Scientific studies in higher education is becoming an increasing matter of discussion. The American University of Sharjah (AUS) encourages the scientific literacy of students who are not enrolled in science or engineering majors by including two required science courses in the curriculum. The courses of choice include biology, chemistry, environmental sciences, astronomy and physics. This study investigates the factors that contribute to students’ choice when selecting science courses at AUS. A survey comprised of open-ended questions as well as quantitative enquiries was administered to students enrolled in environmental science (ENV 100), aiming to investigate the main reason behind their choice. The results of this two year study showed significantly positive attitudes toward the course contents and the benefit of the course towards their future careers. Furthermore, it reveals that students are highly influenced by previous experiences with subjects, professors’ popularity, peer recommendation, their abilities in memorization, and skills in math. The study reveals that the main concern for students is related to the high amount of information and details that the course content covers. In addition, the possibility of obtaining a higher grade was also studied by observing the grade point average (GPA) for science courses over a period of four years. Nonetheless, the main factor for course choice was their genuine interest for the subject matter, which is this case study, was the environmental studies course.
Course choice among students in higher education represents an important decision and challenge. The two main aspects considered by students while making their choices typically include: course and grade satisfaction, and students’ knowledge of their learning abilities [
In recent years, scientific advocacy groups have recognized the need for non-scientists to become scientifically literate. It is suggested that the knowledge of science will allow individuals to be able to make accurate observations and predictions, improves their ability to collect and organize data and make inferences. These are among the most basic of such skills acquired through basic scientific literacy [
When it comes to students’ choice, science elective courses are a great opportunity to increase and encourage the motivation of scientific inquiry among students who have chosen to avoid science courses throughout their academic life. On the other hand, this choice might not only involve the students’ interest towards the subject but their perception towards the difficulty of the course. In addition, it is expected that students will be more inclined to choose courses that do not require too much effort or difficulty. Several studies have investigated student’s perceptions of science courses. For example, Whitfield (1980) reported that the main reason for students’ initial rejection of science courses is related to their perception of how difficult the course will be [
To overcome students’ perceptions, De Boer (2000) investigated the goals of teaching science courses [
The aim of this paper was to investigate students’ choice towards the selection of a science course rather than other courses, and what are the factors influencing their decision (grades, difficulty, understanding of material, etc.). Moreover, this study uses the environmental sciences course (ENV 100) offered at the American University of Sharjah, as a case study due to its high demand among students. ENV 100: Principles of Environmental Science, at the American University of Sharjah (AUS), is a science elective course (amongst biology, chemistry, astronomy and physics) for students in general education who are not pursuing degrees in the sciences or engineering majors. ENV 100 introduces the basic principles of environmental science; it explores the scientific method, structure of matter, energy principles, ecological concepts, organism interactions, communities and ecosystems, population dynamics, energy sources, biodiversity, human activities and the environment, managed ecosystems, water management, air quality and solid waste management [
Participants included approximately 150 undergraduate students enrolled in ENV 100: Principles of Environmental Science, a course for non-science and non-engineering students at AUS through a period of four semesters (2012-2014). Sixty-four percent of those students were of Arab origin and thirty-six percent were non Arabs. In terms of gender, 67% of the surveyed students were females and 33% males. From the test group, the majority of students who completed the surveys were freshman (43%), followed by sophomores (39%), and only 18% were juniors or seniors. Course timings varied between the sections studied; three days a week for 50 minutes in the morning, afternoon, or twice a week for 75 minutes early morning. Students’ majors of study included architecture, mass communication, business, and international studies.
Students were asked to complete a survey during the first month of classes. The questions were qualitative in nature and asked students to discuss their experiences with any previous courses taken at AUS, reasons for enrolling in the current course, they were also asked to provide feedback on their expectations for the course and/or the faculty teaching the course. Furthermore, a follow-up survey was given to the students taking ENV 100 during the last month of class. The questions included in the follow up survey were all based on their experience towards the current course and faculty. In the final survey, students were also asked whether or not they liked the course, how the course changed their attitudes towards the subject (environmental studies) and what their favorite part of the course was. Using the responses from the first semester’s pilot study, a quantitative survey was developed to also include their perspectives before and after taking the course. This survey focused on comparing the five science elective courses offered at AUS which include: biology, chemistry, environmental sciences, astronomy and physics for non-scientist and non-engineering students. Students were asked to rate in order of interest these five courses in terms of their personal perception of difficulty, interest in the subject, and real life applicability of the material to be studied. The survey was completed anonymously and students were told that results would not have an impact on the student’s grade and/or performance in the course. Students were allowed the choice to abandon the completion of the survey as it was done voluntarily.
Data on the average grades per science elective for non-science majors including chemistry, biology and environmental sciences were obtained and investigated regardless of the professor teaching the course. Data including fall, spring and summer semesters where used as a matter of comparison starting from fall 2009 until fall 2013 (data trends were used base on the last five years). The amount of sections offered per course during these four years was also quantified. Courses such as physics and astronomy were not compared in this section, as these courses do not belong to the Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences.
This survey was intended to assess the current status of students regarding their experiences with other courses taken at AUS and/or in the science field and expectations of how these courses can be improved. When given the chance to express their concerns prior to starting the course, students who enrolled in ENV 100 were mainly concerned about the amount of information to be studied and difficulty of course content and material. They also expressed a lack of interest towards science education in general but conceded that they had to earn credits for two science courses for graduation requirement.
In this initial survey, students were asked to rate from the list of science elective courses the ones that they would be more inclined to enroll in. Students were asked to rate from 1 to 5; 1 being their preferred choice and 5 the course least likely to enroll in. This paper will present the percentages for 1 and 5 only for all the survey questions.
The results of this survey clearly show that students are more motivated to enroll in environmental sciences as their first choice. On the other hand, surveyed individuals believe that biology will be their last option for science requirements. Students’ comments towards their decision on the above question included the math skills required for some courses, their high school science experience or lack thereof, ease of the subject matter, need for memorization of material and interest towards the subject. Also, some students commented on the idea that it is better to choose what they perceived would be an easier course for fear that a tougher course might lower their grade point average (GPA). The fact that most of the students having to enroll in this course did not have any previous science courses in high school also contributed to their course choice as biology and chemistry are perceived as hardcore science courses while the other courses seem to be more familiar and less demanding to them. The idea of enrolling in a new interesting course subject was also addressed by several individuals.
As a continuation of the previous question, students were required to explain the reason for their choice to enroll in the specific class and section (environmental sciences) rather than enrolling in one of the other available science electives.
When analyzing the responses provided by the surveyed students, it is obvious to observe the fact that students are choosing the course available because it is a graduation requirement. Other factors that influenced their choice included their interest towards the subject, in this case, environment studies, as well as its applicability to real life events. Professors’ popularity was also highlighted by several students as a reason for course choice. The last point is in agreement with Osborne, Simon & Collins (2003), who suggested that the problem of negative attitudes towards school science could be obtained by focused studies of classrooms where effective teaching of science were utilized [
Course difficulty was also examined in this paper. Students were requested to rate in order of difficulty the five elective science courses offered at AUS. The results of this survey indicated that students consider physics to be the most difficult course, followed by biology. In addition, environmental sciences were considered to be the least difficult amongst the choices provided. Surprisingly, although physics was chosen to be the most difficult one, it was also selected by several students as the least difficult after environmental sciences as shown in
Other, comments obtained by the surveyed groups included the importance of classroom dynamics when taking a course. Most students agreed courses that involve interactive activities and class visuals enhanced their
Science elective offerings | Preferred choice (% of students) | Not-preferred choice (% of students) |
---|---|---|
Biology | 12 | 38 |
Chemistry | 14 | 33 |
Physics | 21 | 28 |
Astronomy | 19 | 12 |
Environmental sciences | 47 | 5 |
Factors for ENV 100 students | % of student responses |
---|---|
Science elective requirement | 45 |
Interesting subject and applicability to future career | 35 |
Professor popularity and peer recommendations | 28 |
Easier and better course option | 18 |
Timing of the course | 6 |
learning abilities. Moreover, the idea of been able to apply the material learned to real life situations influences their course choice as well. According to several studies that investigated similar scenarios, students responded that they appreciated the applicability of the projects in courses to the real world and to their area of study [
Finally, the surveyed groups were requested to make suggestions for improvement to all faculties teaching science courses including ENV 100. Students agreed that the instructor should motivate them to be more excited about the subject. They also believed that the use of real life examples and more visuals increase their learning and appreciation for the course. Students also suggested that the faculty teaching the science courses should include more in-class experiments, reduce course material and level of difficulty, and elucidate its content at a slower pace. Several surveyed students recommended that the final exam format be changed from a comprehensive final to a content specific exam. On the other hand, a high percentage of the students believe that no changes are necessary in the case study course or any other science courses offered at AUS.
The main goal of the follow-up survey was to have a better understanding of how students feel about their course choice in this case environmental sciences, towards the end of the semester. 91% of the students who completed the survey responded positively when asked if they enjoyed the course. On the other hand, 4% did not like the course and the other 4% were neutral about their interest or enthusiasm towards the course. When asked if they had other comments or recommendations to improve the course, 49% of the students suggested that the course and professor were great and no comments or advice were required. A total of 19% requested the instructor reduce the amount and specificity of the course material, length, and difficulty. Other comments were based on the class timing, final comprehensive exam and the addition of in-class experiments and videos. When asked if the course has changed their attitude towards the environment and its issues, 95% of the surveyed students answered affirmatively, suggesting that now they will be more careful and aware of their surroundings and contribute more towards a better and more sustainable environment.
Science elective offerings | Most difficult (% of students) | Least difficult (% of students) |
---|---|---|
Biology | 24 | 17 |
Chemistry | 19 | 10 |
Physics | 29 | 26 |
Astronomy | 10 | 22 |
Environmental sciences | 17 | 34 |
Science elective offerings | Most applicable (% of students) | Least applicable (% of students) |
---|---|---|
Biology | 17 | 9 |
Chemistry | 5 | 29 |
Physics | 5 | 16 |
Astronomy | 7 | 43 |
Environmental sciences | 74 | 3 |
To understand the concept of course difficulty in regards to student grades, GPA averages for all students enrolled in the science electives of biology, chemistry and environmental sciences during 2009-2013 time period were compared. Data obtained includes the fall, spring and summer semesters. Only average GPA’s were taken into consideration regardless of faculty teaching the course. The following chart shows the differences per year between the 3 major courses. As seen in
Finally, the number of course sections offered during the last 4 years was also compared showing that environmental science is indeed a very popular course with fifty sections offered during the four years, followed by biology with 45 sections opened and finally chemistry which included 29 general science elective sections. When looking at these grades and sections offered, we can refer to the studies by As Havard (1996); it previously explained that for a physics course, over 50% of his sample indicated that they did not enjoy the subject at all, or very little, whereas over 60% enjoyed biology a lot or quite a lot. Biology and environmental sciences are courses that students can readily relate to more since they discuss environmental issues as well as human systems, which is easier to understand for non-science students [
The purpose of this research was to investigate the factors that influence students’ choice of science elective courses at AUS. The environmental Science course was used as a case study course for this investigation over a three year period. The results of this study showed that students course choice is based on; the content of the course, its relation to daily life and familiar events, grade of difficulty of the course, and to certain degree the
professor’s popularity and finally recommendations from peer students. Science education has historically and traditionally involved students in proposing a hypothesis, conducting an investigation, answering a question, writing results, and stating a conclusion―whether the hypothesis was correct, incorrect, or undetermined. Environmental science courses have moved away from traditional teachings and currently involve more of an open discussion of current issues which students can relate to, especially those who are not pursuing a career in sciences. Large in-class discussions on global environmental issues provide students the opportunity to freely express their opinions in an academic setting. They expose themselves to varying opinions, thereby improving their critical thinking skills. Students who enrolled in the environmental science course reported that the course was highly applicable to real life and the concepts learned could be used in their future careers. For these reasons, students confirmed that the case study course (ENV 100) changed their perspective towards the environment and increased their awareness towards environmental issues, suggesting that all those are important factors considered by students looking to enroll in a science course.
The author of this paper would like to acknowledge Dr. Cindy Gunn, for her encouragement to perform this type of study and for all her useful comments in the writing of this paper. Thanks to Jenifah Abu-Hassan, Sana Sayed and Dina Fakoussa for their appreciated revisions to the paper. Finally, many thanks to the students taking environmental sciences during the fall, spring and summer semesters 2012-2014.
FatinSamara, (2015) Factors Influencing Students’ Choice of Elective Science Courses: A Case Study from the American University of Sharjah. Open Journal of Social Sciences,03,93-99. doi: 10.4236/jss.2015.38010