine hydrochloride, was established (
The EPR-spectrum of complexes of copper(II) ions with guanidine hydrochloride chemically bound to the silica surface (
state
with coordinating site [2N2O]. The coordination takes place through two nitrogen atoms from two ligands and two oxygen atoms from two solvent (water) molecules.
Adsorbent with a monolayer of chemically bound guanidyl groups was prepared by condensation of guanidine hydrochloride with amino groups of modified silica. Amount of bound ligand was 75 mg/g of carrier (0.95
mmol/g). Synthesized adsorbent shows complexing properties and satisfactory adsorption activity with respect to Pb(II), Cd(II), Co(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions without addition of any buffer solutions. Silica gel with chemically bound guanidine hydrochloride has well-expressed ion-exchanging characteristics and removes oxoanions of W(VI), Mo(VI), Cr(VI) and V(V) from the acidic media. It was found that Cd(II) and Cu(II) cations can be quantitatively extracted in the range of initial concentrations up to 5.6 × 10−4 mol/l. All studied anions can be quantitatively removed in the initial concentration range of metal up to 4 × 10−5 mol/l, and oxoanions of W(VI) ―1.2 × 10−3 mol/l. Synthesized modified silica is characterized by good kinetic adsorption characteristics, because removal of 70% - 80% of initial concentration of the studied ions and their quantitative extraction for V(V) and Cu(II) has been achieved in 10 - 20 minutes. According to electron diffuse reflectance spectroscopy data, Co(II) ions form with the immobilized ligand, and the surface complexes with tetrahedral structure of coordinating site. According to the results of EPR, Cu(II) ions form with surface guanidyl groups square-planar complexes. Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes on the surface of the synthesized adsorbent can be used for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of microamounts of these metals, because they have a characteristic coloration (violet and light-blue, respectively), that intensities are proportionally increased with the concentration of the adsorbed metal. The straight-line correlations between absorbance of the characteristic bands of these complexes and amounts of the adsorbed metal were detected. These correlations can be used to develop methods of adsorption-photometric analysis of microamounts of cobalt and copper.
Arsentii D. Dadashev,Valentyn А. Tertykh,Elina S. Yanovska,Karolina V. Yanova, (2016) New Approach to Synthesis of Silica with Chemically Bound Guanidine Hydrochloride for Preconcentration of Metal Ions. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry,07,411-420. doi: 10.4236/ajac.2016.75038