Sexually transmitted infection (STI) management is considered rudimentary among rural medical practitioners (RMPs) in Bangladesh. We sought to understand the level of knowledge and skills in STI management and to assess the impact of a two-day training orientation among RMPs in Tangail district. Data were collected through a baseline survey of 225 practicing RMPs in the study area and a three-month follow-up survey of 99 RMPs who participated in a two-day STI/HIV orientation training. The level of formal training among RMPs ranged from none (22.7%), to paramedical training (14.7%) and local medical assistant training (62.6%). The baseline survey revealed a low level of STI/HIV knowledge and misconceptions about the transmission of STI/HIV among RMPs. RMPs mostly prescribed first line antibiotics for treatment of common reproductive tract infections (RTIs) including STIs, but they rarely prescribed the correct dosages according to the national RTI/STI management guidelines. Only 3% of RMPs were able to correctly answer all four HIV transmission (unprotected sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, needle sharing and mother to child transmission) questions at baseline, while 94.9% of RMPs answered all four correctly at three months following the training (p = 0.001). Only 10% of RMPs reported suggesting the recommended drug (azithromycin) and only 2% mentioned about the recommended dosage (2 gm single dose) for the treatment of urethritis/cervicitis; compared to 49.5% suggested azithromycin at follow-up with 39.4% mentioned the recommended 2 gm single dose (p = 0.001). Our study found low level of knowledge and poor practices related RTI/STI management among RMPs. Short orientation training and education intervention shown promise to increase knowledge and management skills for RTIs/STIs.
Bangladesh is considered a low HIV prevalence country, it is vulnerable to epidemic because of its close proximity to Asian HIV epicentres and the presence of several high risk subgroups in the country [
Over 70% of Bangladesh’s total population resides in rural areas with little access to formal health care. Only 2.5 qualified physicians are available per 10,000 populations, one of the lowest coverage rates in Asia [
We conducted this study to assess level of knowledge and skills of RMPs in STI management, as well as to understand the impact of STI/HIV orientation training on several outcomes: RMPs abilities to comprehend STI syndromic guidelines and HIV transmission routes, to deliver better quality services, and to refer patients to cer- tified physicians when appropriate.
The study was conducted between July 2002 and June 2003 in the Sadar than a (sub-district) of the Tangail district of Bangladesh among rural medical practitioners identified through a census in the study area. RMP spractice allopathic medicine for patient management, but they are not qualified medical graduates. Homeopaths and those who practice traditional or herbal medicines were not included in the study.
A baseline survey was conducted to collect information on socio-economic status, STI/HIV/AIDS related knowledge and skills, and STI patient care practices among the RMPs. Trained interviewers conducted personal interviews either at the RMPs’ homes or their practices in the village markets, using a pre-tested structured ques- tionnaire. An informed consent was obtained from each participating RMP. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Alabama at Birmingham and locally by the Bangladesh Women’s Health Coalition. A subgroup of the RMPs was invited to participate in a two-day STI/ HIV/ AIDS training session. Participants were selected using a priority scale based on: 1) higher average number of patients encounter per day; 2) higher average number of STI patients encounters in last month of interview; and 3) a longer duration of practice as a RMP. To allow for more interactive sessions, the RMPs were divided into four groups of 33 trainees. Trainers included medical doctors and public health experts with years of experience in clinical management of STIs and public health research. The training curriculum included brief discussion human reproductive systems, STI/HIV/AIDS, etiology and symptoms of common of STIs, overview of STI syndromic management approaches, importance of patient referral and other prevention approaches. Each participant received printed materials on STI/HIV/AIDS, national STI syndromic management guidelines, a list of possible referral sites for STI patients, and a book of 100 referral forms. A simple referral form was developed with two parts to record information on patient’s name, age, key symptoms, and address of where being referred. Patients took one part with them to the providers being referred to, and RMP kept another part for their record. Three months following the training sessions, participating RMPs were re-interviewed with the same questionnaires as that used during the baseline survey. The follow-up survey was conducted to estimate the impact of training, focusing on knowledge and practices that RMPs could implement in their daily practice in STI management that was sustained three months following the training.
Data analysis: The data analysis was performed using SPSS® 17 version [
A total of 225 RMPs participated in the baseline survey, 91.8% of the 245 of those originally identified in the census, rest 20 RMPs either refused to participate or could not be reached for baseline survey with several attempts. A majority of the practicing RMPs were married (90.7%) and men (98.7%). Most (83.6%) were Muslim, 16.4% were Hindu and nearly half (44.9%) were between the age of 30 - 44 years (
Formal training and STD knowledge: Among the RMPs, only 45.3% had a secondary or higher level of education, however, all of them were literate. The level of training prior practicing allopathic medicine ranged from no training reported by 22.7% of the RMPs, paramedical training reported by 14.7% (three years paramedical training mainly provided in government institutes), and local medical assistant (LMA) training (four to six months training mainly offered by the private institutions) reported by 62.6% of the RMPs. Only 15.5% of the
Characteristics N (%) | Baseline knowledge of <2 STI (n = 190) | Baseline knowledge of >2 STI (n = 35) | Total number (n = 225) |
---|---|---|---|
Sex Male Female | 189 (99.5) 1 (0.5) | 33 (94.3) 2 (5.7) | 222 (98.7) 3 (1.3) |
Age* <29 years 30 - 44 years >45 | 49 (25.8) 87 (45.8) 54 (28.4) | 16 (45.7) 14 (40.0) 5 (14.3) | 65 (28.9) 101 (44.9) 59 (26.2) |
Marital status Unmarried Married | 15 (7.9) 175 (92.1) | 6 (17.1) 29 (82.9) | 21 (9.3) 204 (90.7) |
Religion Muslim Hindu | 159 (83.7) 31 (16.3) | 29 (82.9) 6 (17.1) | 188 (83.6) 37 (16.4) |
Education Illiterate Up to secondary level Higher secondary >Higher secondary level | - 87 (45.7) 66 (34.8) 37 (19.5) | - 15 (42.9) 16 (45.7) 4 (11.4) | 0 102 (44.9) 82 (36.4) 41 (18.2) |
Training* No formal training Paramedical Local medical assistant | 48 (25.3) 25 (13.1) 117 (61.6) | 3 (8.6) 8 (22.9) 24 (68.5) | 51 (22.7) 33 (14.7) 141 (62.6) |
Times as a practitioner <3 years 3 - 10 years >10 years | 56 (29.5) 68 (35.8) 66 (34.7) | 15 (42.9) 10 (28.6) 10 (28.6) | 71 (31.6) 78 (34.7) 76 (33.8) |
*Significant difference among groups (Pearson Chi 6.53, p < 0.03 and Fisher’s Chi 6.10, p < 0.04 respectively).
RMPs were able to correctly name three out of four common STDs (syphilis, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, and HIV/AIDS) and their symptoms; none were able to identify all four. There was significantly higher knowledge of STIs among those who had paramedical training and were <30 years old compared to those who had no such training and were ≥30 years old.
STD treatment practices: Most of the practitioners diagnose STIs through taking history of symptoms and/or exposure to high risk behaviours (65.4% for male patients and 84.0% for female patients), while a few use laboratory investigations (35.6% for male patients and 16% for female patients) (
More than half (51.5%) of the RMPs reported that they prescribed ciprofloxacin for the treatment of gonorrhea, but among them, only 3% prescribed the recommended 500 mg single dose. Similarly, only about a third of the RMPs reported to prescribed benzathene penicillin for the treatment of syphilis, among which only 4% prescribed the correct dose of 2.4 million units IM. While a great majority (83.8%) of RMPs suggested metronidazole for the treatment of vaginal discharge symptoms, only 4% of the RMPs used the recommended 2 gm single dose.
Role of training program: The proportion of RMPs that correctly named three out of four STDs (syphilis, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis, and AIDS) increased from 19.2% to 36.3% following the training (p = 0.014,
Characteristics N (%) unless otherwise specified | Professional training | Total (n = 225) | p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No training (n = 51) | Local medical assistant (n = 141) | Paramedical training (n = 33) | |||
Patients/Day (mean ± SD) | 15.8 ± 11.6 | 16.7 ± 13.6 | 14.5 ± 12.3 | 16.2 ±12.1 | |
STD patients in last month (Mean ± SD) | 7.7 ± 19.5 | 5.2 ± 14.6 | 4.2 ± 6.4 | 5.6 ± 15.0 | |
How diagnose STDs in men History only History and physical exam History, physical and laboratory tests | 21 (41.2) 13 (25.5) 17 (33.3) | 44 (31.2) 54 (38.3) 43 (30.6) | 5 (15.2) 7 (21.2) 21 (63.6) | 70 (31.1) 74 (32.9) 81 (36.0) | 0.004 |
Paper prescription to patients Always Some times Never | 5 (9.8) 30 (58.9) 16 (31.4) | 11 (7.8) 103 (73.1) 27 (19.1) | 8 (24.2) 22 (66.6) 3 (9.1) | 24 (10.7) 155 (68.9) 46 (20.4) | 0.016 FET |
Sell medicine Yes No | 48 (94.1) 3 (5.9) | 135 (95.7) 6 (4.3) | 21 (63.6) 12 (36.4) | 204 (90.7) 21 (9.3) | <0.001 FET |
Amount of patient fee No fee 10 - 25 taka 26 - 50 taka | 45 (88.2) 3 (5.9) 3 (5.9) | 120 (85.1) 12 (8.5) 9 (6.4) | 20 (60.6) 9 (27.3) 4 (12.1) | 185 (82.2) 24 (10.7) 16 (7.1) | 0.013 FET |
Patients referred to next level care in last month (mean ± SD) | 6.8 ± 7.3 | 6.48 ± 11.0 | 8.3 ± 17.8 | 6.8 ± 11.5 |
Note: FET is Fisher’s exact test.
Variables | Baseline (%) (n = 99) | Follow up (%) (n = 99) | p value* |
---|---|---|---|
Named correct STIs One Two Three Four | 99.0 92.9 19.2 0 | 100 85.8 36.3 14.1 | 0.014* |
Named correct method of STI/HIV transmission One Two Three Four | 67.7 32.3 12.1 3.0 | 100 100 100 94.9 | <0.0001* |
Misconception about HIV transmission One Two Three | 67.7 19.2 8.1 | 30.3 10.1 6.1 | <0.0001* |
Ciprofloxacin for gonorrhea treatment Reported as drug of choice Reported correct dosages | 51.5 3.0 | 47.5 5.2 | 0.8** 0.7** |
Azithromycin for gonorrhea treatment Reported as drug of choice Reported correct dosages | 10.1 2.0 | 49.5 39.4 | <0.0001** <0.0001** |
Benzathine penicillin for syphilis treatment Reported as drug of choice Reported correct dosages | 52.5 4.0 | 53.5 16.1 | 0.9** 0.004** |
Metronidazole for vaginal discharge treatment Reported as drug of choice Reported correct dosages | 83.8 4.0 | 88.8 10.1 | 0.36** 0.11** |
Knowledge of drug resistance as a cause of antibiotic failure | 28.3 | 41.4 | 0.03** |
*Wilcoxon signed-rank test; **McNemar test.
baseline while only 30.4% did so at follow up (p = 0.001).
STI management practices: The most significant changes were observed in increased recommendation to use azithromycin for the treatment of urethral discharge (gonorrhea) syndrome. Only 10% of RMPs recommended azithromycin at baseline with only 2% using the recommended 2 gm single dose. At three months following the training, 49.5% of RMPs recommended azithromycin with 39.4% using the recommended dose (
Referral practices: Out of 99 RMPs attended in the training sessions, 43 of them made 326 referrals in three months time following their training. Maximum referrals were made for genital ulcer diseases (45.4%) followed by urethral discharge (29.9%) and vaginal cervical discharge (26.5). RMPs referred their patients to formal sector facilities more often that they reported doing so previously. Patients were mostly (59.8%) referred to private clinics, while 17.3% of the patients were referred to specialist general practitioners.
Rural medical practitioners are the major care providers in rural Bangladesh. Many of the surveyed RMPs had
inadequate academic qualifications and training to practice modern medicine, yet they encounter a sizable number of patients in their daily practice, many of whom have STIs. Most of the RMPs in this study had inadequate knowledge about STI/HIV/AIDS. A similar conclusion of low RTI/STI knowledge was reported among village doctors in a study of reproductive health in rural Bangladesh [
Recommendation to use of first line antibiotics for treatment of common STIs was moderately common among this group of rural practitioners, but the inappropriate drug selection and doses were evident with respect to the national STD syndromic guidelines [
Our study shows that the implementation of a two-day training program can be effective in improving the RMP’s STI/HIV/AIDS knowledge and apprehension of recommended medications and dosages for the treatment of curable RTI/STI. Training was well received and improvements, albeit modest was well documented in both knowledge and practices of the RMPs. There is still considerable room for improvement in RMPs knowledge and practices; perhaps a longer training program would have a greater impact on knowledge and STI treatment practices. A systematic review on role of informal health care providers in developing countries and another study report on the management of reproductive tract infections in rural Bangladesh recommended to undertake educational interventions and capacity building exercises forum qualified village doctors, given their role as major care providers in rural areas [
This study was limited to apurposively selected sub-district in Bangladesh with the study outcome concentrated only to sexually transmitted infections. Generalization of study findings to other types of diseases should be done with caution. Caution is needed in the interpretation of the data because of lack of control group for comparison and the relatively short follow-up period. We did not have any immediate post training evaluation; therefore, we are not certain if changes in knowledge would have occurred anyway, without the intervention. However, that seems unlikely because the follow-up was done after three months of training and also other studies that used control group also reported similar change in knowledge as outcomes.
It is evident from the findings of this study and also through other studies [
The John M. Lloyd Foundation funded the project with additional support from the Fogarty International Center (FIC), National Institutes of Health (2 D43 TW001035). The authors greatly acknowledge the contribution of Dr. Banibroto Nandi and Mr. Shafiqul Haider for field coordination and finally participating rural practitioners for their cooperation.
Authors declare no conflict of interest.