In a recent publication [1], the fully nonlinear stability analysis of a Single-Degree-of Freedom (SDOF) model with distinct critical points was dealt with on the basis of bifurcation theory, and it was demonstrated that this system is associated with the butterfly singularity. The present work is the companion one, tackling the problem via the Theory of Catastrophes. After Taylor expanding the original potential energy function and introducing Padè approximants of the trigonometric expression involved, the resulting truncated potential is a universal unfolding of the original one and an extended canonical form of the butterfly catastrophe potential energy function. Results in terms of equilibrium paths, bifurcation sets and manifold hyper-surface projections fully validate the whole analysis, being in excellent agreement with the findings obtained via bifurcation theory.
Problems in Non-Linear Buckling, where various phenomena may arise, such as discontinuities, singularities and instabilities, can be efficiently treated by using Catastrophe Theory [
The Theory of Catastrophes supplies the tools for comprehension and detection of numerous types of bifurcations and it has been proven highly efficient as far as potential discrete or continuous systems are concerned. Among the former type of systems, mechanical models (original ones or products of adequate discretization of the latter systems) with a few degrees of freedom are included, which, despite their geometrical and overall simplicity, may exhibit a quite complicated post-buckling response, associated with all kinds of distinct critical points. Their treatment via the foregoing Theory however is not an easy task, and this remark is fully justified from the admittedly limited relevant publications [
Aiming to contribute a further step towards the goal of using Catastrophe Theory in achieving universal results on the buckling and post-buckling of a simple model, the present work reconsiders the single DOF system dealt with in [
We reconsider the single DOF mechanical model studied in the companion paper [
The system consists of a weightless rigid bar of length ℓ, partially pinned at its base via a linear rotational spring of stiffness c; its tip is connected via an inclined linear extensional spring of stiffness k, the angle of inclination a of which is always constant, since the other end of the spring freely slides along an equally inclined support. The tip of the bar (point A) is acted upon by a gravitational force P. Hence, the single degree of freedom (active coordinate) characterizing the foregoing model is the rotation θ. Τhis model is considered generally imperfect, by introducing an initial rotation ε. Before the action of the loading P the springs are considered unstressed. Angle α is measured (i.e. is positive) from the horizontal line passing through point A clockwise, while both rotations θ and ε are measured from the vertical line through the base again clockwise.
After the introduction of the dimensionless parameters
Aiming to explore the nature of the above potential and classify the system to one of the seven Elementary Catastrophes [
After cumbersome symbolic manipulations in Mathemetica [
where coefficients Α, Β, Γ, Δ, Ε, Ζ and H are strongly nonlinear functions of the four parameters a, β, λ, ε; their general form is given below:
The exact expressions of these coefficients are enormously lengthy, and so they will not be given herein for reasons of brevity. Following standard procedures (monomials, k-jets and so on) described in [
Evidently,
We initially address the latter of the aforementioned obstacles. The standard perturbation of the germ
Indeed, after cumbersome symbolic and algebraic calculations [
Considering at this point the second of the above obstacles, the following are valid. Within the range of values of the angular parameters α and ε, on which H is dependent, given above, one may plot the surface
Based on the preceding findings, the qualitative analysis that follows consists of two steps. In the 1st step, a brief description of the theoretical background is presented, while the 2nd step concerns symbolic manipulations for the computation of Catastrophe Manifolds (CMs) and Bifurcation Sets (BSs).
Thereafter, verification, validation and proof of the existence of the Butterfly Singularity via a parametric comparative study of the CMs, BSs (and related projections) of the system are given in the Numerical Results and Discussion section.
For any given gradient system, governed by a potential V, which is associated with one state (independent) variable?active coordinate, say x, and four control parameters, defined by ri (i = 1 − 4), i.e. V = V(x; ri), Nonlinear Stability and Bifurcation Theory dictates that the equilibrium configurations are the solutions of Equation (5a), while the critical states should also satisfy Equation (5b).
We assume that U is a universal unfolding of V, being a product of adequate Taylor expansion and truncation. We also assume that U is a 6th order polynomial of the most general form with respect to x (as the one shown in Equation (3)), the coefficients of which are known functions of ri, implying that the unfolding parameters are directly dependent on the control parameters of V. Hence, instead of seeking equilibria, critical states and bifurcations (ought to infinitesimal changes of one or more of ri, individually or in an combined manner) of the original system, it is convenient to apply Catastrophe Theory on the truncated system and afterwards compare the results with those of Nonlinear Stability Theory. Aiming to present qualitative proof that the original system, governed by V, is associated with the Butterfly Catastrophe, a short reminder of the salient features of this Singularity is given below:
・ Depending on the parameter values, the potential function may have three, two, or one different local minima, separated by the loci of fold bifurcations. At the butterfly point, the different 3-surfaces of fold bifurcations, the 2-surfaces of cusp bifurcations, and the lines of swallowtail bifurcations all meet up and disappear, leaving a single cusp structure remaining.
・ The set of critical points of the U-unfolding is the so-called four-dimensional Catastrophe Manifold CMU, given by [
・ The set of the singular (degenerate) critical points SU is a four-dimensional Sub-Manifold of the previous one, satisfying [
・ The projection of the above Manifold in the space of the control parameters, which forms the Bifurcation Set BSU, should combine Equations (6) and (7) yielding:
・ This Bifurcation Set constitutes a hyper-surface in the four-dimensional control space, and thus its graphic representation is impossible in the three-dimensional physical space. Only 3D sections of this hyper-surface can be drawn as 3D contour plots or bifurcation diagrams, for some characteristic combinations of the control parameters, with at least one of them kept constant. Furthermore, it should be noted that pioneer publications on the subject [
From the One-Dimensional Elementary Catastrophes (Cuspoids), the Butterfly (A5 according to the classification of Thom [
In order to show that the one-dimensional system studied herein exhibits the Butterfly Singularity, one may either use Equations (6) and (8) or employ and extend the alternative elimination procedure of Deng [
After computing the Catastrophe Manifold, the Bifurcation Set is evaluated, by symbolically eliminating favorably either λ or β (due to their apparent linear presence). In the foregoing analysis β was eliminated, based either on the original potential, given in Equation (1), or on the truncated one with H = 0 from Equation (3). The expression governing the BS of the original system is given in Equation (9), while the one of the truncated system is extremely lengthy and will not be presented for brevity.
In the sequel, one may produce reliable results in terms of equilibrium paths, bifurcation diagrams and bifurcation sets, and qualitatively justify that the system dealt with is governed by the Butterfly Singularity, in agreement with the findings of the companion paper [
Our first goal is to compare 3D Contour Plots of the Bifurcation Set, as products (a) of the original potential, and (b) of the truncated potential, with H = 0. The corresponding plots, for two characteristic values of imperfection parameter ε, are illustrated in
Comparing the contents of the above figures, it is evident that the plots of the two cases are almost identical. This result verifies to a certain extent the validity of the approximate Catastrophe Theory approach adopted in this work. Further validation and evidence will be provided in what follows, by reproducing equilibrium paths and bifurcation diagrams of the system, based on its truncated potential with H = 0.
As far as equilibrium paths are concerned, the cases of β ≠ 0, α, ε = 0 and β, ε ≠ 0, α = 0 where chosen. The corresponding plots are shown in
These paths are identical with the ones presented in the companion paper, via a Nonlinear Stability analysis.
Furthermore, several Bifurcation Diagrams (imperfection sensitivity plots) are presented, as products of the present analysis. These correspond to α = 0, shown in
Once again, full accordance with the relevant findings of the companion paper is identified.
From all the above results and the preceding analysis, it is proven that the model exhibits the Butterfly Singularity.
The single degree-of-freedom model analyzed herein, although quite simple, is associated with all kinds of dis-
tinct critical points and related to the Butterfly Catastrophe, a situation scarcely encountered in Structural Mechanics. The use of the truncated potential, within reasonable parameter ranges, lead to results in excellent
agreement with ones obtained from the original potential in terms of equilibria, imperfection sensitivity and Bifurcation Sets, as also reported in the companion paper.
Dimitrios S.Sophianopoulos,Vasiliki S.Pantazi, (2015) Stability Analysis of a SDOF Mechanical Model with Distinct Critical Points: II. Catastrophe Theory Approach. World Journal of Mechanics,05,266-273. doi: 10.4236/wjm.2015.512025