Metabasite refers to metamorphosed basalts and other mafic igneous rocks (rich in iron and magnesium). When a mafic igneous rock is subjected to new pressure and temperature conditions during metamorphism, these chemical components will rearrange themselves to form new minerals. Metabasites can be found in many metamorphic belts including Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic belt of Iran. The study area is a Tanbour metamorphic complex in Eastern of Sirjan city, which is geologically located at the Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic belt in Southern Iran. Metabasite in this complex consists of greenschist, epidote amphibolite and amphibolite. Amphibole and plagioclase are the main minerals in the greenschist and amphibolite, and the a secondary mineral in some micaschist seen in the study area. The electron microprobe analysis was done on this mineralization in greenschist, epidote amphibolite and amphibolite, which showed that the amphiboles in greenschist was a member of the calcic group and Actinolite type, and the amphiboles in epidote amphibolite was a member of the calcic group and these amphiboles were tschermakite up to Ferro-Tschermakite + Ferro-Hornblende type. The amphibole in amphibolite is a member of the calcic group and this amphibole is Magnesio-Hornblende type. The plagioclases in the greenschist is pure albite (An 3.29 - 3.6), and in the epidote amphibolite is oligoclase (An 19.5 - 24.2), while in the amphibolites is oligoclase (An 16.9 - 26.6). The estimated P–T conditions are in favor of their metamorphism under epidote amphibolite (550°C and 8 kbar) and amphibolite (611°C - 652° Cand 10.5 kbar) facies.
Metabasite are important metamorphic rocks which are sensitive to the condition of metamorphism and can be used to estimate the pressure and temperature of metamorphism. Basalts and gabbros are composed of calcic plagioclase along with ferromagnesian minerals such as hornblende, augite, enstatite, and olivine. Thus mafic igneous rocks can be characterized chemically as combinations of the following cations: Si, Al, Ca, Fe, and Mg. When a mafic igneous rock is subjected to new pressure and temperature conditions during metamorphism, these chemical components will rearrange themselves to form new minerals. Which Fe-Mg-Ca-bearing silicates form depends on the specific pressure and temperature conditions, and so by identifying the minerals within a metabasite you can determine the approximate conditions under which the basalt or gabbro is metamorphosed. Several amphiboles are common in metabasites. Metabasites can be found in many metamorphic belts including Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic belt of Iran. The study area is a Tanbor metamorphic complex in eastern of Sirjan city, which is geologically located at the Sanandaj-Sirjan Metamorphic belt in southern Iran. Metabasite in this complex consists of greenschist, epidote amphibolite and amphibolite. This paper is based on mineral chemistry studies specifying the type of amphibole in metabasites.
The study area is located 25 km east of Sirjan in southern Iran (
Amphibole and plagioclase are the main minerals in the greenschist and amphibolite, and the secondary mineral in some micaschist seen in the area. Amphibole was seen in greenschist with paragenesis of actinolite + plagioclase + epidote + quartz ± opaque minerals (magnetite), and the textures in the rocks are nematoblastic and granoblastic. The former is defined by an actinolite orientation and the latter by an inequigranular mosaic of epidote, plagioclase and quartz (
The complex chemical composition of members of the amphibole group can be expressed by the general formula A0?1B2C5T8O22(OH, F, Cl)2, where A = Na, K; B = Na, Zn, Li, Ca, Mn, Fe2+, Mg; C = Mg, Fe2+, Mn, Al, Fe3+, Ti, Zn, Cr; and T = Si, Al, Ti. Nearly complete substitution may take place between sodium and calcium and among magnesium, ferrous iron, and manganese (Mn). There is limited substitution between ferric iron and aluminum and between titanium and other C-type cations. Aluminum can partially substitute for silicon in the tetrahedral (T) site. Partial substitution of fluorine (F), chlorine, and oxygen for hydroxyl (OH) in the hydroxyl site is also common. The complexity of the amphibole formula has given rise to numerous mineral names within the amphibole group. In 1997 Leake presented a precise nomenclature of 76 names that encompass the chemical variation within this group. The mineral nomenclature of the amphiboles is divided into four principal subdivisions based on B-group cation occupancy: 1) the iron-magnesium-manganese amphibole group; 2) the calcic amphibole group; 3) the sodic-calcic amphibole group, and 4) the sodic amphibole group (
To determine the chemical composition of amphibole bearing metabasites in the study area, electron micro- probe analysis were done on this mineralization in greenschist, epidote amphibolite and amphibolite.
Based on the results of electron microprobe analysis, first By the Minpet Software, The number of cations is recalculated on the basis of 23 oxygens from the Richard and Clarke [
To determine the amphibole mineral groups in metabasites of the study area, chemical composition of the amphiboles analysed plotted on BNa on BCa + BNa diagram. [
sample | H2O | Na2O | K2O | MgO | CaO | MnO | FeO | Al2O3 | SiO2 | TiO2 | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.56 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 11.68 | 10.9 | 0.5 | 18.1 | 4.9 | 52.8 | 0.4 | 100.99 |
2 | 1.64 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 11.32 | 10.83 | 0.5 | 18.65 | 4.6 | 53.2 | 0.45 | 101.33 |
3 | 1.35 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 11.44 | 11.08 | 0.3 | 18.93 | 4.2 | 53.18 | 0.6 | 101.18 |
4 | 1.98 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 11.3 | 10.98 | 0.3 | 17.53 | 3.6 | 54.23 | 0.65 | 101.73 |
5 | 1.89 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 11.56 | 10.86 | 0.28 | 18.47 | 4.1 | 53.86 | 0.68 | 101.85 |
6 | 1.78 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 11.68 | 10.09 | 0.33 | 18.94 | 3.86 | 54.12 | 0.6 | 101.53 |
7 | 1.74 | 1.69 | 0.08 | 11.3 | 11.1 | 0.3 | 17.7 | 3.7 | 53 | 0.7 | 101.31 |
Formula | H2O | Na2O | K2O | MgO | CaO | MnO | FeO | Al2O3 | SiO2 | TiO2 | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2.03 | 1.55 | 0.58 | 10.54 | 11.02 | 0.01 | 13.87 | 13.35 | 42.28 | 0.77 | 96.01 |
2 | 2.21 | 1.49 | 0.21 | 12.59 | 11.31 | 0.19 | 14.38 | 10.92 | 46.99 | 0.78 | 101.07 |
3 | 2.07 | 1.62 | 0.34 | 9.98 | 11.55 | 0.15 | 15.06 | 13.88 | 42.36 | 0.44 | 97.44 |
4 | 2.11 | 1.73 | 0.28 | 10.32 | 11.57 | 0.09 | 15.04 | 14.01 | 43.79 | 0.3 | 99.25 |
5 | 2.12 | 1.55 | 0.27 | 10.34 | 11.72 | 0.03 | 15.07 | 13.72 | 44.35 | 0.16 | 99.32 |
6 | 2.06 | 1.45 | 0.29 | 11.12 | 11.31 | 0.19 | 14.44 | 11.36 | 43.94 | 0.38 | 96.54 |
7 | 2.14 | 1.89 | 0.42 | 10.71 | 11.59 | 0.18 | 15.17 | 14.7 | 43.4 | 0.67 | 100.86 |
8 | 2.23 | 2.12 | 0.38 | 11.26 | 11.38 | 0 | 15.01 | 15.93 | 42.46 | 0.36 | 102.13 |
9 | 2.13 | 1.92 | 0.3 | 10.15 | 11.44 | 0.24 | 15.41 | 15.06 | 43.32 | 0.4 | 100.37 |
Formula | H2O | Na2O | K2O | MgO | CaO | MnO | FeO | Al2O3 | SiO2 | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2.07 | 1.62 | 0.59 | 4.54 | 11.25 | 0 | 22.66 | 16.34 | 41.51 | 100.59 |
2 | 2.06 | 1.82 | 0.62 | 4.28 | 11.06 | 0.4 | 22.68 | 16.74 | 40.99 | 100.65 |
3 | 2.08 | 1.66 | 0.78 | 4.33 | 11.21 | 0.11 | 22.25 | 17.4 | 41.13 | 100.95 |
4 | 2.39 | 1.85 | 0.66 | 4.59 | 10.84 | 0.57 | 23.31 | 16.76 | 40.68 | 101.64 |
5 | 2.06 | 1.68 | 0.71 | 4.27 | 11.16 | 0.3 | 22.92 | 16.6 | 41 | 100.71 |
6 | 2.02 | 1.54 | 0.58 | 4.23 | 11.22 | 0.28 | 22.57 | 15.81 | 40.48 | 98.73 |
7 | 2.1 | 1.69 | 0.64 | 4.57 | 11.38 | 0.32 | 22.39 | 16.96 | 42.04 | 102.09 |
8 | 2.04 | 1.57 | 0.72 | 4.3 | 11.33 | 0 | 21.03 | 17.05 | 40.8 | 98.86 |
9 | 2.06 | 1.69 | 0.65 | 4.35 | 11.23 | 0.1 | 22.38 | 16.89 | 41.03 | 100.38 |
10 | 2.04 | 1.67 | 0.67 | 4.21 | 11.13 | 0 | 20.97 | 17.08 | 40.67 | 98.44 |
Sample | TSi | TAl | TFe3 | TTi | Sum_T | CAl | CCr | CFe3 | CTi | CMg | CFe2 | CMn | CCa | Sum_C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 7.663 | 0.337 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0.293 | 0 | 0 | 0.076 | 2.436 | 2.14 | 0.037 | 0.019 | 5 |
2 | 7.607 | 0.393 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0.439 | 0 | 0 | 0.043 | 2.509 | 2.009 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
3 | 7.656 | 0.344 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0.436 | 0 | 0 | 0.049 | 2.429 | 2.087 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
4 | 7.655 | 0.345 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0.367 | 0 | 0 | 0.065 | 2.455 | 2.113 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
5 | 7.822 | 0.178 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0.434 | 0 | 0 | 0.071 | 2.43 | 2.066 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
6 | 7.71 | 0.29 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0.402 | 0 | 0 | 0.073 | 2.467 | 2.058 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
7 | 7.76 | 0.24 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0.412 | 0 | 0 | 0.065 | 2.497 | 2.027 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
Sample | BMg | BFe2 | BMn | BCa | BNa | Sum_B | ACa | ANa | AK | Sum_A | Sum_cat | CCl | CF | Sum_oxy |
1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.701 | 0.299 | 2 | 0 | 0.175 | 0.015 | 0.189 | 15.189 | 0 | 0 | 22.999 |
2 | 0 | 0.172 | 0.061 | 1.683 | 0.017 | 1.932 | 0 | 0 | 0.017 | 0.017 | 14.949 | 0 | 0 | 22.999 |
3 | 0 | 0.158 | 0.061 | 1.67 | 0.017 | 1.905 | 0 | 0 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 14.92 | 0 | 0 | 22.999 |
4 | 0 | 0.166 | 0.037 | 1.709 | 0.008 | 1.92 | 0 | 0 | 0.013 | 0.013 | 14.933 | 0 | 0 | 22.999 |
5 | 0 | 0.049 | 0.037 | 1.697 | 0.022 | 1.804 | 0 | 0 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 14.819 | 0 | 0 | 22.999 |
6 | 0 | 0.153 | 0.034 | 1.666 | 0.019 | 1.872 | 0 | 0 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 14.887 | 0 | 0 | 22.999 |
7 | 0 | 0.244 | 0.04 | 1.55 | 0.014 | 1.848 | 0 | 0 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 14.863 | 0 | 0 | 22.999 |
the amphiboles in greenschist is a member of the calcic group and Based on the Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) on TSi diagram (Figure 12) shows the amphiboles in greenschist are of actinolite type. Actinolite is another green amphibole, although in thin-section the green color is much paler than that of hornblende. It may also be distinguished from hornblende by a lower extinction angle (typically around 15˚). Actinolite is common in greenschist-facies metabasites, and along with two other green minerals (epidote and chlorite).
According to this BNa on BCa + BNa diagram (Figure 13), shows the amphiboles in epidote amphibolite is a member of the calcic group and Ba.
According to this BNa on BCa + BNa diagram (Figure 14), shows the amphiboles in amphibolite is a member of the calcic group and based on the Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) on TSi diagram (Figure 15), shows this amphiboles are Magnesio-Hornblende type. Hornblende is a common constituent of metabasites of the amphibolite and granulite facies. Metamorphic hornblende tends to exhibit deep green color in contrast with igneous hornblende which tends to be brown.sed on the Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) on TSi diagram (Figure 16), shows this amphiboles are tschermakite up to Ferro-Tschermakite + Ferro-Hornblende type.
To determine the chemical composition of plagioclase bearing metabasites in the study area, electron micro- probe analysis were done on this mineralization in greenschist, epidote amphibolite and amphibolite. Table 7
includes the microprobe analyses of plagioclase in the greenschist samples. Table 8 includes the microprobe analyses of plagioclase in the epidote amphibolite samples. Table 9 includes the microprobe analyses of plagioclase in the amphibolite samples.
Based on the results of electron microprobe analysis, first by the Minpet Software, the number of cations is recalculated on the basis of 23 oxygens from the Deer et al. [8] . Table 10 includes the recalculated Result of plagioclase in the greenschist samples. Table 11 includes the recalculated Result of plagioclase in the epidote amphibolite samples. Table 12 includes the recalculated result of plagioclase in the amphibolite samples.
To determine the plagioclase mineral groups in metabasites of the study area, chemical composition of the plagioclases analysed plotted on Ab-An-Or diagram [1] . According to this diagram, shows the plagioclases in
the greenschist the plagioclase is pure albite (An3.29 - 3.6) (Figure 17), and in the epidote amphibolite the plagioclase is oligoclase (An19.5 - 24.2) (Figure 18), while in the amphibolites the plagioclase is oligoclase (An 16.9 - 26.6) (Figure 19).
In general, the calculation of pressure-temperature (P-T) conditions of metamorphism of the Tanbour metaba- site is hampered by the absence of suitable mineral phases such as garnet. However, some conventional quantitative geothermometers and geobarometers are available including hornblende-plagioclase geothermometry.
Temperatures during metamorphism of the Tanbour metabasite have been estimated using the hornblende-pla- gioclase thermometer of Holland and Blundy [9] . This thermometer is based on the Ca and Na equilibrium exchange between plagioclase and amphibole. The temperatures were calculated for plagioclase-amphibole pairs that show clear contacts at their boundaries from samples of amphibolites and epidote amphibolites. Due to the presence of quartz in the assemblages, the edenite-tremolite, rather than edenite-richterite, equilibrium expression of the hornblende-plagioclase thermometer was used [9] . This calibration has reported an uncertainty of ±75˚C. The Hb-PLAG software, provided by Tim Holland, has been used for calculation. For a given pressure of 8 kbar, temperatures of 550˚C and pressure of 10.5 kbar 611˚C - 652˚C were estimated for epidote amphi- bolites and amphibolites, respectively.
Amphibole and plagioclase are the main minerals in the greenschist and amphibolite. Based on the results of electron microprobe analysis, the amphiboles in greenschist is a member of the calcic group and actinolite type. Therefore it can be called these metamorphic rocks, actinolite schist with this mineralogy paragenesis is represented to the greenschist metamorphic facies. The amphibole in epidote amphibolite is a member of the calcic group and this amphibole is tschermakite up to Ferro-Tschermakite + Ferro-Hornblende type. These rocks are named epidote amphibolite, because with this mineralogy paragenesis, they are represented to the epidote-amphibolite metamorphic facies, the transition between greenschist facies and amphibolite facies. The amphibole in amphibolite is a member of the calcic group and this amphibole is Magnesio-Hornblende type. The plagioclases in the greenschist is pure albite (An3.29 - 3.6), and in the epidote amphibolite is oligoclase (An19.5 - 24.2), while in the amphibolites is oligoclase (An16.9 - 26.6). The estimated P-T conditions are in favor of their metamorphism under epidote amphibolite (550˚C and 8 kbar) and amphibolite (611˚C - 652˚C and 10.5 kbar) facies.