The presence of DNA fragmentation in semen is associated with poor results in ART (Assisted Re-productive Technology). This has led to the introduction of sperm DNA integrity testing in the clinical assessment of male infertility. The TUNEL assay is one of the most commonly used tests to measure DNA fragmentation in research studies, but it is now being optimized for routine clinical use. So, the objectives of our study were to install the TUNEL assay in our laboratory and to use it to assess the degree of DNA fragmentation in our patients dealing with couple infertility. Forty seven (47) and 25 samples from patients followed up for infertility and known fertile men were analyzed between August 2013 and July 2015 respectively. The sperm samples were evaluated according to the World Health Organization Guidelines. Sperm DNA damage was assessed by the TUNEL assay, with a standardized protocol that we adapted for reading using fluorescence microscopy instead of flow cytometry. The Sperm DNA Fragmentation Index was significantly higher in patients with infertility compared to the controls (22.2% ± 5.6% vs. 16.7% ± 0.7%) with a p < 0.05. This Index was also high in patients with varicocele compared to the control group (22.8% ± 9.2 vs. 16.7% ± 0.7%) (p < 0.01). After establishing the ROC curve (Receiver Operating Characteristics curve), we found a 15% threshold of DNA fragmentation, separating the patients with infertility from the control group. In our study, a 15% threshold positivity of DNA fragmentation using the TUNEL assay was highly associated with infertility. The results indicate that high level DNA fragmentation is associated with infertility.
DNA damage in spermatozoa is considered as an important cause of male infertility [
Standard semen analysis does not give information on DNA integrity and during the ICSI procedure, only one spermatozoon is chosen for injection, depending on its morphology. Whereas a spermatozoon is considered to be normal morphologically, it can possess considerable DNA damage, which can result in genetically transmitted abnormality. Lots of lab tests have been used to evaluate DNA fragmentation in the spermatozoa. Some of them give quantitative results, while others give more qualitative results [
In this preliminary study, we are optimizing the TUNEL assay. One of our goals was to propose a threshold specific to our laboratory, for future routine clinical use. We also wanted to assess the degree of DNA fragmentation found in our patients dealing with couple infertility.
This is a prospective study. Semen samples from 72 patients attending the Reproductive Biology and Genetics laboratory in Dakar at the University teaching hospital, Aristide Le Dantec in Dakar between August 2013 and July 2015. The control samples (n = 25) were collected from men who fathered within less than two years with normozoospermia values after semen analysis. The other patients consisted of those being followed up for infertility (n = 47) and among them 23 were treated for varicocele. Consent was obtained from all of them and the study was approved by the ethical committee.
We collected semen samples after 72 h of sexual abstinence .The analysis was performed 30 min after collection, according to the WHO latest guideline (2010). So the analysis included sperm concentration, motility, vitality and leukocyte concentration. Sperm morphology was assessed using David’s Criteria .We classified semen samples into normal or abnormal on the basis of the analysis, using the reference values from the WHO guidelines for semen analysis (2010) [
Fresh samples with 5 million spermatozoa were collected. When the total sperm count was less than 5 million, the whole sample was used without dilution. The samples were then centrifuged (at 600 g for 10 minutes) and the supernatant (the seminal plasma) was discarded.
The pellet was suspended in 1 ml of PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline, pH 7.4) and fixed with a with a 4% solution of paraformaldehyde (30 minutes at room temperature).Then, the spermatozoa were again washed to remove the paraformaldehyde and suspended in a (Methanol/acid acetic) mixture (3 volumes to1) and stored at −20˚C until the run time.
Sperm DNA fragmentation was quantified by using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated fluorescein-dUTP nick end labeling assay kit “In-situ Cell Death Detection Kit” (Roche Diagnostics, GmbH, Mannheim, Germany).
After a wash in PBS to remove the (Methanol/acid acetic) mixture, the sperm pellet was suspended in 1 ml of distilled water with 0.1% Triton X-100 in 0.1% sodium citrate for permeabilization (10 minutes at room temperature).
After another wash with PBS (at 300 g for 5 min), we obtained a pellet that was suspended in the staining solution containing labeled nucleotides and enzyme terminal transferase. This mixture was kept in a dark room at 37 degrees for 1 hour. Negative and positive controls were included for each run. They were performed, omitting the enzyme terminal transferase and pre-incubating fixed permeabilized sperm samples with DNase I (1 mg/ml) for 20 min at room temperature, respectively. After the reaction (Hybridization), the cells were washed twice in PBS (at 300 g for 5 min) and suspended in 0.5 ml of DAPI solution (4’, 6’-diamidino-2-phenylindole) for counterstaining (30 minutes in the dark, at room temperature).The suspension was centrifuged (at 300 g for 5 min), and the pellet resuspended in 100 µl of PBS. The samples were smeared on super frost slides and mounted with Vectashield® (Vector laboratories, Inc.).
The slides were examined by fluorescence microscopy with a DAPI filter and a Fluoroscein Isothiocyanate (FITC) filter. Five hundred (500) spermatozoa were examined. DNA fragmented spermatozoa appeared green while normal DNA was blue due to DAPI staining. The fragmentation percentage was the total number of cells with green fluorescence over the total of counted cells (blue fluorescence).
Two Groups were compared (the control group of men with proven fertility and the group with infertility). The results are expressed as mean ± SD. The data was analyzed by Student‘s test, when the studied variable had a normal distribution. To compare means of DNA fragmentation we used the test of Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney. To establish a threshold of positivity, we drew a ROC curve with the weight of specificity and sensibility values. The analyses were performed using the software R version 3.2.2 for windows.
The mean age of our patients was 33. 2 ± 5.7 years (range 20 - 46) in the control group and 35.7 ± 5.2 (range 23 - 63) in the group of infertile patients. There was no statistical difference between the two groups with age as a consideration (p > 0.05). The mean infertility period was 27 months ± 9 months. The majority of these patients were affected by primary infertility (62.2% of cases). The main factor of infertility in our series was varicocele with (48.9%) of cases, followed by urogenital tract infection (n = 12) and exposure to toxics (n = 4). The patients considered as exposed to toxics were, user of pesticide, 2 patients receiving treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis and one smoker (
The sperm parameters are presented in
The level of Sperm DNA fragmentation was significantly higher in infertile patients compared to the control group (22.2% ± 5.6% vs. 16.7% ± 0.7%) with p < 0.05 (
Semen parameters | Controls (n = 26) | Infertile patients (n = 47) | |
---|---|---|---|
Normal semen parameters (SP) (n = 14) | Abnormal semen parameters (SP) (n = 33) | ||
Volume (ml) | 2.6 ± 1.8 | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 2.1 ± 1.9 |
Concentration (millions/ml) | 150.3 ± 28.4 | 85 ± 45.2 | 32.2 ± 29.1 |
Progressive motility (%) (a + b) | 65 ± 5.5 | 55 ± 10.5 | 40 ± 15.2 |
Vitality (%) | 68.3 ± 5.6 | 58.1 ± 7.8 | 45.2 ± 18.4 |
Typical forms (%) morphology with David’s criteria | 34.2 ± 7.6 | 32.7 ± 5.1 | 20.8 ± 5.4 |
Infertile patients (n = 47) | Normal semen parameters (n = 14) | Abnormal semen parameters (n = 33) | p value |
---|---|---|---|
DNA fragmentation (%) | 37.5 ± 6.1 | 42.9 ± 6.8 | >0.05 |
Control (n = 26) | Patients with infertility (n = 47) | p value | |
---|---|---|---|
DNA fragmentation (%) | 16.7 ± 0.7 | 22.2 ± 5.6 | <0.01 |
in the group of patients with varicocele compared to the control group (22.8% ± 9.2% vs. 16.7% ± 0.7%) (p < 0.01) (
We compared the level of DNA fragmentation in varicocele with the mean average DNA fragmentation in the group with other etiologies of infertility (19.9% ± 5.6%). There was no difference from a statistical point of view (p > 0.05) (
Controls (n = 26) | Varicocele | p value | |
---|---|---|---|
DNA fragmentation (%) | 16.7 ± 0.7 | 22.8 ± 9.2 | <0.01 |
Varicocele (n = 23) | Other etiologies of infertility (n = 24) | p value | |
---|---|---|---|
DNA fragmentation (%) | 22.8 ± 9.2 | 19.9 ± 5.6 | >0.05 |
The described mechanisms responsible for DNA fragmentation in the human sperm are multiple. The following processes are implicated: apoptosis in the seminiferous tubule epithelium, defects in chromatin remodeling during the process of spermatogenesis, accumulation of oxygen radicals, induced DNA damage during sperm migration from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis, the activation of sperm caspases and endonucleases, damage induced by chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and the effect of environmental toxicants [
In our study, varicocele represented nearly half of the cases of infertility (48.9%).The level of DNA fragmentation was high compared to the control group. Varicocele is implicated in 30% to 35% of men with primary infertility [
We did not find any statistical difference in levels of DNA fragmentation in the group with good semen parameters and the group with poor semen parameters. Some authors found a positive correlation between as thenozoospermia and DNA fragmentation [
The infertile patients in our results had a high mean level of DNA fragmentation (p < 0.05). We obtained a ROC curve at 15% DNA fragmentation separating the control group from the group of patients with infertility but this his data was obtained with an area under the curve at 0.71. We found a threshold which is lower than that given in Sharma’s study [
Another reason could be the fact that we used fluorescence microscopy to measure the level of fragmentation instead of cytometry.
Even, if Values of sensitivity and specificity are due to the intrinsic performance of the TUNEL test [
That is the reason why, some authors like Dominguez et al. [
Cytometry is said to be better, for standardization, because it can analyze a larger amount of cells and it minimizes the intra and interobserver’s variations, but the calibration is very important and some authors like Murotari et al. [
The advantage of the reading on slides is that the cells are clearly identified. This visualization of the cells can allow other labeling with specific probes to perform another diagnosis during the same procedure. For example Kalyuzhny et al. [
According to Mitchell et al. [
To compare the results of the studies on DNA fragmentation, or to establish good meta-analyses, a great number of factors must be taken into consideration such as the technic used and the method of reading the results. For example, in the same assay, as in TUNEL, there will be threshold variations depending on the use of fluorescence microscopy or cytometry for interpreting the results even if there is o good concordance between the two. Inter individual variations should also be considered. Sergerie et al. reported a variation of the mean level of DNA fragmentation in the same healthy patients during 10 years. This variation was between 1.4% and 18.6% but always under the 19% threshold [
For the moment we found a 15% threshold and this value is in concordance with the ones found in literature using the same assay. More studies, including a larger cohort and specially taking into account the positive and the negative predictive value of DNA fragmentation in the outcome of pregnancy in the patients with infertility have to be performed. Varicocele seems to be a good model of study to better understand the biological mechanisms of DNA fragmentation and its influence on the outcome of a pregnancy.
We found an increased level of DNA fragmentation in our patients dealing with couple infertility. We used TUNEL assay and fluorescence microscopy to measure DNA fragmentation. We followed a standardized method and found a 15% threshold with an accuracy of 72.1%. We plan to have a larger cohort to assess this finding and to establish a threshold adapted to our laboratory and to the profile of our patients.
There is no conflict of interest.
Mama SyDiallo,OumarFaye,Abdoulaye SégaDiallo,YoroDiallo,BabacarDiao, (2015) Increased DNA Fragmentation in Patients with Infertility in Dakar (Senegal). Advances in Reproductive Sciences,03,97-105. doi: 10.4236/arsci.2015.34012