As in many towns of African countries, the waste management, in particularly solid constitutes a major problem for the municipal authorities of Maradi. The aim of this study is to make a diagnosis of the present system of waste management in the town of Maradi. To achieve this goal, interviews with municipal authorities, cleaning up and health technicians have been made, as well as investigations among households. According to the health technicians of the town, the causes due to the problem of waste management in Maradi town are: collecting capatown insufficient, lack of effective sensitization of people, undeveloped and uncontrolled rubbish dumps, lack of gutter and its maintenance, and insufficient and unqualified human resources. As to the authorities, they denounce always the attitude and the behavior of citizens on the waste issue. The waste evacuation is done by municipal collecting or by depositing in wild rubbish dump. Some people eliminate their waste by burning or duping in the streets or in their houses. According to our investigations, 52% of population evacuates their waste daily. The satisfaction rate of municipal collecting is for 32%. The analysis showed that the present system of waste management in Maradi town was failing. As to solutions, we proposed to equip the technical offices with appropriated material and financial means, reinforce the involved actor’s capacities and make in application the operatives regulations for the waste management.
Waste management has an international history, social and cultural representations. Indeed, between 1770 and 1860, the value of excreta, particularly urban excreta, thanks to its agricultural and industrial importance increased. Next the birth of waste in the form of abandoned junk and materials from 1870 to 1960 will be presented. Since 1960s and 1970s, the environmental crisis has translated into a waste crisis for which only imperfect solutions have been found [
Waste generation is closely linked to population, urbanization and affluence [
Waste generation rates could vary depending on the season, month and day of the week [
Human waste management is one of the most important public health programs. It is considered by world health organization as one of the basic steps to be taken to safeguard our environment [
In most developed and developing countries with increasing population, prosperity and urbanization, it remains a major challenge for municipalities to collect, recycle, treat and dispose of increasing quantities of solid waste and wastewater. A cornerstone of sustainable development is the establishing of affordable, effective and truly sustainable waste management practices in developing countries. It must be further emphasized that multiple public health, safety and environmental co-benefits accrue from effective waste practices which concurrently reduce GHG emissions and improve the quality of life, promote public health, prevent water and soil contamination, conserve natural resources and provide renewable energy benefits [
Several works are focused on waste management in African countries [
Our study took place in the town of Maradi. It is situated in south-central of Niger Republic in the department of Madarounfa between parallels 13˚ and 15˚26' north latitude and meridians 6˚16' and 8˚36' east longitude. It is located at about 650 km east of the capital Niamey on National Highway No. 1 and about 45 km from the Federal Republic of Nigeria [
Moreover, the town of Maradi is bounded on the north by the urban municipality of Tibiri, to the west by the rural municipalities of Sarkin Yamma, and Safo and, to the east by the rural municipality of Djiratawa. Created by the law 2002-014 of June 2002, the town of Maradi is divided into three districts, each of which is administered by a town councilor [
The town of Maradi has 17 districts unevenly distributed in three municipalities (PDC 2010):
Municipality I (6 districts): Bouzou dan zambadi, aladey Soura, Soura bildi, Mazadou jika, Nouveau Carré and Zaria 1.
Municipality II (4 districts): Zaria 2, Sabon Gari, Bagalam and Makoyo.
Municipality III (7 districts): Ali dan sofo, Bourja, Maradaoua, Dan Goulbi, Assaou, Limantchi and Yandaka (
According to demographic projections from the National Institute of Statistics (INS) in 2009, the population of Maradi town is estimated to be 193,785, with a density of 114.5 inhabitants /km2 and an annual growth rate of 3.6%, however with significant disparities between municipalities. Indeed, the population is concentrated in the old group of older neighborhoods (Maradaoua, Limantchi, Yandaka, Bagalam Dan Goulbi and Mokoyo).
In general, in the Maradi town, the average size is 7 people per household with a total fertility rate of 7.5.
As everywhere in Niger Maradi’s economy is based largely on the primary sector, mainly agriculture and livestock which occupy more than 90% of industry assets. However, one feature of the Maradi town activity is business which covers about 79.5% of working individuals in the population. In women, the trade represents 92.1% of their modern activities. However, there is a dynamic activities such as crafts and rural exodus (men) that contribute significantly to the economy of the populations in the areas of tanning, despite the informality and lack of organization of these sectors [
To carry out this work, the methodology is based on three main pillars:
The document and literature search;
The interviews in key policy makers, technical experts and waste management in Maradi;
The household surveys.
In the end, all obtained data is processed, analyzed and presented in tables.
Equipment used: survey records, maintenance records, internet, camera, computer… etc.
It is to consult the literature on solid waste management of the Technical Head office of the three municipalities and the Central municipality, the general direction of the Environment, Non Government Organizations (NGO), some memories of the University of Maradi and Niamey and some background research on the internet.
We have had discussions with the municipal authorities responsible for the management of waste, responsible for management of the environment involved in waste management. We also talked with the leaders of structures pre-collection and waste collection.
These surveys were conducted in 340 households equally distributed in all 17 districts of the town, 20 households per district. These surveys enabled us to understand the behavior, practices and attitudes of populations in terms of waste management in the town of Maradi.
These visits allowed us to have a clear idea of the ground realities. We have, in this framework, through the streets of the town of Maradi, considered the status of garbage cans, intermediate dumps authorized and unauthorized (uncontrolled dumps).
1) Strengths
In the town of Maradi, diagnosis highlighted the following strengths:
Despite their limited resources and their expertise, both technical and organizational, associative and municipality dynamics that exist in Maradi are already proving particularly volunteers, courageous and imaginative to initiate activities in the improvement of the living quarters.
The private sector showed great motivation to invest in the proposed local urban services to the population, despite the administrative and financial difficulties of all kinds.
2) Weaknesses
The diagnosis also revealed significant weaknesses whose weight will slow the proper functioning of the current system.
First, the extreme confusion among public institutions, both central and municipal governments that will help:
a) fragmented efforts in a context of weak capacity,
b) reluctance external cooperation partners to finance the sector of the urban environment despite the scale of the needs,
c) weak legislation and regulation in waste management.
Worse, the both central and municipal political will to clean up the practices of the administration, is not up to the adverse consequences of these practices in respect of the urban environment and living conditions urban populations.
The general lack of control over financial transparency and post-evaluation of the actions undertaken, both in public institutions and in municipality based organizations and private companies, is not conducive to improving practices.
Finally, if civil society is beginning to organize itself, through its individual and municipality initiatives, it is particularly little support from the government, both in terms of moral, technical and financial perspective.
Central authorities as much as municipal of Maradi town often complain about the behavior of people in the town, which is particularly detrimental to the safety of neighborhoods in particular and that of the town in general. For this we note that:
・ The level of health awareness of the population remains very low: they make little connection between their bad sanitation practices (in the broad sense that is to say, about the wastewater, stormwater and garbage) and the frequency of the most common diseases.
・ More importantly, among those who are aware of the practices are not much better. Is the resignation to fate or disillusionment with the ineffectiveness of individual efforts at the lack of collective effort?
・ Indeed, public confidence in the use of government has largely blunted, and a significant proportion is now believed that the associations and the private sector have an important role to play.
・ The level of information on regulations is practically inexistent.
・ But still, we find that people now recognize their responsibility in waste management and in finding solutions to the problems that exist there. They are ready to do something, and sometimes do already, as in the case of their rain protection (case of Zaria1, Mazadou and Soura Aladey). In these areas some householders paying the drivers of dump trucks to bring the waste collected for rambler ravines next to their concessions. Their problem is that they are on their own, without technical or financial assistance from the government.
・ Surveys have shown that, especially, on the one hand people are largely willing to contribute financially to improving their environment when reliable services and benefits offered to them (this is already the case with the pre-collection garbage), and secondly, they have quite specific ideas about the desire for improvement if they could be listening and let them be involved in the elaboration of solutions.
The issue of waste management in Maradi has become worrisome to all relevant levels. To find a solution, it is necessary to identify the major causes that led to this situation. According to the hygiene and sanitation engineers of the town, causes related to this situation are: insufficient collection capacity (lack of resources), lack of effective awareness, badly managed and uncontrolled landfills and insufficient human resources abilities.
In the different municipalities of the town, a system of waste collection by trucks has been set up, but this collection is often hampered by lack of sufficient financial resources which is manifested through lack of fuel, lack of vehicle maintenance and prolonged equipment failures. Indeed, the municipality provides a shoestring budget for this sector and collectors fail to remove all solid waste from the town.
The success or failure of any waste management strategy depends, first of all, on the participation of the population. Awareness also helps accustom the population to a certain behavior as to the dates and places of waste disposal. Regarding the introduction of the curbside, municipalities should make awareness. However, regardless of the collection system introduced, training and awareness must take place, areas and neighborhoods should have the services responsible for this mission.
Landfills are not well equipped to effectively receive all categories of waste. The trucks will dump waste in an uncontrolled manner; there is waste that is deposited on the access road. Irregular landfills along the access road pose a risk of cork, permanent disability for truck traffic. Exploiting these landfills, as currently practiced, with an irregular discharge, deserves to be controlled. These discharges are regularly searched by the poor to find items that can be still usable for men and animals, which is a major health risk for the population of the town. This is the case of the uncontrolled discharge, “kadro”, located next to the market and landfill located on the road of Dan Issa at the entrance to the town of Maradi (southern).
1) Uncontrolled dumps
Wild dumps are; mostly, located along highway frequented by pedestrians and cyclists, near homes and are even larger than the population density is high, and the evacuation is random. The risk of contamination is very important, especially for children playing often in piles of garbage. In addition to disease, the accumulation of these wastes can cause unhealthy in children, many accidents: burns, wounds with glass or metal, toxic ingestions, falls, and risk of tetanus.
Units that work to hygiene and sanitation services in the departments responsible for the management of the environment, whether at the regional office or town hall are not equipped enough to address the issue of waste management.
Pre-collection is the door to door collection of waste; it is often initiated in the sub-region by private operators [
According to the officers of hygiene and sanitation services in different municipalities, we can raise the activity of the NGO RAIL, French Cooperation, the European Union, the AJLCP, the women’s group, the radioclub, etc. These NGOs also play a role in educating households. The municipalities coordinate all activities of the structures.
Pre-collection structures work with a secretary and an accountant. The field agents are compounds of the garbage collection team and collectors. Collectors are responsible for collecting royalties’ activities. Officers’ cleanliness handles for the disposal of household garbage they empty into the carts. These agents are sometimes two per cart (usually a family man and his son or two brothers). The controller oversees the smooth running of field activities. Field officers pre-collection encounter several difficulties. These include the presence of other illegal providers, weak support of the people in the system of waste management for development of uncontrolled dumps and injuries due to some threat objects.
The pre-collection chain is not at all organized. Indeed, the structures act freely after authorization to practice officially issued by the authorities, but also sometimes informally.
These private initiatives should be encouraged by municipalities who seek public support in waste management. This translates into financial support or material rewards and collaboration with technical services.
1) Example of pre-collection structure management (case of Municipality I)
The structure of pre-collection consists of carters that collect waste from households to containers. In the municipality I, three quarters receive currently this structure: Soura Bildi, Nouveau Carré and Bouzou Dan Zambadi. There are a total of 9 carters (donkey carts) and 6 women which are responsible for collecting royalties’ activities (1000 FCFA per household). The work is done according a daily schedule and carters are distributed in team in the various streets of the three neighborhoods. Each team operates in a very definite street and has a number of materials such as peeled, rakes, etc.
As agents of cleanliness (AC) note that it is a group often very exposed to very high risk of disease through the activity they lead. Facility managers, aware of this fact, put sometimes available to their AC: boots, gans, and mufflers. The controllers have the responsibility to ensure the port of this equipment by each AC.
An example of monthly financial statement was given in
Monthly wage of workers
・ 1 carter: 30,000 FCFA/month
・ 1 money collector: 20,000 FCFA/month
・ 1 guardian: 20,000 FCFA/month
The collection consists of the collection of waste temporarily stored in different points of the town by municipal sanitation officers. The collection efficiency depends on the state of the collection points, the control of the sources and volumes of waste generated, the logistics implemented and the organization pickups (routes and schedules) and especially the destination of the waste collected.
In the town of Maradi, there are two official points of collection, the container and the official dump created in consultation with the heads of districts in order to compensate the lack of containers. These two collection points are recorded by local authorities and are subject to removal. It exists in the town another kind of collection point said wild dumps spontaneously created by people, and as we have seen merely multiply every day.
If the number of containers and official dumps are well known in municipalities (
Most of the waste, (80% or 90% according to the Central municipality) are sold along the way, especially
Staff and Equipment | Salary and monthly expenses (in FCFA) |
---|---|
9 carters | 270,000 |
6 money collectors | 120,000 |
2 guards | 40,000 |
Maintenance | 20,000 |
Total expenditure | 450,000 |
Total fee collected | 393,450 |
Municipality | Number of containers |
---|---|
I | 15 |
II | 20 |
III | 53 |
Total | 88 |
along the main roads by drivers of municipality trucks to farmers as “amendment”. A portion is also sold as “fill” in the gully by runoff from rainfall (case of Mazadou Jika and Soura Alladey) especially near the Maradi lake (Goulbi) for surrounding areas as Soura Bildi, Sabon Gari, and Bagalam. These wastes are found in the Goulbi with the next rain.
1) Number and distribution of collection points
The number of uncontrolled dumps is difficult to identify because these sites are not listed, and their license proliferation. Some are, sometimes, emptied, while, others occur spontaneously. The containers are primarily distributed in the commercial, administrative and residential areas of the town center, their numbers and locations vary according to estimates of municipal services. Many suburbs are not served and have neither container nor official dumps. Wild dumps in these areas are therefore very numerous.
The lack of formal dumps and disposal service in outlying areas is a gap because if communal services do not have the means to regularly drain the official dumps, it will favor the proliferation of uncontrolled dumps which eventually invade neighborhood.
2) Material resources
At collection points, waste collection is provided by the municipalities. Containers and official dumps were emptied using bins. Each municipality of Maradi town has 1 bin.
3) Current organization of the collection.
The containers are emptied following a program established by the technical services according to the abundance of waste. The frequency of emptying containers is 3 to 4 times a week depending on the municipality. It is the same for official dumps. For District III, collection days are: Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday and sometimes Sunday. In fact, 11 to 14 containers are emptied daily. The collection hours are set from 7:00 AM to 2:00 PM. However, as we have seen, uncontrolled dumps are not subject to regular pickups.
People sometimes ask technical services intervention for disposal of these wastes, but rarely. Often schedules and frequencies of garbage are not respected if interventions are not planned. The machines are not always available, because the material is old and often breaks down (30 years old vehicle, Municipality III). Finally, the municipality complains of lack of fuel and lubricants (40 liter instead of 60 liters for Municipality III). The most glaring anomaly is the management of drivers that are uncontrollable and uncontrolled and whose actions are at the limit of “ecological crime”.
Municipality III operates checks every month. A guarding system was put in place (2 dock guards for the Municipality I). The role of these guards is to control the discharge of waste by the population or pre-collectors; this will prevent the dumping of garbage around the containers. These guards can also help children to pay the waste in containers. According to officials, the guard allows proper maintenance of the containers, but it is often rendered useless by the failure to comply with waste removal program.
At the Municipality III, the leaders of hygiene and sanitation control daily regular garbage collection. Note that days of safety are organized on the occasion of some anniversary by women, youth, etc.
The waste transported must be dumped, by drivers, in landfills managed by Central municipality. However, only a small portion of the waste, estimated at about 10% actually reaches the landfill or near landfills.
The collection solid waste is often difficult due to its fragmentation around containers and in the dumps because of the wind, the trampling of animals and men, by lighting fires in containers and dumping wastewater around and in the container.
In total 340 people were surveyed and investigations involved both women and men according to their availability.
In
According to
Sex | Number of respondents | Frequency (%) |
---|---|---|
Non-response | 0 | 0 |
Male | 259 | 76 |
Female | 81 | 24 |
Total | 340 | 100 |
Situation | Number of respondents | Frequency (%) |
---|---|---|
Non-response | 0 | 0 |
Married | 228 | 67 |
Single | 112 | 33 |
Total | 340 | 100 |
Duration | Number of respondents | Frequency (%) |
---|---|---|
Non-response | 0 | 0 |
<25 years | 106 | 31 |
25 to 45 years | 169 | 49 |
≥45 years | 69 | 20 |
Total | 340 | 100 |
The results of
However, it should be noted that people are aware of the problems created by uncontrolled dumps, but the inaccessibility of authorized dumps or containers and irregular collection that sometimes lead them to create wild dumps. In fact, it is this awareness that drives some people to sort or bury their waste in their concessions.
Habitat | Nunber of respondents | Frequency (%) |
---|---|---|
Non-response | 0 | 0 |
Individual | 190 | 56 |
Collective | 150 | 44 |
Total | 340 | 100 |
Municipal collection | Number of respondents | Frequency (%) |
---|---|---|
Non-response | 0 | 0 |
Yes | 138 | 41 |
No | 202 | 59 |
Total | 340 | 100 |
Disposal frequency | Number of respondents | Frequency (%) |
---|---|---|
Every day | 175 | 52 |
Once a week | 27 | 8 |
Twice a week | 60 | 18 |
Three times a week | 74 | 22 |
Total | 340 | 100 |
Satisfaction | Number of respondents | Frequency (%) |
---|---|---|
Non-response | 0 | 0 |
Very satisfied | 44 | 32 |
Quite satisfied | 45 | 33 |
Not all satisfied | 49 | 35 |
Total | 138 | 100 |
Farming | Number of respondents | Frequency (%) |
---|---|---|
Non-response | 0 | 0 |
Yes | 164 | 48 |
No | 176 | 52 |
Total | 340 | 100 |
According to our analysis, we have identified actors as followed:
Roles:
・ Establish and implement a comprehensive framework for waste management
・ Organize the evacuation of lawful and lawless dumps
・ Prohibit anarchic dumps
・ Act as contracts pre-collection project
・ Supervise the management of the landfill
・ Support public awareness and mobilization
Roles:
・ To monitor the implementation of standards and regulations
・ Supporting efforts of municipal services through awareness
・ Support public awareness
・ Monitor the implementation of the environmental monitoring program
・ Support public awareness and mobilization
Roles:
・ Select and recognize formally the structures responsible for monitoring and control,
・ Support implementation of sanctions applied by the supervisory structures
・ Finance dumps cleaning operations
・ Encourage and formalize bins sites deposits
・ Develop and follow a management contract for the landfill
・ Establish an office for complaints about the activities of pre-collection and collection
・ Coordinate sensitization and communication activities
Roles:
・ Ensure compliance with health regulations and safety
・ Mediating conflicts
・ Report to the municipalities waste producers offenses
・ Monitor the sanitation of evacuated dumps places
・ Encourage and formalize deposition sites bins
・ Support awareness of their fellow citizens in their duties in the waste management and inform them of their legal obligations
Roles:
・ Report crimes committed by producers to their municipality
・ Assist in the identification, removal and monitoring anarchic dumps
・ Encourage sites deposits bins
・ Support awareness of their fellow citizens in their duties in the management of waste and inform them of their legal obligations
Roles
・ Educate households
・ Pre-collect garbage in households
・ Recover taxes according to the rates in vigor
・ Assist in the identification, removal and monitoring anarchic dumps
・ Encourage deposition sites bins,
・ Use bins adequately
・ Inform clients of their obligations upon accession or payment, support awareness for behavior change in general
Roles:
・ Adhere to the project
・ Perform the agreed fee
・ Condition best the garbage
・ Assist in the identification, removal and monitoring anarchic dumps
・ Apply the decisions of change and the knowledge gained
Role:
To finance all activities within the scope of waste management.
Role:
To be actors for solid waste management in the Sahelian cities [
In light of interviews, surveys and field visits undertaken as part of this study we note today that efforts are being made by those involved in waste management in order to improve the safety of the town of Maradi.
These efforts are revealed through: the development and implementation of a system of waste management in continuous improvement. Thereto, the division of the cleanliness of the DST, control the smooth running of the pre-collection and collection. She watches, with the support of partners in the development, of transit centers and final discharge. She collaborates with the direction of the environment that already has the texts and laws regulating the proper management of garbage. However, the collaboration of the DST with other institutions, even if it is already encouraging, it is still at the embryonic level. Thus, despite efforts to better urban waste management, we note, as a result of the inventory done in this study, several challenges and constraints faced.
We propose to our attention here on the following aspects related to waste:
1) The behavior of the population
2) Proliferation of disease vectors and health risks
3) Environmental pollution
First, with regard to the behavioral aspect, we say that it is the basis of the proliferation of uncontrolled dumps. Failure subscription of households are forced them to dump their garbage anarchically. The storage and use of inappropriate garbage for those subscribers is another problem to solve. We note therefore:
4) Pollution of the atmosphere and the release of noxious odors caused particular by gas from landfills;
5) Degradation of the aesthetics of the town and the immobilization of productive lands due to the presence of non-biodegradable products (e.g. plastic bags, demolition waste, etc.);
6) Soil contamination by leachate which may contain hazardous chemicals (pesticides, heavy metals, etc.), degradation of soil quality and water, phenomenon that induces the proliferation of disease vectors such as flies, mosquitoes, rats, cockroaches. Also, burning garbage releases toxic gases that affect air quality.
As mentioned in the results section, the experience of other countries (including Egypt and Zimbabwe, two countries in Africa) demonstrated that people are willing to pay for waste collection services if they are effective and if an appropriate mechanism for collecting the charges and penalties for non-payment are established [
In the current context of overlay management system, three aspects that we consider essential are indispensable to the establishment of a system of sustainable waste management in Maradi town.
This is a clear and strong political determination, the full involvement of the people and controls the financial and technical aspects within a coherent organizational system.
Clear and strong political motivation is a provided prerequisite for any sustainable system of waste management in Maradi town. Although there are laws regulating waste management nationally, their application remains to be desired. However, political commitment must go beyond the development of some regulations. The latter must provide practical solutions to problems related to various aspects of the urban waste management answers. Each actor must be able to fulfill its responsibilities both technical and organizational.
Public involvement should take into account the cultural dimension, but also the poverty of the people. The more we produce than we discharged in the South as in Niger, waste becomes increasingly insupportable encumber. This charge is inconceivable for the vast majority of the population. In other words, the information, education, communication and public awareness should be key elements. Given the economic difficulties of the people, the ability for them to pay should not be left out. Citizens must engage, propose, and monitor activities. It must be the starting point and the end point of any strategy.
Economic and financial aspects are, in turn, leading sustainability factors of the system. In Maradi and generally in Niger, the vast majority of failures are due to financial problem. Royalties received are low and the town budget is very limited.
Indeed, in Niger, we find an urban population composed of a high proportion of poor people with very low- income and largely illiterate. Hence, it is very necessary to implement other forms of mobilizing financial resources (financial innovation). This should be based primarily on reducing costs of collection to disposal. This cost reduction should be accompanied by a maximum reduction of waste (reduce, reuse, recycling/recovery) and collected for disposal.
Today, logic dictates that the solid waste management is paid by those who produce them, according to the polluter pays principle. Its application can be complex at the household, for reasons of inability to pay for the service, by a large proportion of the population. Another admirable aspect is the consent to pay expressed by a section of the population. Indeed, Coulibaly conducted, on the topic, a study based on the contingent valuation method [
・ The real ability of people to pay (part of the population is therefore not fulfilling royalties).
・ Lack of trust with respect to local authorities (part of the income of the pre-collection is not controlled).
As against, the principle should be established and strictly enforced, especially for “big polluters”. For all activities generating waste, the application of the polluter-pays principle should lead to a significant contribution of the informal sector in waste management. Moreover, this principle will promote the development of awareness to lead large real polluters to finance part of the waste management of the poor.
Awareness and training are essential axes to strengthen in order to change behavior and encourage involvement at the base within populations. To achieve this, the mass media can play a vital role in explaining the risks to people when they throw garbage anarchically and benefits that can provide their subscription to pre-collection structures. An awareness campaign for households will effectively get them to recognize their responsibility for the pollution. Thus, a mass awareness (newspapers, radio, television) supplemented by awareness of proximity organized for households (communication door to door, school diversion, theater). Regarding the mass awareness, urban waste management actors should be invited, regularly, for programs and broadcast debates; perform a wide poster campaign to the streets on the issue of waste. In schools, students will be targeted as opinion vectors through sensitivity training: awareness modules in waste management can be introduced into the curriculum; the realization of theater by students on the theme. Awareness must also involve mosques and churches where imams and priests, pastors will enjoy a time of true awareness of the risks associated with waste. Awareness should focus on reducing waste generation at the individual level, the individual management of waste products, the health risks associated with waste, poor sanitation and other environmental problems.
Awareness achieved without concrete support measures, including prevention and repression carried out by the municipal service ends up being ineffective. The risk is that people consider they can continue to throw away their waste in public places. To promote behavior change, awareness is not always sufficient. Municipal police should be put in place as complement to awareness.
In light of our study, it is clear that the current system of waste management in the town of Maradi fails. Indeed, there is no political will to make the urban waste management a priority; the texts governing the management of urban waste are not applied; the institutions involved in the urban waste management do not collaborate effectively; the effective control measures of the activity of the urban waste management providers is absent; the financial, human and technical (a consequence of repeated dump trucks collecting failures) resources are not adequate; the presence of the presence of unfair competitors (carters) in the field of pre-collection prevents proper ownership of the areas by the pre-collection structures; the frequency of garbage collection and sewage following the failure of trucks and bins is not observed; a plan for education and information on the management of municipal solid waste is absent; the inappropriate trash for pre-collection is used; the garbage collection with taking large amounts of sand is not selective; the cost of pre-collection too high for some households should be estimated.
Faced with these limitations, the capacity of stakeholders in the waste management through seminars and conferences must be reinforced; the evaluation of executed work must be followed-up; the additional efforts in raising awareness and educating the public through regular campaigns, targeting more women and young people should be done; the regulations in force concerning the urban waste management should be implemented; the pathways carts neighborhoods to facilitate the collection of waste in different neighborhoods with dump trucks should be rehabilitated.
In research, our work can provide an opening for further studies in the field of waste management in Maradi. Moreover, it appears necessary to continue this work by integrating other areas of research such as the study of the behavior, practices and attitudes of the population of the town of Maradi for household waste, the characterization of solid waste from the town of Maradi, and the analysis of internal costs of disposal options and treatment of household waste and wastewater.