Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious disease that produces severe economic losses in the livestock industry. This disease is being controlled by the use of an inactivated vaccine. However, the use of recombinant empty capsids as a subunit vaccine has been reported to be a promising candidate because it avoids the use of virus in the vaccine production. A plasmid containing the capsid precursor P12A and protease 3C sequences of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was constructed and used to compare transient and stable expression in mammalian cells. When BHK-21 cells were transfected with the recombinant vector, protease 3C cleaved the capsid precursor P12A into the structural proteins VP0, VP1 and VP3. A sucrose gradient demonstrated that the structural proteins assembled into different subviral particles. Attempts to generate a stable cell line only allowed isolating low-level-expressing clones, probably due to the effect of protease 3C on the cells. Moreover, the recombinant protein yield achieved in transient expression assays was much higher than the one achieved in stable expression assays. Results indicate that mammalian cells are a good strategy to produce recombinant FMDV subviral particles. However, the alternative approach of transient gene expression in scalable systems should be used instead of the standard method that involves the generation of a stable cell line.
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious virus of cloven-hoofed animals, which belongs to the Picornaviridae family [
Nowadays, vaccination is the main means of foot-andmouth disease (FMD) control in most endemic areas. The vaccine is produced by growing FMDV in BHK-21 cell cultures under biosecured conditions [
Although the process is tedious and time consuming, once the cell line is established it represents an unlimited source of protein. For transient expression, after transfection with a recombinant plasmid, production of the recombinant protein will occur until the cells are harvested. The gene of interest is not integrated into the genome of the host cells. Transient expression is an alternative and feasible approach for the production of toxic proteins that impairs the isolation if stable clones [
Baby hamster kidney cell (BHK-21) monolayers were grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) in a humidified incubator at 37˚C with 5% CO2. FMDV serotype A/Arg/01 inactivated with binary ethyleneimine and purified by sucrose gradient was used as a positive control for protein characterization assays.
Gene fragments encoding for the capsid precursor P12A (2258 bp) and protease 3C (687 bp) were amplified by PCR from F3A and F3B plasmids (kindly provided by Dr. Soledad García Nuñez, Instituto de Biotecnología, INTA, Argentina), respectively. F3A and F3B plasmids encoded the complete sequence of FMDV A/Arg/01. Amplicons were cloned into pGEMT-Easy vector (Promega) and subcloned together into the pCI-neo mammalian expression vector (Promega). The protease 3C was also cloned alone. Plasmids were named pCI-P12A3C and pCI-3C, respectively. The primers used for amplification of P12A and 3C for the generation of pCI-P12A3C were: P12A foward, 5’-GCT AGC GCC GCC ACC ATG GGG GCT GGA CAA TCC-3’, P12A reverse, 5’-TTC GAA CCC AGG GTT GGA-3’ and 3C foward, 5’-TTC GAA AGT GGT GCC CCA CCG-3’, 3C reverse, 5’-CTC GAG TTA CAT CAC GTG AAC GCG-3’. The primers used for amplification of 3C for the generation of pCI-3C were: 3C foward, 5’-CTC GAG AAC ATG AGT GGT GCC CCA CCG-3’, 3C reverse, 5’-GCT AGC TTA CAT CAC GTG GAC GCG-3’. Restriction enzyme sites are indicated underlined.
For transient expression, BHK-21 cells were transfected with pCI-P12A3C plasmid in 25 cm2 T-flasks with Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Twenty-four hours post-transfection, cells were treated with 1.5 ml of lysis buffer (20 mM TrisHCl, 137 mM NaCl, 10% (v/v) glycerol, 1% (v/v) nonidet P-40, 2 mM EDTA) and analyzed for recombinant protein expression. For stable cell line generation, BHK-21 cells were transfected with BamHI-linearized pCI-P12A3C and selected in the presence of 700 µg/ml geneticin (G-418 sulfate, Gibco-BRL). After 2 weeks of selection, surviving cells were subjected to terminal dilution and emerging clones were tested for recombinant protein expression.
BHK-21 cells were co-transfected with pcDNA-EGFP (kindly provided by Dr. Gabriela Calamante, Instituto de Biotecnología, INTA, Argentina) and either empty pCIneo vector or pCI-3C in 24 well culture plates with Lipofectamine 2000. After 48 hours, cells were observed by fluorescent microscopy and analyzed by flow cytometry using a FACSCalibur (BD biosciences). In order to corroborate that the effect observed was due to the activity of protease 3C and not to the presence of the recombinant plasmid, pCI-3C was linearized with SalI (which cleaves inside the 3C gene) or with BstBI (that cleaves the vector backbone downstream the stop codon/ A tailing). Both vectors were named pCI-3Ci (inactive) and pCI-3Ca (active), respectively and were co-transfected with pcDNA-EGFP.
Cell lysates were separated by SDS-PAGE. Separated proteins were transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane, blocked and then incubated with anti-FMDV guinea pig serum. After several washes, membranes were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antiguinea pig goat serum (KPL). The reaction was visualized with an enhanced chemiluminescence method. Quantification of recombinant proteins was carried out by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Briefly, microtiter plates (Immunolon II) were coated with anti-FMDV rabbit serum (1/3000) in carbonate-bicarbonate buffer, pH 9.6, at 4˚C overnight. After washing and blocking, cell lysates were added and incubated on plates at 37˚C for an hour. Known amounts of purified inactivated FMDV were two-fold serially diluted and added to the wells for standard curve generation. Plates were then incubated with anti-FMDV guinea pig serum, followed by horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antiguinea pig goat serum (KPL). O-phenylenediamineH2O2 was used as substrate. The reaction was stopped with sulphuric acid 12%. Optical density was recorded at 492 nm (OD492) in a microplate reader (Thermo Scientifics Multiskan FC). Structural protein characterization was carried out by ELISA using four different monoclonal antibodies (MAbs 1-5, 2-4, 3-3 and 3-2) directed to conformational epitopes of FMDV A/Arg/ 01 [
The polyprotein P12A and protease 3C genes from FMDV serotype A/Arg/01 were amplified and cloned into the pCI-neo vector. Immunoprecipitation and Western blotting were used to determine the correct expression of the poliprotein P12A and protease 3C after transient transfection. As shown in
In order to determine if the structural proteins assembled into subviral particles, the lysates of cells transfected with pCI-P12A3C were analyzed by ELISA using MAbs directed to conformational epitopes of FMDV A/Arg/2001 [
Sedimentation in a 45% - 15% sucrose gradient was used to further analyze the ability of structural proteins to assemble into particulate subunits. Even though we were able to detect protomers (5S) and pentamers (12S) (
For the production of stable clones, BHK-21 cells were transfected with pCI-P12A3C and after selection and terminal dilution; the emerging clones were analyzed by ELISA for protein expression.
Three out of 36 clones were positive for recombinant protein expression (
A simple co-transfection assay was used to evaluate the effect of protease 3C on protein expression in BHK-21 cells. EGFP expression decreased dramatically in cells co-transfected with pCI-3C but not in cells co-transfected with pCI-neo (empty vector) (
decreased EGPF expression compared to expression levels when co-transfecting with pCI-3Ci (
Thus, the activity of the protease 3C is probably impairing the isolation of high-level expressing clones. It is worth pointing out that many recombinant viral vectors encoding the P12A3C expression cassette were successfully generated [8,13,14] while others could not be isolated [15,16].
This difference could be attributed to a different susceptibility of the host cells to protease 3C. Thus, other cell lines, such as Vero and HEK 293 (in which the development of recombinant viral vector was successful), were tested with the EGFP-co-transfection assay, but the same results were observed (data not shown). This suggests that the development of stable clones in other cell lines does not seem to be an appropriate approach to increase expression levels. The strategy of cloning the cDNA sequences of individual structural proteins (VP0, VP1 and VP3) to generate stable cell lines is complicated and tedious because a sequential selection process is needed. Moreover, it has been previously reported that the assembly of subviral particles of picornavirus from individual structural proteins is less efficient than that obtained from the P12A3C expression cassette [
Recombinant protein yield was about 0.014 ug/ml in stable clones and 0.15 ug/ml in transiently transfected cells (
Results obtained in this study show that mammalian cells are a suitable expression system for the production of subviral particles of FMDV A/Arg/01. FMDV protomers and pentamers were produced when BHK-21 cells were transiently transfected. Since the formation of
higher-order structures is strongly influenced by the concentration of individual proteins [
When we compared stable and transient expression we determined that expression levels in lysates of transiently transfected cells were higher than those achieved in lysates of stable clones.
This might be due to the effect of protease 3C on the cells. However, these expression levels are still below the ones needed for vaccine development. Thus, further studies should be done to optimize expression levels achieved by transient gene expression. The use of suspension-growing cells, serum free medium and economic transfection reagents is some of the improvements that could be explored [
We thank Dr. Osvaldo Zabal and his group for providing valuable help on cell culture, Diego Compaired for technical assistance and Dr. María José Gravisaco and Lic. Mariela Gammella for helping with flow cytometry assays. This work was supported by grants PAE-PICT- 2001-00044 from Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, Argentina and PE AESA201721 from Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Argentina.