In a recently published paper Metal-Like Gravity (MLG) and Its Cosmological Applications [1] , it was determined that a new modification of Newtonian gravity could explain many of the cosmological mysteries such as the nature of dark matter and dark energy. The theory provided a gravitational physical system and explained the flatness of the galactic rotational curves (RC). A RC fit that was identical to MOND’s RC fit for spiral galaxies was generated with α as a fitting parameter determined as equal to 1.345. In this paper I am elaborating more on the theory’s cosmological extrapolation of MOND’s critical acceleration a0. This is done by further assessing the gravitational interaction between the galactic baryonic mass and the halo-DM mass in the star-galaxy overlapping volume estimated in MLG framework interpreting a0 as only a factor induced from the reduction of the galactic luminous mass. It is asserted that MOND and MLG dynamic equations are equivalent with MOND’s form, only expressing the equation with an intermediate solution by equating the magnitudes of δ (a parameter that defines a scaled surface galactic DM-density perpendicular to the galactic radial direction in the galaxy-star halo overlapping volume) and G.
Metal-like gravity (MLG) is a recently published theory that modifies Newtonian gravity by introducing new physics characterized by gravitational interaction between baryonic mass and dark matter mass (DM) as like mass repel and unlike mass attract. It describes DM particles as universal particles that mainly act as the binding agent to baryonic objects in the universe. The theory introduces baryonic objects as mass neutral because they attract much lighter DM particles and form DM-halos. According to MLG, baryonic objects should repel each other. Two baryonic objects can attract each other only when their DM-halos overlap. The theory simply attributes the centripetal force between an edge star and the galactic core to the Newtonian gravitational attractive force between the galactic DM-mass in the galaxy-edge star overlapping volume of their halos and the star’s baryonic mass (see
Modified Newtonian Dynamic theory (MOND) is a theory that modifies Newton’s gravitational law by introducing an empirical formula that describes well flat galactic rotation curves (RC) in spiral galaxies by introducing a critical acceleration a0 at which galactic rotation curves are flat. MOND’s empirical formula is
In the original paper, MLG edge-star’s dynamics yields flat rotation curves, with galactic luminous mass as the sole determining factor of the rotational velocity, characterized by the formula,
where
MLG describes the edge-star dynamics as governed by Equation (1) where a fitting parameter α is determined with magnitude 1.345. In the original paper, a first order approximation is considered when evaluating the gravitational force between a galactic DM-halo particle and the galactic luminous mass [
MLG describes a DM-halo density for any baryonic object as inversely proportional to the radial distance from its center due to the self-repelling nature of DM particles. This configurational analysis of galactic DM halos allows the derivation of the fitting constant α as a function of DM halo’s density in Equation (2). The sequence of derivation is as follows,
We assume that the galaxy-star overlapping volume for an edge-star is invariable and dominated by the star’s potential since the edge star is far away from the galactic core while the galactic component of the DM-mass in the overlapping volume is variable with its density increasing the closer the edge star to the galactic core as
The halo’s DM particle dynamics is obtained by balancing the repulsive force between a DM particle in an arbitrary location in the halo and the one preceding it from the galactic core (as described in the original paper to first order approximation) and the attractive force between that DM particle and the galactic baryonic (luminous) mass as
where m is the DM particles’ mass,
MOND introduces critical acceleration a0 at which cosmological dynamics is described by MOND’s regime that departs from Newtonian one and produces flat rotation curves mainly for spiral galaxies. Unlike MOND, MLG asserts that the transition acceleration at which galactic centripetal acceleration of edge-stars deviates to produce constant galactic rotational velocity is due to configurational transition from galactic core dynamics to halo dynamics. This is interpreted as that the dynamics transition occurs when the star is located far away from the galactic coreas MLG describes the dynamics of the star in the galactic core as governed by a star-star interaction and not a star-galactic-core interaction as in the galactic halo. Under MLG, MOND’s critical acceleration must have gravitational origin. In this regard, it is very tempting to assume that the magnitude of a0
This is not the case though as only first approximation for balancing the gravitational forces at the location of the edge-star was considered.
To describe an effective “net” galactic luminous mass at the location of the edge-star as ordained by MLG, we need to describe the repulsive gravitational force between two halo-DM particles as balanced by the attractive force with the “net” luminous mass as shown in
MOND’s cosmological dynamic equation can be rewritten in the following form,
Notice that this is exactly the MLG dynamic equation with the fitting parameter as
Here I estimate that the reduction factor of the luminous mass in MLG dynamic equation as in the order of the magnitude of that of a0 but may not be conclusively estimated unless we identify the mass of the DM particle. This may be justified as the following line of reasoning;
It happens that MOND considers the reduction factor of
Inserting the reduction factor
Equation (4) describes a gravitationally effective “net” luminous mass of the order of
To further illustrate the close relationship between MLG and MOND, we configurationally can see that the parameter α remains “~unity” if the effective luminous mass is taken as the total luminous mass (representing one solution to the equation, as taken by MOND) because the magnitude of the parameter δ is proportional to the magnitude of the reduction factor of the galactic luminous mass at all times. The author believes that the luminous mass reduction factor as the magnitude of a0 appears when galactic stars are located just beyond the galactic core announcing the beginning of the MONDian regime where the magnitudes of δ and G are equal. The reduction factor assumes a smaller magnitude and continues with this trend to the galactic border but is also accompanied by similar reduction of the parameter δ since the galactic DM radial density decreases proportional to the radial distance; see Equation (2), maintaining a constant ~α Qualitatively, this is because as we approach the galactic core the reduction factor gets larger but so does R since the galaxy-star overlapping volume inflates when the star is closer to the galactic core due to higher galactic halo DM-density, see original paper and
The parameter can be treated as nearly a constant in the MONDian regimeas it describes the square root of the ratio of luminous mass reduction factor to the term δ. It represents a scaled DM surface density of magnitude of
I have compared the critical acceleration calculated in the framework of MOND with a possible reduction factor of “net” galactic baryonic mass in the frame work of MLG and have predicted that MOND’s critical acceleration only arises as a consequence of that mass reduction. I conclude that the appearance of a0 in MOND’s dynamic equation is only a coincidence and results in ignoring a dynamical process of a true physical system. MLG theory describes well this physical system and attributes a configurational parameter α whose magnitude remains equal to the magnitude of ~