This paper proposes the modeling and simulation technique to analyze and design a Boost converter using generalized minimum variance method with discrete-time quasi-sliding mode to adjust the converter switch through a pulse width modulation (PWM), so as to enhance a stable output voltage. The control objective is to maintain the sensed output voltage stable, constant and equal to some constant reference voltage (8 volt) in the load resistance variation (24, 48, 240) Ω and input voltage variation (20, 24, 28) volt circumstances. This control strategy is very appropriate for the digitally controlled power converter and for the system requirement accomplishment, resulting high output voltage accuracy. The performance degradation in practical implementation can be expected due to noise, PWM nonlinearities, and components imperfection. The digital simulation using MATHLAB/Simulink is performed to validate the functionality of the system.
The DC-DC converters are essential in a variety of applications such as power supplies, personal computers, cellular phones, office equipment’s, spacecraft power systems, telecommunications equipment’s, and DC motor starting circuits, where input/output voltage ranges overlap; the DC-DC converters convert a DC input voltage Vi(t), to a DC output voltage Vo(t), with a magnitude other than the input voltage [
As it is known, sliding mode (SM) control provides robust system motion along a predefined sliding surface due to its insensitivity to parameter uncertainty and external disturbance under certain conditions [
The quasi-sliding mode controller can assure fixed switching frequency, which is held by discretization of the sliding mode control which can induce undesirable chattering in the vicinity of sliding surface [
In this paper, the second section considers the system modeling and the evolution of the state space equations of the boost converter, transfer function and the design procedure of discrete-time quasi-sliding mode controller. The third section considers complete model simulation results in MATLAB. The simulations are done in three scenarios to validate the proposed converter, while the fourth section considers a conclusion dealing with this paper.
The Boost converter is a converter which its output voltage magnitude is greater than the input voltage magnitude, it is a typical DC-DC switching converter normally used as a power supply in a wide variety of applications, In modeling of the state space, the state variable which principally are the elements that store the energy of circuit or system (capacitance voltage and inductor current) have significant importance. In an electronic circuit, the first step in modeling is converting the complicated circuit, into basic circuit in which the circuit lows can be established, we will consider that all the elements are ideals in our modeling [
The schematic diagram of the Boost converter with quasi-sliding mode controller is shown in
The sensed output voltage βVo with referent voltage Vref are feed to the quasi-sliding mode controller input, at the output we get uk which is compared with the ramp signal providing a PWM signal u Which drives switch Sw. As in [
System modeling is probably the most important phase in any form of system control design work. The choice of a circuit model depends upon the objectives of the simulation. If the goal is to predict the behavior of a circuit before it is built. A good system model provides a designer with valuable information about the system dynamics. The state-space description of the converter model in terms of the desired control variables (i.e., voltage and/or current etc.) is the first step to the design of an SM controller, in this paper the controller under study is a second-order quasi-sliding mode voltage controller operating in CCM. The mathematical model for simulation studies can be easily derived by applying Kirchhoff’s laws, From
The state space continuous-time model of Boost converter with of single input-output single is:
where:
Here C, L, RL denote the capacitance, inductance, and instantaneous load resistance of the converters respectively; ic, iL, ir denote the instantaneous capacitor, inductor, and load currents, respectively; vref, vi, v0 denote the reference, instantaneous input, and instantaneous output voltages, respectively; β denotes sensor gain;
As u(t) is equal to PWM output, which corresponds to equivalent control uequ in sliding mode control theory, we will assume that u(t) is the quasi-sliding mode controller output [
where
With assumption that no external disturbance is affecting on the system under control we have:
where:
Let:
We get that:
The model of the system with one input and one output is obtained from (3) and given in z-domain by the form:
As it is before proposed that system under control has no external disturbances affecting on it, so the control law:
The polynomials A(z−1), B(z−1) can be found through:
And can be written as:
where n―order of the system (n = 2), m―number of inputs (m = 1), z−1 is the unit delay i.e. z−1 = e−pT, where p denotes a complex variable. Using equation (12), we get:
The goal is to maintain the sensed output voltage y(k) = Βv0(k) stable, constant and equal to some constant reference voltage Vr(k) = Vref, despite the variations of load resistance RL and input voltage Vi.
In order to get a better system steady state accuracy and chattering alleviation, the QSM (Quasi Sliding Mode) based on generalized minimum variance control (GMVC) technique is used, which is the combination of the discrete-time sliding mode and the generalized minimum variance control technique [
Using the model of one input-one output given in (10), the design goal is to find a control law u(k) that will force switching function to a minimum value (in the ideal case zero value) so that will keep the system motion in the vicinity of sliding surface s(k) = 0, determined by the QSM domain S. Quasi-sliding mode is the movement along a predefined Near switching hypersurface s(k) = 0, such that when one system trajectory enters this area never leaves it so that the relation
The switching function in this case is:
In our case we have:
The polynomial C(z−1) can be calculated by:
where C(z−1) is a polynomial with all zeros inside the unit circle, while the polynomial Q(z−1) must satisfy the following equality in the steady state, i.e. where
Control law, which fulfills the requirements, is the GMVC which is determined by:
where E(z−1) and F(z−1) are polynomials obtained as the solutions of Diophantine equation, using the equations (12), (15) we get the polynomials E(z−1) and F(z−1) of Diophantine equation:
Theorem 1. For a system described in (10), the necessary and sufficient condition for the system with GMVC to be stable when all roots of the equation:
are inside the unit circle in the z-plane, and the pairs (B(z−1), Q(z−1)), (C(z−1), A(z−1)) and (C(z−1), Q(z−1)) do not have a common zero outside this circle.
Proof: When the system under control is described by Equation (10), Equation (14) can be written as:
Substituting control law
Rearranging last equation, we get the final expression for the dynamics of the system in a closed loop:
The condition for stability of the closed-loop will be fulfilled if the expression in the denominator B(z−1)C(z−1) + A(z−1)Q(z−1) is stable, i.e. the roots of the polynomial lies inside the unit circle in z-domain. The request of couples do not have common zeros outside the unit circle arises from the need to avoid shortening of unstable roots, which cause instability in the system in case of parametric perturbations. As the dynamics of the closed loop of the system is derived based on the model of the system, and expression for variable s(k) (which in case of digital QSMC takes place as switching function), the requirements which should be fulfilled in order to achieve stability in the closed loop system, and which are given in Theorem 1, will be identical for all variants of GMVC, including the digitally GMVC with QSM. Rewriting expression (25) in order to analyze the accuracy of the system:
It is obvious that the dynamics of the system with GMV control leads to MV control when Q(z−1) = 0, Thus, at steady state (
Respectively the output of the system y(k) will follow the reference signal Vr(k) with a precision that would depends on the accuracy of variables
In the traditional digital QSMC sliding hypersurface is defined by the formula:
While the digital equivalent control, which shall ensure that the
In order to make a connection between the digital equivalent control ueq and GMV control, it is necessary to introduce a switching function
Control action which provides
The relations between the coefficients of the polynomial F(z−1) and G(z−1), and space-state model (7) and (32) are presented in the following form:
So the appropriate GMV control in case of autonomous systems can be presented as:
By comparing the expression of control (37) and (43) we get:
The choice of s(k + 1) in the form (34) is equivalent to the choice of (14), which we have made in the formation of GMV control assuming that (44) is fulfilled. So, we have:
As we see that GMV control is the substitution for the equivalent control in QSM, whose design is based on the model in the space state form, while the functions s(k), whose minimum variance, or its zero value in the deterministic case, we tried to achieve that GMV control, takes the place of the switching function in the digital QSM control. If the reference input signal in subsequent time points
where s(k) is defined by (14), is called switching the digital QSM control based on GMV, while the polynomials E(z−1) and F(z−1) solutions Diophantine Equations (20), (21), while the polynomial Q(z−1) satisfies the equality (17). Substituting control law (46) in the model of the system (7), taking into account the expressions (14) and (19), rearranging these equations we get:
Or in other words:
Expression (48) determines the dynamics of the switching function when control law (46) is applied to the system (7). The control law (46) is just like the one in QSM control with MV which its accuracy O(T2) of the system (7).
Theorem 2. For the discrete system which is described by (7) and (46), where the switching function is given by (14), and its dynamics is determined by (48). If the parameter α chosen to satisfy the following inequality:
Then there is a natural number K0 = K0(s0), such that for all k > K0 exists quasi-sliding mode in the area of S1 (T2) which is defined by:
where α = OT.
Consequence: The system described by (7) and (46) is stable if and only if:
1) In it there is a quasi-sliding mode, that is filled with inequality (49) for each k, and
2) The polynomial C(z−1) has all its roots inside the unit circle in the z-plane.
The stability of the system with the proposed control is achieved if the requirements are met with the following theorem:
Theorem 3. The system which is described by equations (7) and (46) is stable if:
1) Parameter α is chosen according to the Theorem 2, and
2) The conditions of Theorem 1 is achieved.
The accuracy of the system in steady state will be in O(T2) limits.
As a conclusion by choosing the value of the parameter α to satisfy (46), then according to Theorem 2 the quasi-sliding mode exist in the domain S, and consequently the output y(k) will converge to the reference voltage Vref only in case that the polynomial C(z−1) is stable.
In the earliest work [
In order to the implement the MATLAB-Simulink environment to simulate the digital circuit of the controller, a table of the Components is used to verify the DC-DC converter with the proposed quasi-sliding mode voltage controller and they are given in
The Simulink block diagram representing close loop Scheme of Boost converter is given in
Description | Symbol | Nominal value |
---|---|---|
Input voltage | Vi | 20 v, 24 v, 28 v |
Capacitance | C | 230 μF |
Inductance | L | 200 μH |
Switching frequency | fs | 200 Khz |
Inductor resistance | rL | 0.14 Ω |
Capacitance ESR | rc | 0.69 mΩ |
Average load resistance | RL | 48 Ω |
Minimum load resistance | RL_min | 24 Ω |
Maximum load resistance | RL_max | 240 Ω |
Desired output voltage | V0 | 48 v |
1) For Vi = 20 v:
Roots: −0.7425, 0.5914, 0.4339
2) For Vi = 24 v:
Roots: − 0.7017, 0.5951, 0.4220
3) For Vi = 28 v:
Roots: −0.6451, 0.5997, 0.4053
The variation of the input voltage, and the load resistance are illustrated in
Form the above figures we notice that when RL has its maximum value 240 Ω the proposed quasi-sliding mode voltage controller provides robust Boost converter output voltage response, but the minimum value of the RL causes significant output oscillation about the reference input Vref but still gives the desired output voltage, also we notice that the uncertainties in DC-DC converter such as inductance and its resistance, current load resistance and uncontrollable input voltage It has been overcome using this technique with taking in mind that some uncertainties can be neglected such as the diode and switch voltage drop if the input voltage much greater than these drop voltages.
In this paper, we proposed the discrete-time quasi-sliding mode control strategies based on the so-called generalized minimum variance approach. This method guarantees improved robustness, faster transient response, and better steady-state accuracy of the controlled system than previously proposed algorithms of the same type such
as in [
Muhanad D.Almawlawe,DarkoMitic,MarkoMilojevic, (2015) The Usage of the Digital Controller in Regulating Boost Converter. Circuits and Systems,06,268-279. doi: 10.4236/cs.2015.612027