Background: Rabies is endemic in India and every half an hour a person dies of this dreaded disease. Stray roaming dogs, mostly unvaccinated, are most dangerous host in spread of rabies in India and in our state of Himachal Pradesh. Timely prophylaxis is the only method to save animal bite victims, including that of rabid dog bite patients. Objectives: Objective of this study was to investigate an impending outbreak of rabies in Shimla town in the absence of life saving rabies immunoglobulins (RIGs) in the market, and to know the source of infection by using one health approach and using epidemiological tools. Methods: On April 7, 2015, there was a sudden surge in cases of suspected rabid dog bites. Impending rabies outbreak was suspected as there were no RIGs available in the market. A rapid Response Team (RRT) consisting of the author, veterinary doctor, dog squad of Municipal Corporation (MC) Shimla along with the vehicles to impound rabid dogs was constituted to investigate the terror spread by two rabid dogs on biting spree in the Shimla Municipality. Results: A total of 18 people were bitten by suspected rabid dogs within three days period. A black bitch and a brown dog, on the identity of affected people, were captured by the dog squad of Municipality next day on April 8, 2015 and taken to Dog Sterilization Centre, Animal Birth Control (ABC) programme, MC Shimla for observation. The most furious Black bitch died of clinically confirmed symptoms of furious rabies after three days. The second rabid dog, brown in color, died after a month of observation due to paralytic dumb rabies. The brain of the brown dog was extracted for Fluorescent Antibody Testing (FAT) at central research Institute (CRI) Kasauli and was found to be positive for FAT. Follow up of patients was 100% by house to house visit and over telephone and no casualty was reported. Conclusion: While we were working on hypothesis of rabid dogs getting the infection from nearby forest about 8 - 10 KM away but on follow up of the patients, they reported that both the dog and bitch used to stay in the compound of their colony since the bitch was pregnant and there was no history of the bitch moving for away to forests neither any outside dog which was seen near them in the compound. This led us to think of other causes of what must had happened to the bitch that caused her to be rabid as for the past 9 years we had observed bitches becoming rabid after litter birth (Whelping) and making their pups rabid due to licking. Since the carrier state for rabies virus in bitches/dogs is known and a state of immunosuppression after whelping/parturition is also known, therefore there is a possibility of latent rabies virus getting activated due to immunosuppression after litter birth and it is thought to be as one of the probable causes of black bitch getting rabid and inflicting the infection to accompanying brown dog. We need to do further studies to ascertain this phenomenon before coming to a definite conclusion and suspect such a possibility in case a dam suddenly becomes rabid among a pack of stray dogs in rabies endemic countries like ours.
Rabies is a dreaded disease and an estimated 55,000 people die of rabies every year and out of that 31,000 deaths are reported from the Asian continent. About 20,000 deaths are reported from India, i.e. one death every half an hour. Animal bite incidence rate is 17.4 million bites every year. Annual medicinal (vaccines + other drugs) cost for animal bite treatment is $4 Million (2003) [
The state of Himachal Pradesh in India is in the North bordering China and is predominantly rural and hilly. Villages and towns are near forests, where wild reservoirs of rabies exist. Shimla is the capital of Himachal Pradesh and an international tourist destination with a population of 0.168 Million. Shimla municipality has ever increasing incident of dog and monkey bites. While in 2013, the number of patients reported at our Anti Rabies Clinic and Research Centre (ARC & RC) at DDU Hospital for post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) were 1168, in 2014 the number of patients reported were 2042. The population of dogs has increased to five folds in last 15 years since no culling is done now. For the last more than 15 years, no outbreak like situation was reported in the Municipality although some incidents of suspected rabid dog bites were reported by the patients but could not be investigated due to lack of co-ordination between Health and Veterinary departments. Last year an effort was made to have this much needed co-ordination by the corresponding author who was then posted as Corporation Health Officer MC Shimla.
Objective of this study was to investigate an impending outbreak of rabies in Shimla town in the absence of RIGs in the market using one health approach and to know the source of infection using epidemiological tools.
On April 7, 2015, suddenly there was a surge in cases of suspected rabid dog bites, 15 cases reported for treatment from two adjoining localities bitten by two different dogs in the same ward of Shimla Municipality. An outbreak of impending rabies was suspected in the absence of life saving RIGs in the market. A rapid Response Team (RRT) consisting of the author, Veterinary Doctor, Dog squad of MC Shimla along with the vehicles was constituted to investigate the terror spread by two rabid dogs in the municipality.
In order to determine the existence of an outbreak we collected data related to suspected dog bite cases from ARC & RC for previous years. We also collected information related to similar episodes in the past from the residents. The patients identified the color of the biting dogs and we confirmed the diagnosis of rabid dogs from the history by patients bitten by these dogs, their behaviour, expert opinion of Municipality veterinary doctor who observed them after capture and lastly by sending the brain sample of one of the dogs for lab confirmation to CRI Kasauli.
We defined a case as any person with history of suspected rabid dog bite in and around Kasumpti locality from April 6, 2015 to April 8, 2015. We searched the cases in other hospitals and the locality so that no one is left without PEP. A patient that was bitten by suspected rabid dog and went for treatment to a private hospital came for RIGs on day 3 to our ARC & RC. We also enquired of any change in surveillance or any population moment especially that of dogs in the locality.
We hypothesised that the outbreak could be due to two rabid dogs in Kasumpti locality in the city. We tested the hypothesis by trawling questionnaire on exposures including asking the affected patients if they have seen such dogs before. We could draw conclusions that both the black bitch and brown dog were residing in Kasumpti area and were stray kept as pets in the locality. Black bitch, that suddenly became furious, was having four pups of two and a half month old and ate all of them alive and attacked the household child nearby and then furiously attacked the passersby. The brown dog involved was probably bitten by black bitch on the nape of the neck as described by the residents. The history of movement of these rabid dogs was also reported by the patients from one area to another after they became rabid. The black bitch moved in and around Kasumpti locality area but the brown dog moved from Kasumpti area to Vikasnagar and then to Devnagar which are located at a distance of about 2 Km.
We searched the records of the ARC & RC for the previous year and found that dogbite cases were in access this year than last year. Also none of the cases of dog bite last year had history of suspected rabid dog bite [
A total of 18 patients were bitten by suspected rabid dogs. The incidence of suspected rabid dogbite is depicted in
All the patients, except one, reported for treatment at ARC & RC, DDU Hospital Shimla within 24 hrs and were given thorough wound wash with soap and water alongwith local Betadine. Written informed consent was taken from the patients regarding local infiltration of RIGs. One patient who had gone to a reputed private hospital came to our clinic on Day 3 for RIG. We gave them ID rabies vaccination as per Modified Thai Schedule of intra-dermal anti-rabies vaccination i.e. 2-2-2-0-2. Only local RIG were infiltrated in and around the wounds [
A huge outcry was in the media as the dogs were on biting spree in a VIP locality of the city. The higher authorities pressed into service the dog squad of MC Shimla working for Animal Birth Control (ABC) and after great difficulty cornered the suspected rabid dogs, black and brown and captured them for observation at Animal Birth Control Centre (ABC) near Tutikandi on April 8, 2015. The black rabid bitch was furious and died due to clinical symptoms of furious rabies after 3 days of isolation as confirmed by the observing veterinarian. The brown dog was lethargic and was given anti-rabies injections till 28th day while it started showing paralytic symptom and had left feeding few days before it died. The brain of the brown dog was extracted and sent to CRI lab at Kasauli for confirmation of rabies as it was not appearing to be rabid. CRI Lab confirmed the dog to be Rabid (FAT Positive) as conveyed by their written report dated May 12, 2015.
All the patients bitten by both Black and Brown dogs were periodically followed for six months, which is more than the longest incubation period known in Himachal [
S. No. | Age in yrs | Sex | Site of wound (s) | Wt in kg | RIGs required as per body wt as recommended by the WHO | Actual RIGs in ml given locally in the wound | Dog colour |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 9 | M | Both legs | 32 | 4.5 ml | Black | |
2 | 25 | M | Rt leg | 45 | 0.5 ml | Black | |
3 | 12 | M | Lt. leg | 29 | 2.5 ml | Black | |
4 | 25 | F | Rt leg | 35 | 4.0 ml | Black | |
5 | 50 | M | Rt. Leg | 75 | 2.0 ml | Brown | |
6 | 25 | F | Rt. Thigh | 50 | 1.0 ml | Brown | |
7 | 17 | M | Rt. Foot/leg | 48 | 2.0 ml | Black | |
8 | 41 | M | Rt.leg | 98 | 6.0 ml | Brown | |
9 | 16 | F | Rt.leg | 56 | 0.5 ml | Brown | |
10 | 27 | M | Rt.leg | 62 | 6.5 ml | Black | |
11 | 12 | F | Rt. Thigh | 23 | 3.0 ml | Brown | |
12 | 6 | M | Lt. Back | 16 | 2.5 ml | Brown | |
13 | 40 | M | Lt. Hand | 45 | 0.5 ml | Black | |
14 | 19 | M | Rt. Hand fingers | 52 | 0.5 ml | Black | |
15 | 50 | M | Lt. leg | 50 | 2.0 ml | Black | |
16 | 40 | M | Lt. leg | 50 | 2.5 ml | Black | |
17 | 33 | M | Lt. thigh | 80 | 0.5 ml | Brown | |
18 | 57 | F | Rt. Foot | 55 | 0.5 ml | Black | |
Total | 901 Kg | 120 ml = 24 vials of RIGs | 41.5 ml = 8.3 vials of RIGs |
were males. More than half of the patients were bitten on legs. As reported by Susilawathi NM et al. in Bali outbreak of Human Rabies [
All the 18 patients had type III bites and were given RIGs only locally along with ID anti rabies vaccination. Four of the patients (23%) bitten by rabid dogs were children less than 15 yrs. As per a report by P. Khawplod et al. [
For the last 15 years no outbreak like situation has been reported in Shimla municipality. While investigating the source of rabies in the dogs in Shimla Municipality, we initially theorized that, may be nearest forest may be the reason of the black bitch becoming rabid and infecting the brown dog but later intensive interviews with the residents of Kasumpti area of the Shimla MC clarified that both the black bitch and brown dog were domesticated strays (Unvaccinated) and suddenly turned to be rabid. We are surprised with the similarity in the pattern of lactating bitches becoming rabid after 1 - 3 months of litter birth (Whelping) in the last 9 years. If we take a pattern of people becoming rabid after bite/scratch of rabid bitches/pups below three months, it clearly show that may be low immunity of bitches after litter birth activates the latent rabies virus in their brains as 22.8% of the healthy dogs/bitches brought for slaughter in Nigeria [
In 2006, a domesticated stray bitch had litter and one of the pup brought home for rearing had a scratch on the hand of 56 yrs male in Sangrah area of Sirmaur district (200 KM) and the person died after three months of clinically confirmed rabies at local hospital. In 2011, we investigated [
All these happenings point to the fact that may be stray bitches, that are mostly unimunised, are prone to becoming rabid as their latent rabies virus gets activated in circumstances of lowered immunity during pregnancy due to prolonged exposure to elevated progesterone concentrations [
While we were working on hypothesis of rabid dogs getting the infection from nearby forest about 8 - 10 KM away but on the follow up of the patients, they reported that both the dog and bitch used to stay in the compound
of their colony since the bitch was pregnant and there was no history of the bitch moving for away to forests neither any outside dog which was seen near them as both of them were very furious. This led us to think of other reasons causing rabies in the bitch, as for the past 9 years we had observed bitches becoming rabid after litter birth that led pups becoming rabid thereafter. Since the carrier state for rabies virus in bitches/dogs is known and a state of immunosuppression after litter birth is also known, therefore there is a possibility of latent rabies virus in carrier bitches getting activated due to immunosuppression after litter birth and we hypothesize it as one of the probable causes. We need to do further studies to ascertain this phenomenon before coming to a definite conclusion and suspect such a possibility in case a dam suddenly becomes rabid among a pack of stray dogs in rabies endemic countries like India. Sahar Abd El Rahman et al. point out that confirmed diagnosis of rabies infection of buffaloes without a history of dog biting gives an announcement about other sources for rabies occurrence in animals [
An impending outbreak of rabies was managed jointly by using ONE Health approach by Health, Veterinary and Municipal authorities and by administration of RIGs locally in the wound as RIGs were not available in the market. The impending outbreak was over as soon as the identified rabid dogs were removed from the area on April 8, 2015 (Epicurve
A model to have a State Animal Bite Management Programme based on mutual coordination of Health, Veterinary and Forest departments was recommended to the government of Himachal Pradesh for implementation in the state so as to effectively control rabies through “ONE Health” approach and make the state rabies free by the year 2020 by knowing the causes of possible transmission of rabies among animals as well as human.
Ethical clearance for local infiltration of RIGs was taken from the Institutional Ethics Committee of Jaypee University of Information Technology in a meeting held on 23rd May, 2014 and was assigned the code as IEC/ Project no. 11-2014. Our thanks to the Ethical Committee members of J. P. University, who realized the urgency of such a study in circumstances of non availability of RIGs in the market and granted approval. Our thanks to Dr. Mary J. Warrell, Dr. Henry Wilde, Dr. David C. Anderson and Dr. M. K. Sudershan for their moral support and guidance. Our thanks to Mr. Roy Cherian for all his help. Our thanks to all authors whose references we have quoted in our study; in fact every one of them has contributed to the noble cause. Many thanks to Central Research Institute (CRI), Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh for making few vials of ARS/RIGs available in crisis of RIGs shortage all over the market and for testing animal brains for FAT/BT free of cost. Lastly our thanks to Government of Himachal for all the help.
Omesh KumarBharti,HamenderSharma,UppinderSharma,ArchanaPhull, (2016) Spontaneous Rabies in a Stray Bitch after Parturition Induced Immunosuppression —Investigating an Impending Outbreak of Rabies with One Health Approach. World Journal of Vaccines,06,1-8. doi: 10.4236/wjv.2016.61001