In this paper we have established the stability of a generalized nonlinear second-order differential equation in the sense of Hyers and Ulam. We also have proved the Hyers-Ulam stability of Emden-Fowler type equation with initial conditions.
In 1940 Ulam posed the basic problem of the stability of functional equations: Give conditions in order for a linear mapping near an approximately linear mapping to exist [
After then, many mathematicians have extensively investigated the stability problems of functional equations (see [4-6]).
Alsina and Ger [
Furthermore, the results of Hyers-Ulam stability of differential equations of first order were also generalized by Miura et al. [
Motivation of this study comes from the work of Li [
The author in his study [
and
with the initial conditions
In this paper we investigate the Hyers-Ulam stability of the following nonlinear differential equation of second order
with the initial condition
where
Moreover we investigate the Hyers-Ulam stability of the Emden-Fowler nonlinear differential equation of second order
with the initial condition
where
and is bounded in.
Definition 1.1 We will say that the Equation (1) has the Hyers-Ulam stability if there exists a positive constant with the following property:
For every, if
with the initial condition (2), then there exists a solution of the Equation (1), such that
.
Definition 1.2 We say that Equation (3) has the HyersUlam stability with initial conditions (4) if there exists a positive constant with the following property:
For every, if
and, then there exists some
satisfying and
, such that.
2. Main Results on Hyers-Ulam Stability Theorem 2.1 If issuch that
and
then the Equation (1) is stable in the sense of Hyers and Ulam.
Proof. Let and be a twice continuously differentiable real-valued function on We will show that there exists a function satisfying Equation (1) such that
where is a constant that never depends on nor on Since is a continuous function on then it keep its sign on some interval
Without loss of generality assume that on Assume that satisfies the inequation (5) with the initial conditions (2) and that
From the inequality (5) we have
Since on and then by Mean Value Theorem in. Multiplying the inequality (7) by and then integrating from to, we obtain
Since we get that
Therefore
Hence for all Obviously, satisfies the Equation (1) and the zero initial condition (2) such that
Hence the Equation (1) has the Hyers-Ulam stability with initial condition (2).
Remark 2.1 Suppose that satisfies the inequality (5) with the initial condition (2). If
then, if
we can similarly show that the Equation (1) has the Hyers-Ulam stability with initial condition (2).
Theorem 2.2 Suppose that is a twice continuously differentiable function and.
If then the Equation (3) is stable in the sense of Hyers and Ulam.
Proof. Let and be a twice continuously differentiable real-valued function on We will show that there exists a function satisfying Equation (3) such that
where is a constant that never depends on nor on Since is a continuous function on then it keeps its sign on some interval Without loss of generality assume that on
Suppose that satisfies the inequation (6) with the initial conditions (4) and that
We have
Since in then, Multiplying the inequality (8) by and integrating, we obtain
By hypothesis, so we get that
Therefore
Hence for all Clearly, the zero function satisfies theEquation (1) and the zero initial condition (2) such that
Hence the Equation (3) has the Hyers-Ulam stability with initial condition (4).
Remark 2.2 Suppose that satisfies the inequality (6) with the initial condition (4). If
then, if
we can similarly show that the Equation (3) has the Hyers-Ulam stability with initial condition (4).
Example 2.2 Consider the equation
and the inequality
where
It should be noted that for a given satisfies the inequation (10) and the conditions of the Theorem 2.2. Therefore the Equation (9) has the HyersUlam stability.
Consider the special case (when) of the Equation (3)
with the initial conditions
and the inequation
where
Theorem 3.1 Assume that is a twice continuously differentiable function and Then, If the Equation (11) is stable in the sense of Hyers and Ulam.
Proof. Assume that andthat is a twice continuously differentiable real-valued function on We will show that there exists a function satisfying Equation (11) such that
where is a constant that never depends on nor on Since is a continuous function on then it keeps its sign on some interval Without loss of generality assume that on Suppose that satisfies the inequation (13) with the initial conditions (12).
We have
Applying the Mean Value Theorem to the function on the interval we find that in. Multiplying the inequality (14) by and then integrating we obtain
If, we obtain the inequality
Therefore
Thus for all The zero solution of theEquation (11) with the zero initial condition (12) such that
Hence the Equation (11) has the Hyers-Ulam stability with initial condition (12).
Remark 3.1 Assume that satisfies the inequality (13) with the initial condition (12). If then, if we can similarly obtain the Hyers-Ulam stability criterion for the Equation (11) has with initial condition (12).
Remark 3.2 It should be noted that if on and hence on then in the proofs of Theorem 2.1, 2.2 and 3.1, we can multiply by the inequation (7) (and (8), (14)) to obtain the inequality
Then we can apply the same argument used above to get sufficient criteria for the Hyers-Ulam stability for the Equations (1), (3) and (11).
Example 3.1 Consider the equation
and the inequality
where
First it should be noted that for a given, satisfies the inequation (16) and the conditions of the Theorem 3.1. Therefore the Equation (15) has the Hyers-Ulam stability.
In this section we consider the Hyers-Ulam stability of the following equation
with the initial condition
where
and is continuous for such that
Using an argument similar to that used in [
Theorem 4.1 Suppose that is a twice continuously differentiable function.
If then the problem (17), (18) is stable in the Hyers-Ulam sense.
Proof. Let andbe a twice continuously differentiable real-valued function on satisfying the inequality
We will show that there exists a function
Satisfying Equation (18) such that
where is a constant that doesn’t depend on nor onIf we integrate the inequality (19) with respect to we should obtain
It is clear that is a solution of the Equation (21)
satisfying the zero initial condition
Now, let’s estimate the difference
Since the function satisfies the Lipschitz condition, and from the inequality (20) we have
From which it follows that
where Hence the problem (17), (18) has the Hyers-Ulam stability.
Remark 4.1 Notice that if satisfies Lipschitz conditionin the region then the Emden-Fowler nonlinear differential equation is Hyers-Ulam stable with zero initial condition.
The author thanks the anonymous referees for helpful comments and suggestions.