By atomic force, microscopy studied the morphology of the surface of the scale of the Caspian Kutum. Analysis of the structure of channels of sensory systems showed that the nanostructures are not only fractal, but also self-similar. Fractal trajectories originate from the primary nucleus and extend to the sprawling low-density structure radically outwards scales like Lichtenberg figures. However, in contrast to the figures, Lichtenberg fractal band scales of fish each year are surrounded by concentric threads. The most likely mechanism for the formation of structural self-organization on the surface of the scales can be a model Witten-Sander.
Similarity of the surface structures, some biological objects with fractals, is a very interesting fact in itself. Language “fractal geometry” can be extremely useful to the description of certain biological objects of living beings. For example, the shape of the lateral line of the fish is very convenient to describe a fractal language according to [1-3]. This approach can be very rewarding. It is known that the bodies of the lateral line of the fish carry a distinct mechanoreceptor function. Actually all known physical and chemical and biotic configurations arising in a reservoir, are accepted by tools of well-developed sensory systems of fish. The essential role in behavior of fishes is played with sense organs—the lateral line, or seismotouch system. It unites all sensitive receptor cells of shift which can be met in various sites of a body and the head [3,4]. The fishes catch earthquake before the most sensitive devices [
The aim of the work was to identify the nature of the morphological features of the surface structures of the fish scales (for example, Kutum) by optical and atomic force microscopy (AFM).
The technique of research surface scales with AFM images in 2D and 3D is given in work [
Lines stretching from grain to edges of scales can be described by model of Witten-Sander [6-8]. Active surface in the course of growth the lines on it similar lightnings at the description across Witten-Sandra has absolutely other structure, than in Eden’s model [
as fractals (see Figures 1-9). Ensembles of particles aggregating form larger objects with strongly branched rarefied structure, threadlike streams are thus formed, they are well visible in
On a surface of fish in information transfer nanodimensional channels of scales (them it is possible carry to touch sensors) have to play a leading role. In the presented fragments of OP—images in Figures 4 and 5
fragments of the lateral line passing on an external surface of scales, it are visible: longitudinal channel (Figures 4 and 5), under them sensitive cages, nerves. Scales containing channels are filled with liquid of specific ionic structure. In walls of channels as noted above pass the nervous terminations on which signals from environment are transmitted. As irritants of receptors water flows and low-frequency fluctuations of the environment serve. These OP-images are an example of observed macrofractal structures in the world of water inhabitants (fishes). It no wonder as dielectric substrates (what is scales of fishes) also possess the porous structural. All OP and AFM— images testify that Kutum possesses difficult system of touch channels which bodies (Figures 1-10) settle down on each side.
Each channel of scales represents, either an open fillet, or closed on all length, but having some separate exits. The structures investigated by us are located in skin and hypodermic bodies therefore they can be carried to touch system. Strips on both sides of a body from the head until the end of a tail fin are visually visible; it is part of touch sensors of fish. Appears more and more the facts of that fractal forms scale can be considered Kutum as the fractal structures known as percolation clusters, not arising when passing liquid through firm porous bodies, and at infiltration of fish through dense water. In works [6,7] the mechanism of fractal growth which called the aggregation limited by diffusion is offered. According to this model, a certain version of fractal objects can be received in the course of disorder irreversible growth. The putforward theory is attractive in two relations. First, it is simple and easily gives in to modeling on the computer. Secondly, and it is more important, it seems to explain how species of creeping-away fractal objects in scales in actual practice in the course of evolution could be formed. Each part of the fractal, shown in (Figures 1-10) consists of identical elements of the smaller size. In turn these parts can be united in even big objects with the same structure etc. Each “generation” comprises openings, on scale corresponding to the sizes of this generation. It is possible to call such drawing invariant in relation to scale. At each level any part of structure with a diameter, smaller diameter whole, looks in the same way, as well as whole. Invariancy in relation to scale is as though property of “symmetry” of fractal objects of fishes. Though process of the aggregation limited by diffusion, easily gives in to the description and modeling, we still insufficiently well understand it at deeper level, especially in relation to biological objects. However in qualitative sense it is possible to understand some important properties of process. Let’s say that process begins with a smooth cluster which then particles join during the aggregation limited by diffusion; when the cluster is still small, some particles can stick purely casually on any one site of its surface. In other words, thanks to “noise”, i.e. existence of a random element in behavior of particles, on a surface of object tiny hillocks and poles [6,7] are formed The obtained optical and AFM images in Figures 1-10 showed long-term natural processes of aggregation, restricted diffusion leading to the formation of fractal structures on the model of Sander-Vitena [
The morphology analysis of almost all parts of a surface of fishes showed that their structure has fractal character. Fractal character is inherent in a skeleton of fishes, muscles, scales and dynamics of movement of all fishes. To estimate this fractality is easy. Almost all morphological features of the ordered superficial channels of fish-Kutum testify it. The aggregations which were formed as a result of process, limited diffusion the creeping-away rarefied fractal structures on scales fishes are similar to Likhtenberg’s figures, formed at an electric discharge and to structures of a layer of the zinc postponed at electrolysis. There are assumptions that sensitive cells of bodies of touch systems can be formed by clusters from nanoobjects of the scales. So, on the surface of the fish found complex non-Euclidean objects, images of which are natural.