ABSTRACT

We discuss five areas of inventory model, including reusable raw material, EPQ model, optimization, random planning horizon and present value. In the traditional EPQ model, the stock-holding cost of raw material was not counted as a part of relevant cost. We explored the possibility of reducing a company’s impact on the environment and increasing their competitiveness by recycling their repair and waste disposal. The products are manufactured with reusable raw material. Our analysis takes into account the time value, and the present value method is applied to determine the optimal inventory policies for reusable items with random planning horizon. Results show how the heuristic approach can achieve global optimum. Numerical examples are given to validate the proposed system.

Keywords:Reusable; EPQ; Optimization; Random Planning Horizon; Present Value

1. Introduction

Reuse of material and products is not a new subject. Using the repaired and new made products, Richter [1] has created a model for fixed and variable collection time interval to minimize the cost and found the optimal collection intervals. Richter and Dobos [2] extended the model of Richter [3] with integer setup numbers. By applying Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle, Kleber et al. [4] determined the optional production, remanufacturing, and disposal policy for a cost model. Koh et al. [5] found a joint EOQ and EPQ model in which a fixed proportion of the used products is collected from customers and then recovered for reuse. Konstantaras and Papachristos [6] revised Koh et al.’s paper and used a different analysis to obtain closed form expressions for both the optimal number of setup in the recovery and the ordering processes. Karakayal et al. [7] characterized the optimal acquisition price of the used products and the selling price along with recovery quantities of the reusable components. Up to now Salameh & El-Kassar [8] had the paper to establish an EPQ model taking the stock-holding cost of raw material into consideration and found the optimal lot size. El-Kassaret et al. [9] studied an EPQ model for imperfect quality raw material.

The EOQ (Economic Ordering Quantity) model was first proposed by Harris [10] and later the EPQ model was developed by E. W. Taft [11]. This paper is mainly based on Richter’s ([1,3]) and Moon and Yun’s [12] idea, and followed the research of Trippi [13], Kim, Philippatos and Chung [14], Moon and Yun [12] and Chung and Lin [15] about time value of money. Kim, Philippatos and Chung [14] have showed a method for evaluating investments in inventory. Moon and Yun [12] have justified the optimality of solutions which are derived from the first order conditions in Kim, Philippatos and Chung [14]. Later Chung and Lin [15] have derived the bounds for the optimal cycle following the optimality of solutions. Using the upper and lower bounds, an algorithm of computing the optimal cycle time is developed. These numerical examples are brought into the algorithm to find the different cycle time. We wish this model is appropriate and practical.

2. The Models

The mathematical models developed in this study are based on the following definitions and assumptions.

Definitions:

PVC(T): the present value of the cash flow for the first inventory horizonC(T): the expected present value of the cash flow for the random planning horizonTRC(T): the total relevant cost per unit timeQ: the order sizeS: the cost of placing an orderP: the production rateD: the demand rateC: the purchasing cost per unit item,

: the reusable rateT: the cycle lengthr: the discount rateh: the stock holding cost of raw materials per item per year and the stock holding cost of finished products per item per yearx: the random planning horizon time.

Assumptions:

1) Production rate is greater than demand rate.

2) Production rate and demand rate are known and constant.

3) Shortage is not allowed.

4) A single item is considered.

5) The time horizon is not infinite.

6) The stock holding cost of raw materials and products are the same.

7).

8) At the end of the planning horizon, the raw material is used up and the productions are sold out.

9) The random planning horizon time x follows an exponential distribution with parameter.

Two models used in this analysis are illustrated below (see Figure 1). Model 1 presents the annual total relevant cost, TRC(T). Model 2 presents the expected present value of total relevant cost for the random planning horizon, C(T). The analysis proceeds as follows. First, we find the optimal cycle time separately for each model. Then, we use the numerical examples to show how to find the optimal value of cycle time.

Model 1: We use the annual total relevant cost to find the optimal solution.

The annual total relevant cost TRC(T) consists of the following elements:

The ordering cost per unit time =.

The purchasing cost per order per unit time =.

The stock holding cost of raw material per unit time =.

The stock holding cost of products per unit time =.

The total relevant cost per unit time can be expressed as TRC(T) = the ordering cost per unit time

+ the purchasing cost per order per unit time

+ the stock holding cost of raw material per unit time

+ the stock holding cost of products per unit time

=

The first and second derivatives of TRC(T) are

and for all T > 0, respectively.

Set, then we have the following result:

The unique solution of above equation is

At, the TRC(T) has a global minimum on (0,) since for all T > 0.

Model 2: Using the expected present value of total relevant cost for random planning horizon C(T) to find the optimal solution.

We assume that the random planning horizon x is located on the (k + 1)th cycle time. The present value of total relevant cost at the first cycle time PVC(T) consists of the following elements:

The ordering cost = S.

The purchasing cost =.

The stock holding cost of raw material =.

The stock holding cost of products =.

The present value of total relevant cost at the first cycle time PVC(T) is as follows:

.

The present value of total relevant cost from the beginning of the first cycle time to the beginning of the (k + 1)th cycle time is as follows:

(1)

The present value (at time of kT) of total relevant cost at the (k + 1)th cycle time consists of the following elements:

The purchasing cost =.

The stock holding cost of raw material =.

The stock holding cost of products =.

The present value of total relevant cost at the (k + 1)th cycle time is as follows:

(2)

Now, we want to find the expected present value of total relevant cost for random planning horizon C(T).

The present value of total relevant cost includes:

(A) The present value of total relevant cost from the beginning of the first cycle time to the beginning of the (k+1)th cycle time.

(B) The present value of total relevant cost at the (k + 1)th cycle time.

If we assume that the probability density function of x is, the expected present value of the total relevant cost from the beginning to the time x is C(T).

(3)

Let (4)

where

. (5)

Then we obtain the first derivative of g(T) as follows:

(6)

Since and, the equation has a unique solution.

From the calculations described above, we have proved that. Thus, is a strictly increasing function. From the results above, we conclude that has a unique solution as shown in the following:

. (7)

Since, it is therefore implied that there is a unique solution as shown in the following:

. (8)

It is not easy to solve out in this case. Our first step is to find an upper and an lower bound of. Then, we used the Intermediate Value Theorem and the algorithm of bisection method to find the optimal cycle time. We will now show the procedure of finding a lower bound and an upper bound.

We set the lower bound as, and then we found an upper bound of:

. (9)

Setting

, (10)

, (11)

. (12)

And from the above, we can now simplify the inequality to

, (13)

The positive solution of is

(14)

Theorem:

Proof: Since is a strictly increasing function, we conclude that for all T and.

By Equation (97),

(15)

(16)

(17)

From the above, (18)

Now we can compute the exact optimal cycle length of model 2 by using the logic of the following algorithm. Our method is similar to the one of Chung and Lin (see [15]).

Step 1: Let

Step 2: Set and

where,

.

Step 3: Set

Step 4: If, go to Step 6.

Otherwise go to Step 5.

Step 5: If, then we set.

And if, then we set.

Then go to Step 3.

Step 6:Where is the optimal cycle length.

3. Numerical Examples

Example 1: If we set the numbers as S = 1000, P = 2000, D = 1500, c = 10, , , r = 0.15, h = 2 and, then we have and.

Example 2: If we set the numbers as S = 2000, P = 2000, D = 1500, c = 10, , , r = 0.15, h = 2 and, then we have and.

Example 3: If we set the numbers as S = 1000, P = 2000, D = 1500, c = 20, , , r = 0.15, h = 2 and, then we have and.

Example 4: If we set the numbers as S = 1000, P = 2000, D = 1500, c = 10, , , r = 0.15, h = 2 and, then we have and.

Example 5: If we set the numbers as S = 1000, P = 2000, D = 1500, c = 10, , , r = 0.1, h = 2 and, then we have and.

Example 6: If we set the numbers as S = 1000, P = 2000, D = 1500, c = 10, , , r = 0.15, h = 2 and, then we have and.

4. Conclusion

The planning horizon is random and has an exponential distribution with a parameter that influences the optimal cycle time. The raw material is used up and the products are sold out at the end of the planning horizon. Thus, the results are more economical in this model. The use of reusable raw material is beneficial and worthwhile. The models in this research can be applied in companies that use reusable or new raw material. There are many interesting results derived from the numerical examples that future research should take into consideration. It is not necessary for the stocking holding cost of raw material and the stock holding cost of products to be the same.

REFERENCES

NOTES

^*Corresponding author.