Aceclofenac is a new generational Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID), and is considered a better alternative to the popular pain-killer diclofenac, as it overcomes some of the adverse gastrointestinal and cardiac side effects associated with the latter. However, the bioavailability of the drug remains limited due to low aqueous solubility (0.058 μg/mL) and poor dissolution characteristics. Hence, improving its dissolution characteristics is of prime significance in order to establish its optimal therapeutic efficacy. In an effort to tackle this issue, we report the use of novel Soluplus®-based nanocomposites, prepared from emulsion templates, as effective drug loading agent for aceclofenac. Nanoemulsion templates were prepared by high-shear homogenization using a probe sonicator. The emulsions were subsequently lyophilized to obtain free flowing powders. The amorphization of the drug with increasing polymer content was clearly observed from powder X-ray diffractogram, while the drug-polymer interaction was explored by FTIR spectroscopy. The phase purity and homogeneity of the formulation was characterized using Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The dissolution profiles of the formulations were established by an USP paddle apparatus. Phase solubility study was conducted to evaluate the effect of polymer concentration on aqueous solubility of aceclofenac. The values of Gibbs-free energy (ΔG°tr) associated with the aqueous solubility of aceclofenac in the presence of Soluplus was used to optimize the polymer content. The in vitro dissolution rates of aceclofenac from the nanoparticles were significantly higher compared to the pure drug. Thus, Soluplus nanoparticles provide promising formulations for the improvement of the dissolution profiles and thus, the bioavailability, of aceclofenac.
Though the oral administration is the most convenient route of delivering drugs, it has several concerns associated with bioavailability due to the complicated gastrointestinal (GI) tract physiology, first-pass metabolism and biotransformation. More often than not, low aqueous solubility in the GI conditions is the limiting factor to the bioavailability of many drugs. Approximately 40% of potential new chemical entities identified by pharmaceutical companies are poorly soluble in water, which greatly restricts their further clinical translations. Although several advanced strategies and formulations such as cyclodextrin complexes [
Aceclofenac is a new generational Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID), and is considered a better alternative to the diclofenac and other NSAIDs, as it ensures more gastrointestinal safety than most NSAIDs [
We, here, report the use of the novel polymer Soluplus® to manufacture nanoformulations of aceclofenac by high shear homogenization via ultrasonication followed by drying by lyophillization.
Soluplus® is an amphiphilic graft co-polymer (polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol), specially manufactured by BASF for formulating poorly soluble drugs. Due to its bi-functional nature, it is expected to act as an excellent matrix to dissolve the drugs in aqueous medium. Soluplus is a novel polymer specially designed for the fourth generation solid solutions towards dissolution enhancement [
Aceclofenac or 2-[2-[2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]phenyl]acetyl]oxyacetic acid was obtained as a gift sample from SKN Organics, Pondicherry. Soluplus® graft co-polymer (polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-poly- ethylene glycol) was acquired from BASF, Mumbai respectively. All the other chemicals used were of analytical grade.
Nanoemulsions of aceclofenac in Soluplus® were synthesized using the single emulsion technique. The drug and the polymer were dissolved in dicholoromethane (DCM) in ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:5 to form the organic phase and 20 mL of distilled water with 0.05% Tween 80® surfactant formed the aqueous phase. Using a syringe pump, the organic phase was slowly dropped into the aqueous phase (flow rate; 0.3 mL per minute), while continuous probe ultrasonication in an ice bath was used for effective homogenization of the two phases. The mixture was then magnetically stirred continuously for 24 hours for the removal of DCM and successively lyophilized (Mini Lyodel, India) at −40˚C for about 12 hours and gently ground to obtain free flowing powders. The powders were then sieved though mesh of 200 µm sieve size and preserved under desiccation. The samples were labeled as NP AS 1, NP AS 2 and NP AS 3 to denote the nanoparticles of drug: polymer 1:1, 1:2 and 1:5 respectively.
FTIR spectra were obtained using an FTIR Spectrophotometer (Spectrum FTIR (Scimadzu, IRAffinity-1)).
The spectrum was recorded in the range of 4000 - 400 cm−1. The procedure consisted of dispersing a sample in KBr followed by gentle mixing. The spectrum was scanned at a resolution of 0.15 cm−1 and scan speed was 20 scan/s.
Differential Scanning Calorimeter (TGA DSC 1, Mettler Toledo) was used to characterize the thermal behavior of the samples. The samples were heated at a rate of 10˚C∙min−1 from ambient temperature to the melting point.
XRD patterns were recorded using PANalytical X’pert Pro MPD diffractometer, with the following settings: Cu Kα radiation with wavelength 1.54 Ǻ, voltage = 45 kV, current = 40 mA. Measurements were made in the 2θ range of 10˚ to 80˚.
Double sided carbon tapes were fixed on an aluminum stub. The powders were sprinkled onto the tape and gold sputtered for 10 mins. The aluminum stub was placed in the vacuum chamber of a scanning electron microscope (Carl Zeiss SMT-Super Ultra Model Gemini Ultra 55) operated at 4 kV. The particles were observed for surface characteristics.
Phase solubility of aceclofenac in presence of Soluplus was determined by the method established by Higuchi and Connors [
The flasks were suitably sealed and shaken (100 agitations/min) in orbital shaking incubator for 24 h at 37˚C. The sealed flask where equilibrium is achieved after 24 hours at 37˚C in incubator, 5 ml of supernatant was withdrawn and filtered. The filtrates were analyzed using a UV-visible spectrophotometer at 273 nm after suitable dilution. The measurements were performed six times.
The ΔG˚tr value provides information about whether the treatment is favourable or unfavourable for drug solubilization in an aqueous medium [
where So/Ss, is the ratio of the molar solubility of aceclofenac before and after treatment. The value of gas constant (R) is 8.31 J∙K−1∙mol−1 and T is temperature in degree kelvin.
The in vitro dissolution analyses were performed using a USP type II dissolution testing paddle apparatus (DBK Dissolution Tester, Mumbai, India). A known amount of sample (equivalent to 50 mg of aceclofenac) was introduced into the glass jar of the USP type II paddle apparatus containing 900 mL of simulated intestinal fluid. This was stirred at 70 rpm for 2 hours. After predetermined regular intervals, 3 mL aliquots of the sample were withdrawn, filtered, suitably diluted and the concentrations of the withdrawn solutions were determined using a UV spectrophotometer (Schimadzu, UV 2450). To maintain a constant volume during dissolution, 3 mL of solution was replaced into the glass jar after every withdrawal. Corrections for this dilution were made during the calculations. The percentage of the drug dissolved was calculated and plotted versus time. These studies were carried out three times.
The influence of Soluplus® on solubility of aceclofenac in distilled water at 37˚C is presented in
As evident in
S. No. | Concentration of Polymer | ΔG˚tr |
---|---|---|
Blank | 0% | 0 |
1 | 1% | 1903.93 |
2 | 2% | 1961.621 |
3 | 5% | 7562.568 |
4 | 7% | −233.345 |
5 | 10% | −569.615 |
6 | 15% | −989.799 |
7 | 20% | −2143.07 |
from the transformation of the stable crystalline state of the drug to the high disorder and high energy semi- amorphous or complete amorphous state in the formulations.
From
The FESEM images (
moieties in the formulations. The loss of crystallinity was also confirmed by DSC and XRD analyses.
The dissolution profiles of the pure drug and the various nanoformulations are given in
The nanoformulations NPAS 1 and NPAS 2 showed similar dissolution profiles reaching 70.1% dissolution achieved in a span of 10 minutes and saturating at 65.3% release by the end of 2 hours. The formulation NPAS 3, with the drug to polymer ratio of 1:5 showed maximum dissolution of 95.2% in 5 minutes, though the dissolution profile saturates at 86.6% by the end of 2 hours. Even with the physical mixture of aceclofenac and Soluplus® a marginal enhancement in the solubility with increase in polymeric content could be seen. This could be due to surface activity and its solubilizing wetting characteristics arising from the amphiphillicity of the polymer [
The possible mechanism of solubilization of the aceclofenac nanoparticles could be explained in the following manner. The drug nanoparticles were well dispersed in the polymer matrix as a result of the proper miscibility of the drug with the caprolactam (hydrophobic) part of the polymer. As the drug-polymer composite came in contact with water, the ethylene glycol (hydrophilic) part of the polymer hydrated rapidly into solution, solubilizing the dispersed drug nanoparticles as well. Also, the reduction in particle size increases the surface/volume ratio and the surface interactions [
The present study shows the utility of a novel amphiphillic carrier Soluplus® in synthesis of aceclofenac nanoparticles to enhance its solubility and dissolution. The single emulsion method is adopted to convert crystalline form of drug to a more energetic amorphous form in stable nanoparticles. The results indicate that Soluplus enhances the dissolution of aceclofenac and also provides physical stability by preventing reversion of drug from crystalline state to amorphous state after lyophillization. The drug release from the nanoparticles is far superior to that of pure aceclofenac as well as the physical mixtures. This can be due to particle size reduction and the loss of crystallinity of the drug as nanoparticles, and also the increased wettability of the drug in the matrix of the amphiphilic polymer. This approach can be further extended for dissolution enhancement of other poorly soluble BCS class II drugs.
The authors are grateful to their Chancellor, Bhagwan Sri Sathya Sai Baba for His inspiration and guidance. They would also like to thank BASF, Mumbai and SKN Organics, Pondicherry, for providing them with the polymer and the drug respectively. The author, Sandeep Patnaik, would like to thank the University Grants Commission for the Basic Science Research fellowship.