The field experiments were conducted at the experimental farm of Faculty of agricultural, southern Illinois University SIUC, USA. The project makes the irrigation automated. With the use of low cost sensors and the simple circuitry makes currently project a low cost product, which can be bought even by a poor farmer. This research work is best suited for places where water is scares and has to be used in limited quantity and this proposal is a model to modernize the agriculture industries at a mass scale with optimum expenditure. In the field of agricultural engineering, use of sensor method of irrigation operation is important and it is well known that closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system are very economical and efficient. Closed circuits are considered one of the modifications of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system, and added advantages to Mini-sprinkler irrigation system because it can relieve low operating pressures problem at the end of the lateral lines. In the conventional closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system, the farmer has to keep watch on irrigation timetable, which is different for different crops. Using this system, one can save manpower, water to improve production and ultimately profit. The data could be summarized in following: Irrigation methods under study when using lateral length 60 mcould be ranked in the following ascending order according the values of the predicted and measured head losses CM1M-SIS < CM2M-SIS.The correlation (Corr.) coefficients were used to compare the predicted and measured head losses along the lateral lines of all the closed circuits designs. Generally, the values of correlation analysis were (>0.90) were obtained with 0% field slope60 mlength (experimental conditions) for all closed circuits.The interaction between irrigation methods: at the start there are significant differences between CM2M-SIS and CM1M-SIS.
The continuous increasing demand of the food requires the rapid improvement in food production technology. In a country like India, where the economy is mainly based on agriculture and the climatic conditions are isotropic, still we are not able to make full use of agricultural resources. The main reason is the lack of rains & scarcity of land reservoir water. The continuous extraction of water from earth is reducing the water level due to which lot of land is coming slowly in the zones of un-irrigated land. Another very important reason of this is due to unplanned use of water due to which a significant amount of water goes waste. In the modern closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system systems, the most significant advantage is that water is supplied near the root zone of the plants Mini-sprinkler by Mini-sprinkler due to which a large quantity of water is saved. At the present era, the farmers have been using irrigation technique in India through the manual control in which the farmers irrigate the land at the regular intervals. This process sometimes consumes more water or sometimes the water reaches late due to which the crops get dried. Water deficiency can be detrimental to plants before visible wilting occurs. Slowed growth rate, lighter weight fruit follows slight water deficiency. This problem can be perfectly rectified if we use automatic micro controller based closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation systemin which the irrigation will take place only when there will be intense requirement of water.
Irrigation system uses valves to turn irrigation ON and OFF. These valves may be easily automated by using controllers and solenoids. Automating farm or nursery irrigation allows farmers to apply the right amount of water at the right time, regardless of the availability of labor to turn valves on and off. In addition, farmers using automation equipment are able to reduce runoff from over watering saturated soils, avoid irrigating at the wrong time of day, which will improve crop performance by ensuring adequate water and nutrients when needed. Automatic Closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system is a valuable tool for accurate soil moisture control in highly specialized greenhouse vegetable production and it is a simple, precise method for irrigation. It also helps in time saving, removal of human error in adjusting available soil moisture levels and to maximize their net profits.
The entire automation work can be divided in two sections, first is to study the basic components of irrigation system thoroughly and then to design and implement the control circuitry. So we will first see some of the basic platform of closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system (
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops. In crop production it is mainly used in dry areas and in periods of rainfall shortfalls, but also to protect plants against frost.
Surface irrigation, Localized irrigation (Drip, mini sprinkler, bubbler, etc.), Closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system and Sprinkler irrigation.
Closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system also known as Mini-sprinkler irrigation system or micro-irrigation is an sprinkler irrigation method which minimizes the use of water and fertilizer by allowing water to Minisprinkler slowly to the roots of plants, either onto the soil surfaceor directly onto the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters., [
The conventional irrigation methods like overhead sprinklers, flood type feeding systems usually wet the lower leaves and stem of the plants. The entire soil surface is saturated and often stays wet long after irrigation is completed. Such condition promotes infections by leaf mold fungi. The flood type methods consume large amount of water and the area between crop rows remains dry and receives moisture only from incidental rainfall. On the contrary the Mini-sprinkler or closed circuits of Minisprinkler irrigation system is a type of modern irrigation technique that slowly applies small amounts of water to part of plant root zone. Closed circuits of drip irrigation system are invented by the Egyptian thesis of researcher Hani Mansour, 2010s [
Closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system save water because only the plant’s root zone receives moisture. Little water is lost to deep percolation if the proper amount is applied. Closed circuits of Mini-sprin-
kler irrigation system are popular because it can increase yields and decrease both water requirements and labor. Closed circuits of drip irrigation system require about half of the water needed by sprinkler or surface irrigation. Lower operating pressures and flow rates result in reduced energy costs. A higher degree of water control is attainable. Plants can be supplied with more precise amounts of water. Disease and insect damage is reduced because plant foliage stays dry [
The field experiments were conducted at the experimental farm of Faculty of agricultural, southern Illinois University SIUC, USA. The design of field experiments was split in randomized complete block design with three replicates. The field tests carried out using line length 60m and the following tow Mini-sprinkler irrigation circuits (DIC): 1) one manifold for lateral lines or closed circuits with one manifold of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system (CM1M-SIS) and 2) closed circuits with two manifolds for lateral lines (CM2M-SIS) Figures 2 and 3.
Irrigation networks include the following components are:
1) Control head: It was located at the water source
supply. It consists of centrifugal pump 3''/3'', driven by electric engine (pump discharge of 80 m3/h and 40 m lift), sand media filter 48'' (two tanks), screen filter 2'' (120 mesh), back flow prevention device, pressure regulator, pressure gauges, flow-meter, control valves and chemical injection; 2) Main line: PVC pipes of 75 mm in (ID) Ø to convey the water from the source to the main control points in the field; 3) Sub-main lines: PVC pipes of 75mm in (ID) Ø were connected to with the main line through a control unit consists of a 2'' ball valve and pressure gauges; 4) Manifold lines: PVC pipes of 50 mm in (ID) Ø were connected to the sub main line through control valves 1.5''; 5) Lateral lines: PE tubes of 25 mm in (ID) Ø were connected to the manifolds through beginnings stalled on manifolds lines; 6) Mini-sprinklers: These online PE tubes 25mm in (ID) Ø, mini sprinkler discharge of 12 lh−1 at 1 atm, Operating pressure and 50 cm spacing in-between [
The components of closed circuits of the Mini-sprinkler system include, supply lines, control valves, supply and return manifolds, Mini-sprinkler lateral lines, emitters, check valves and air relief valves/vacuum breakers.
Intervals of irrigation (I) in day were calculated using the following equations:
I = d/Etc (1)
Where: d = net water depth applied per each irrigation (mm), and Etc = crop evapotranspiration (mm/day).
d = AMD·ASW·Rd·P (2)
Where: AMD = allowable soil moisture depletion (%), ASW = available soil water, (mm water/m depth), Rd = effective root zone depth (m), or irrigation depth (m), and P = percentage of soil area wetted (%).
AW (v/v %) = ASW (w/w %)·B.D. (3)
Where: B.D. = Soil bulk density (gm·cm−3).
Irrigation Intervals used was 4 days under both closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation systems.
Design of automation controller based closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system: (presented for Drip irrigation by [
The key elements that should be considered while designing a mechanical model.
Pressure (The force pushing the flow): Most products operate best between 1.0 and 1.5 bars of pressure. Normal household pressure is 10 m (1.0 bar).
Water Supply & Quality: City and well water are easy to filter for closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system systems. Pond, ditch and some well water have special filtering needs. The quality and source of water will dictate the type of filter necessary for your system.
Flow: We can measure the output of your water supply with a one or five gallon bucket and a stopwatch. Time how long it takes to fill the bucket and use that number to calculate how much water is available per hour. Gallons per minute × 60 = number of gallons per hour.
Elevation: Variations in elevation can cause a change in water pressure within the system. Pressure changes by one pound for every 2.3 foot change in elevation. Pressure-compensating emitters are designed to work in areas with large changes in elevation.
Soil Type and Root Structure: The soil type will dictate how a regular Mini-sprinkler of water on one spot will spread. Sandy soil requires closer emitter spacing as water percolates vertically at a fast rate and slower horizontally. With a clay soil water tends to spread horizontally, giving a wide distribution pattern. Emitters can be spaced further apart with clay type soil. A loamy type soil will produce a more even percolation dispersion of water. Deep-rooted plants can handle a wider spacing of emitters, while shallow rooted plants are most efficiently watered slowly (low gap emitters) with emitters spaced close together. On clay soil or on a hillside, short cycles repeated frequently work best. On sandy soil, applying water with higher gap emitters lets the water spread out horizontally better than a low gap emitter.
Timing: Watering in a regular scheduled cycle is essential. On clay soil or hillsides, short cycles repeated frequently work best to prevent runoff, erosion and wasted water. In sandy soils, slow watering using low output emitters is recommended. Timers help prevent the toodry/too-wet cycles that stress plants and retard their growth. They also allow for watering at optimum times such as early morning or late evening.
Watering Needs: Plants with different water needs may require their own watering circuits. For example, orchards that get watered weekly need a different circuit than a garden that gets watered daily. Plants that are drought tolerant will need to be watered differently than plants requiring a lot of water.
The components of an automation controller unit based closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system are as following: A) Control Head Station, B) Flow Meter, C) Control, flushing Valves, D) Chemical Injection Unit (Fertigation unit), E) Manifolds and Mini-sprinkler lines with Emitters, F) Moisture and Temperature Sensors and G) An automation controller (The brain of the system).
The signal send by the sensor is boosted unto the required level by corresponding amplifier stages. Then the amplified signal is fed to A/D converters of desired resolution to obtain digital form of sensed input for an automation controller use.
Sensor: LCD module can be used in the system to monitor current readings of all the sensors and the current status of respective valves. The solenoid valves are controlled by an automation controller though relays. A Chemical injection unit is used to mix required amount of fertilizers, pesticides, and nutrients with water, whenever required. Varying speed of pump motor can control pressure of water. It can be obtained with the help of PWM output of an automation controller unit. A flow meter is attached for analysis of total water consumed.The required readings can be transferred to the Centralized Computer for further analytical studies, through the serial port present on an automation controller unit. While applying the automation on large fields more than one such an automation controller units can be interfaced to the Centralized Computer the an automation controller unit has in-built timer in it, which operates parallel to sensor system. In case of sensor failure the timer turns off the valves after a threshold level of time, which may prevent the further disaster. Automation controller unit may warn the pump failure or insufficient amount of water input with the help of flow meter.
The automated control system consists of moisture sensors, temperature sensors, Signal conditioning circuit, Digital to analog converter, LCD Module, Relay driver, solenoid control valves, etc. The unit is expressed in
Hydro-Calc irrigation system planning software is designed to help the user to define the parameters of an irrigation system,
The Emitters program is the first application which can be used in the frame of Hydro-Calc software program. There are 4 basic type of emitters which can be used: Mini-sprinkler Line, On line, Sprinklers and Micro-
Sprinklers. According to the previous selection the user can opt for a specific emitter which can be a pressure compensated or a non-pressure compensated. Each emitter has its own set of nominal flow rate values available. After the previous mentioned fields were completed, the program automatically fills the following fields: “Inside Diameter”, “KD” and “Exponent”, values which cannot be changes unless the change will be made in the database.