Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
Vol.06 No.07(2018), Article ID:85788,10 pages
10.4236/msce.2018.67004

Performance Improvement of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell by Phenanthrothiadiazole Unit-Based π-Conjugated Bridge

Xiaoqiang Yu*, Yi Wang, Tianyu Huang, Zhenhua Ci, Ming Bao

State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China

Received: May 7, 2018; Accepted: July 1, 2018; Published: July 4, 2018

ABSTRACT

New organic dyes (D1, D2, and D3) containing a phenanthrothiadiazole unit as a π-conjugated system, a triarylamine as an electron donor, and a cyanoacrylic acid moiety as an electron acceptor were synthesized. The optical and electrochemical properties of dyes D1, D2, and D3 were investigated, and their performance as sensitizers in solar cells was evaluated. Dye-sensitized solar cells based on dye D3 produced a photon-to-current conversion efficiency of 5.23% (Jsc = 9.70 mA/cm2, Voc = 0.77 V, ff 0.70) under 100 mW/cm2 simulated AM 1.5 G solar irradiation.

Keywords:

Organic Dye, Phenanthrothiadiazole, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells, Efficiency

1. Introduction

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have attracted significant attention in recent years due to their high efficiency, low cost, and facile fabrication [1]. The sensitizer is one of the key components in these cells for high power conversion efficiency. Attention has recently focused on metal-free organic sensitizers (D-π-A moleculars) because they present many advantages, such as high molar extinction coefficients, low cost, simple preparation process, and environment friendliness [2] [3] [4] [5]. D-π-A dyes based on triphenylamine moieties with various π-conjugated bridges, such as thiophene [6] [7] [8] [9], benzene [10]-[15], Coumarin [16], thienothiophene[17] [18] [19], benzo[b]thiophene [20] [21], phenothiazine [22], or dibenzosilole [23], have been developed for DSSCs to achieve high conversion efficiencies. The π-conjugated bridge has a great influence on photoelectronic properities of the D-π-A dyes.

This study presents three new organic dyes (D1, D2, and D3) with phenanthrothiadiazole unit as a π-conjugated bridge, different arylamine moieties as electron donors, and a cyanoacetic acid as electron acceptor (Figure 1). The study also investigates the photophysical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties.

2. Experimental

2.1. General Analytical Measurements

All chemicals were used as received from commercial sources without purification. Solvents for chemical synthesis, including toluene, dichloromethane (DCM), MeOH and tetrahydrofuran (THF), were purified by distillation. High-resolution mass spectra were recorded on either a Q-TOF or a GC-TOF mass spectrometer. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on either a Varian Inova-400 spectrometer (400 MHz for 1H; 100 MHz for 13C) or a Bruker Avance II-400 spectrometer (400 MHz for 1H; 100 MHz for 13C).

2.2. Fabrication of DSSCs

A screen-printing technique was used to fabricate the TiO2 films. First, the paste was deposited on a fluorine-doped tin oxide conductive glass (FTO, Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.; sheet resistance: 10 ohm/sq). The film was then sintered at 450˚C for 30 min in atmospheric air, immersed in 40 mM TiCl4 solution for 30 min at 70˚C, rinsed with water and ethanol, and sintered at 500˚C for 30 min. The film was dipped into D1, D2, and D3 dye solutions (0.6 mM in THF) for 18 h after cooling to 80˚C. Finally, dye-sensitized TiO2 photoelectrodes (thickness: 12 μm) were obtained. The organic electrolyte was composed of 0.06 M LiI, 0.03 M I2, 0.1 M guanidinium thiocyanate, 0.6 M 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide (PMII), and 0.5 M t-butyl-pyridine in acetonitrile. The active area of the DSSCs was 0.36 cm2. DSSCs devices were assembled with counter electrodes (thermally platinized FTO) using a thermoplastic frame (Surlyn, thickness: 60 μm).

2.3. Measurements

Absorption and emission spectra were respectively recorded by HP8453 (USA) and PTI700 (USA) instruments. Electrochemical measurements were carried out

Figure 1. Molecular structures of dyes D1, D2, and D3.

on a BAS100W (USA) electrochemistry workstation. The irradiation source for photocurrent?voltage (J-V) measurements was an AM 1.5 solar simulator (16S-002, Solar Light Co.Ltd., USA). The incident light intensity was 100 mW/cm−2 and calibrated against a standard silicon solar cell. The J-V curve was obtained by the linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) method using an electrochemical workstation (LK9805, Lanlike Co. Ltd., China). Incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) measurements were performed on a Hypermonolight instrument (SM-25, Jasco Co. Ltd., Japan).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Synthesis

Dyes D1, D2, and D3 were synthesized following the steps depicted in Scheme 1.

3-1, (yellow solid, 53% yield), mp 167˚C - 168˚C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.02 (s, 1H), 8.31 - 8.27 (m, 2H), 8.09 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (dd, J = 8.8, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.35 - 7.31 (m, 4H), 7.21 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 4H), 7.13 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 153.1, 152.2, 148.3, 147.1, 138.3, 134.7, 130.9, 129.6, 127.4, 126.7, 125.2, 124.6, 124.5, 124.4, 124.1, 117.7, 92.3. HRMS (EI, m/z): calcd. for C26H16N3SI, 529.0110 [M]; found, 529.0107.

3-2, (yellow solid, 62% yield), mp 154˚C - 155˚C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.00 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.25 - 8.22 (m, 2H), 8.07 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (dd,

Scheme 1. The synthetic routes of D1, D2, and D3.

J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.15 - 7.10 (m, 8H), 2.61 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 4H), 1.67 - 1.59 (m, 4H), 1.45 - 1.35 (m, 4H), 0.96 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 6H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 153.1, 152.2, 148.7, 144.7, 138.9, 138.1, 134.6, 131.0, 129.7, 127.3, 126.5, 125.4, 124.5, 124.3, 124.0, 123.6, 116.4, 92.1, 35.3, 33.8, 22.7, 14.2. HRMS (EI, m/z): calcd. for C34H32N3SI, 641.1362 [M]; found, 641.1356.

3-3, (yellow solid, 49% yield), mp 207˚C - 208˚C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.98 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.19 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (dd, J = 8.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (dd, J = 9.2, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.19 - 7.15 (m, 4H), 6.92 - 6.88 (m, 4H), 3.85 (s, 6H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 156.7, 150.3, 124.5, 120.2, 116.3, 108.6, 106.9, 104.4, 95.2, 94.5, 94.0, 90.1, 87.9, 82.9, 79.6, 23.0. HRMS (EI, m/z): calcd. for C28H20N3O2SI, 589.0321 [M]; found, 589.0314.

4-1, (yellow solid, 80% yield), mp 173˚C - 174˚C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 10.10 (s, 1H), 8.85 (s, 1H), 8.70 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.65 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 8.18 (dd, J = 8.6, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.12 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 8.06 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 8.02 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 7.45 - 7.41 (m, 4H), 7.23 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 6H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 193.3, 153.0, 148.4, 146.8, 145.0, 144.9, 136.3, 135.9, 130.8, 130.7, 130.5, 129.2, 128.4, 127.9, 126.4, 126.2, 126.0, 125.1, 124.6, 123.9, 123.6, 115.7. HRMS (EI, m/z): calcd. for C33H21N3OS, 507.1405 [M]+; found, 507.1414.

4-2, (yellow solid, 92% yield), mp 134˚C - 135˚C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 10.10 (s, 1H), 8.96 (s, 1H), 8.46 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.33 - 8.29 (m, 2H), 8.04 - 7.97 (m, 5H), 7.41 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.17-7.11 (m, 8H), 2.62 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 4H), 1.67 - 1.60 (m, 4H), 1.45-1.36 (m, 4H), 0.97 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 6H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 192.1, 153.6, 153.5, 148.7, 146.0, 144.7, 139.0, 137.7, 135.5, 131.9, 130.6, 129.7, 128.4, 127.7, 127.5, 125.4, 124.7, 124.5, 124.3, 123.7, 116.4, 35.3, 33.8, 22.7, 14.2. HRMS (EI, m/z): calcd. for C41H37N3OS, 619.2657 [M]+; found, 619.2653.

4-3, (yellow solid, 80% yield), mp 107˚C - 108˚C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 10.01 (s, 1H), 8.95 (s, 1H), 8.44 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.29 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 8.16 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 8.03-7.95 (m, 5H), 7.34 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.21 - 7.17 (m, 4H), 6.93 - 6.89 (m, 4H), 3.84 (s, 6H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 192.0, 156.7, 153.6, 153.5, 149.1, 146.0, 140.1, 137.4, 135.4, 131.9, 130.5, 128.3, 127.6, 127.4, 125.3, 124.7, 124.5, 123.6, 123.4, 121.8, 115.1, 114.2, 29.9. HRMS (EI, m/z): calcd. for C35H25N3O3S, 567.1617 [M]+; found, 567.1619.

D1, (red solid, 68% yield), mp 214˚C - 215˚C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 8.73 (s, 1H), 8.57 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 8.53 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 8.14 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 8.02 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.94 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.44 - 7.40 (m, 4H), 7.29 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.23 - 7.21 (m, 6H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 163.7, 153.2, 152.9, 152.5, 148.1, 146.8, 143.0, 137.4, 131.7, 131.5, 131.4, 130.6, 130.4, 128.8, 127.7, 126.9, 126.1, 126.0, 125.1, 125.0, 124.7, 124.5, 123.5, 123.3, 117.4, 115.5. HRMS (ESI, m/z): calcd. for C36H22N4O2S, 574.1463 [M]+; found, 574.1459.

D2, (red solid, 76% yield), mp 131˚C - 132˚C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO ) δ 8.77 (s, 1H), 8.57 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.50 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 8.18 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 8.11 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.89 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.23 - 7.10 (m, 9H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 163.4, 152.8, 152.3, 152.0, 147.3, 143.7, 142.8, 138.4, 135.9, 131.2, 130.6, 129.3, 126.8, 126.0, 125.4, 124.0, 122.8, 116.3, 113.4, 103.5, 34.4, 33.0, 21.9, 13.7. HRMS (ESI, m/z): calcd. for C44H38N4O2S, 686.2715 [M]+; found, 686.2710.

D3, (red solid, 57% yield), mp 190˚C - 191˚C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO ) δ 8.62 (s, 1H), 8.47 (s, 1H), 8.39 (s, 1H), 8.05 - 7.83 (m, 6H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.20 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 4H), 7.09 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 4H), 3.80 (s, 6H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 119.1, 115.6, 114.7, 111.6, 102.4, 100.6, 97.1, 93.6, 89.7, 88.8, 86.8, 86.7, 85.6, 84.2, 77.5, 76.6, 18.0. HRMS (ESI, m/z): calcd. for C38H26N4O4S, 634.1675 [M]+; found, 634.1667.

3.2. Absorption Properties of the Dyes in Solution

UV-vis absorption spectra of three dyes in CH2Cl2/CH3OH (10/1) solution are depicted in Figure 2. All dyes in solutions gave two distinct absorption bands: one relatively weak band in the near-ultraviolet region (300 nm to 340 nm) that corresponds to the π-π* electron transition and another with a strong absorption in the visible region (370 nm to 450 nm). The bands can be assigned to an intramolecular charge transfer between the triarylamine donating unit and the cyanoacrylic acid anchoring moiety, thereby producing an efficient charge-separated state. The absorption data of D1 (384 nm, 26,960 M−1∙cm−1), D2 (395 nm, 27007 M−1∙cm−1) and D3 (397 nm, 25625 M−1∙cm−1) are shown in Table 1.

Figure 2. Absorption spectra of D1, D2, and D3 in CH2Cl2/CH3OH (10/1).

Table 1. Optical and electrochemical properties of D1, D2, and D3 dyes.

aAbsorption and emission spectra were measured in CH2Cl2/CH3OH (10/1), with a concentration of 1.0 × 10−5 M at room temperature. bThe oxidation potential of the dyes was measured under the following conditions: working electrode, Pt; electrolyte, 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate, n-Bu4NPF6 in THF; scan rate, 0.1 V/s. Potentials measured vs Fe+/Fe were converted to NHE by addition of +0.63 V. cThe E0-0 energies were estimated from the intercept of the normalized absorption and emission spectra.

3.3. Electrochemical Properties

The redox behavior of these dyes was studied by cyclic voltammetry (Figure 3). The cyclic voltammograms of D1, D2, and D3 were measured in a solution of 0.1˚M n-Bu4NPF6 in CH2Cl2/CH3OH (10/1). A three-electrode cell containing a Pt-coil working electrode, a Pt wire counter electrode, and a Ag/AgCl reference electrode was employed. The ferrocene/ferricenium redox couple was used as an internal reference. The examined highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) levels and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels were collected, as shown in Table 1. HOMO values (0.94 V to 1.22 V vs. NHE) were more positive than the I−/I3− redox couple (0.4 V vs. NHE), thus suggesting that the oxidized dyes can thermodynamically accept electrons from I− ion in iodide/triiodide electrolyte for regeneration. Electron injection from the excited sensitizers to the conduction band of TiO2 should be energetically favorable because of the more negative LUMO values (−1.29 V to −1.50 V vs. NHE) compared with the conduction band edge energy level of the TiO2 electrode (at approximately −0.5 V vs. NHE). Table 1 shows that the introduction of the methoyl and methyl groups on arylamine can change the HOMO?LUMO energy gaps of the dyes narrowly. These results clearly demonstrate that dyes D1, D2, and D3 are potentially efficient dyes for DSSCs.

3.4. Photovoltaic Performance

The action spectrum, or the IPCE as a function of wavelength, was measured to evaluate the photoresponse of the photoelectrode in the whole spectral region. D1, D2, and D3 sensitizers were used to manufacture solar cell devices. Figure 4 shows the IPCE obtained with 0.06 M LiI, 0.03 M I2, 0.1 M guanidinium thiocyanate, 0.6 M PMII, and 0.5 M tert-butyl-pyridine in acetonitrile as redox electrolyte. The three dyes can efficiently convert visible light into photocurrent in the region of 300 nm to 600 nm. A solar cell based on D3 showed the highest IPCE value of 75% at 491 nm. In addition, the cell exhibited a broad IPCE spectrum with IPCE values (>70%) ranging from 390 nm to 520 nm. The IPCE spectra of D1 and D2 were slightly low, with a maximum IPCE of 68% at 450 nm and 69% at 445 nm, respectively.

Figure 3. Cyclic voltammograms of D1, D2, and D3.

Figure 4. IPCE spectra f based on D1, D2, and D3.

Figure 5 shows the J-V curves of the DSSCs based on the D1, D2, and D3 dyes under standard global AM 1.5 G solar irradiation, and the results are provided in Table 2. The DSSCs based on the D3 dye showed a short-circuit photocurrent density of 9.70 mA/cm−2, an open-circuit voltage of 0.77 V, and a fill

Figure 5. J-V curves based on based on D1, D2, D3, and N719.

Table 2. Photovoltaic Performance based on D1, D2, D3, and N719a.

aThe DSSCs had an active area of ~0.36 cm2 and used an electrolyte composed of 0.06 M LiI, 0.03 M I2, 0.1 M guanidinium thiocyanate, 0.6 M 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide (PMII), and 0.5 M t-butyl-pyridine in acetonitrile.

factor of 0.70, thereby yielding an overall conversion efficiency (η) of 5.23%. Under the same measurement conditions, cells that were sensitized with D1 and D2 exhibit Jsc of 9.41 and 8.52 mA/cm−2, Voc of 0.73, and 0.73 V, and ff of 0.67 and 0.69, corresponding to η of 4.60% and 4.29%, respectively. By comparison, the N719-sensitized TiO2 solar cell showed an efficiency of 7.47%, with a J SC of 15.04 mA/cm−2, a Voc of 0.72 V, and a ff of 0.69. The conversion efficiency of D3 reached 70% of the N719 cell efficiency.

4. Conclusion

In summary, three new organic dyes (D1, D2, and D3) containing a phenanthrothiadiazole unit as a π-conjugated system, a triarylamine as an electron donor, and a cyanoacrylic acid moiety as an electron acceptor were designed and synthesized for DSSCs. DSSCs based on D3 produced a photon-to-current conversion efficiency of 5.23% (Jsc = 9.70 mA/cm−2, Voc = 0.77 V, ff = 0.70) under 100 mW/cm2 simulated AM 1.5 G solar irradiation. Compared with the D1 and D2 based cells, D3 showed higher Jsc values, reflecting its better sunlight-harvesting ability. The application of phenanthrothiadiazole unit in organic photovoltaic solar cell is ongoing in our laboratory.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21572028 and 21372035) for their financial support. This work was also supported by Liaoning Natural Science Foundation of China (201602181) and the Outstanding Young Scholars Development Growth Plan of universities in Liaoning Province (LJQ2015027).

Cite this paper

Yu, X.Q., Wang, Y., Huang, T.Y., Ci, Z.H. and Bao, M. (2018) Performance Improvement of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell by Phenanthrothiadiazole Unit-Based π-Conjugated Bridge. Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, 6, 25-34. https://doi.org/10.4236/msce.2018.67004

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