American Journal of Computational Mathematics
Vol.3 No.2(2013), Article ID:33547,10 pages DOI:10.4236/ajcm.2013.32022

Computational Studies of Reaction-Diffusion Systems by Nonlinear Galerkin Method

Miroslav Kolář

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

Email: kolarmir@fjfi.cvut.cz

Copyright © 2013 Miroslav Kolář. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received April 2, 2013; revised May 1, 2013; accepted May 25, 2013

Keywords: Nonlinear Galerkin Method; Scott-Wang-Showalter Model; Compactness Method

ABSTRACT

This article deals with the computational study of the nonlinear Galerkin method, which is the extension of commonly known Faedo-Galerkin method. The weak formulation of the method is derived and applied to the particular ScottWang-Showalter reaction-diffusion model concerning the problem of combustion of hydrocarbon gases. The proof of convergence of the method based on the method of compactness is introduced. Presented results of numerical simulations are composed of the computational study, where the nonlinear Galerkin method and Faedo-Galerkin method are compared for the problem with analytical solution and the numerical results of the Scott-Wang-Showalter model in 1D.

1. Introduction

It is well known that many problems often occur when one tries to approximate the complex dynamics of reaction-diffusion equations. Especially the error estimate of common methods grows exponentially in time. One possible approach to overcome this problem, known as the Nonlinear Galerkin method is suggested by Marion and Temam in [1]. It is also discussed in [2] and [3]. In this paper we discuss this method and its properties, and apply it to the solution of particular reaction-diffusion model and perform a computational study when the method is compared with the commonly known Faedo-Galerkin method.

Consider a system of reaction-diffusion equations

(1)

where denotes a positive definite diagonal matrix, is a Lipschitz continuous map and is a d-dimensional function of time and space. We consider the homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions and the initial conditions

(2)

We introduce the space as the Hilbert space with the scalar product

(3)

and the space as a Hilbert space endowed with the scalar product

(4)

Let. Then the weak solution of the problem (1)-(2) on time interval is a mapping such that it satisfies the following equations for each:

(5)

2. Nonlinear Galerkin Method

The nonlinear Galerkin method proposed by Marion and Temam in [1] is an extension of the classical FaedoGalerkin method, which is extensively discussed in [4], [2] or [3]. Generally there are two main goals we would like to achieve by using the nonlinear Galerkin method:

• To increase the accuracy of the approximation regarding the computational time of the Faedo-Galerkin method;

• To decrease computational time regarding to the precision of the approximation of the Faedo-Galerkin method.

Analogically to the Faedo-Galerkin method, we search the approximate solution on some finite-dimensional subspace of. Consider a differential equation for the unknown function in the following form:

(6)

with the initial condition

where the mapping is written as

for some linear operator. The is a separable Hilbert space with the orthonormal basis composed of eigenvectors of the operator satisfying the homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditition in.

Then we denote symbols and as projectors to the subspaces and

, respectively. Thus is a finite-dimensional subspace of generated by first m basis functions and is its orthogonal complement.

Then, the solution of Equation (6) can be written as

(7)

where

Substituting the decomposition (7) to (6) and applying the operators and, we get

(8)

(9)

Discretization in the nonlinear Galerkin method is based on the two following steps:

1) Replacing the right hand side by the first order Taylor expansion:

where is the Jacobian matrix of. One suggested approach is that the remainder in the Taylor expansion satisfies these following properties (see [1,2,5]):

This simplification is implied by a particular nonlinear Galerkin method we are using. Then, the second equation of the system (8) can be written as

2) Replacing the by some finite-dimensional subspace, since we can only operate on some finitedimensional subspace for instead of the whole during the numerical computation. Then the is replaced by and instead of function, we consider the function

The equations for the nonlinear Galerkin method can be finally written as the following:

(10)

The degree of approximation is determined by the parameters m and M. We interpret the function as an approximation of solution of (6) in the space and as a correction term which modifies for large values of time t.

The weak formulation of (10) is obtained easily by multiplicating (10) by basis function for . Utilizing the orthogonal projection and orthonormality of basis functions, we obtain the weak formulation of the nonlinear Galerkin method

(11)

for the indices and. We endow these equations with the initial conditions

3. Application to the Scott-Wang-Showalter Model

We show the application of the nonlinear Galerkin method on the particular reaction-diffusion system. It was experimentally discovered, that there arise patterns created by flames during the combustion of mixed compounds of hydrocarbon gases.

This phenomenon is described by the Sal’nikov model (see [4,6,7]), which generates the thermokinetic oscillations. The Sal’nikov’s work deals with the problem of the cool flames during the oxidation of hydrocarbon gases.

The scheme of the Sal’nikov’s thermokinetic oscillation is the following:

In the first reaction, the compound P generates the reactive compound A. In the second reaction, the compound A decomposes to the inert product B during the emergence of heat. The detailed physical point of view is discussed in [6]. The system of reaction-diffusion equations for dimensionless concentration of reaction intermediate A and dimensionless temperature of reaction compounds is:

(12)

where the function f is defined as

(13)

The and the are the parameters of the model, is the dimensionless time. We complement these equation with the initial conditions

(14)

and with the Dirichlet boundary conditions

(15)

which are the stationary solutions of the (12). We convert the problem (12)-(14) into the homogeneous boundary conditions problem. By subtracting the boundary conditions (15) from and we obtain the system

(16)

endowed with the homogeneous boundary conditions and with the following initial conditions

(17)

We consider the unknown functions and as mappings from the interval to the. Denoting

we introduce the following operator notation for unknown vector:

where

.

Then we define the operator F as

with the Jacobian matrix. Utilizing this notation, we can rewrite the problem (16)-(17) as

(18)

(19)

In this case, we consider, the domain and the spaces and

. Let us denote

. For the application of the nonlinear Galerkin method, we use the orthonormal basis of composed of eigenvectors of the operator:

(20)

We search the Galerkin approximation of as the decomposition, where the approximation term and the correction term are written as

The unknown combination coefficients and for the are given by the following system of differential-algebraic equations:

(21)

for,

(22)

for.

Multiplicating the second equation of (22) by, using simple algebraic manipulations and subtracting it from the first equation of (22), we obtain a linear relation between and:

(23)

for. The system (22) for correction (with dimension) can be reduced to a system with the dimension equal to for the unknown coefficients:

The coefficients are then computed via the relation (23).

4. Convergence

We prove the convergence of the nonlinear Galerkin method applied to the Scott-Wang-Showalter model.

The most important note is the existence of the invariant region for the Scott-Wang-Showalter model. Its existence was proved in [7].

We introduce the following operator notation

where Id is the identical operator. The Jacobian matrix of the operator G is computed as

. Considering the invariant region for the model, the operator G satisfies the Lipschitz condition with the constant for each and each solution with the initial condition inside te invariant region is bounded, i.e., for some and for each and each. Then we have the following estimates for the right hand sides of the model

where. Hence we can write the following important estimates for the operator:

(24)

Then the equations for the nonlinear Galerkin method (11) are as follows

(25)

Problem (25) is the system of differential-algebraic equations solvable on due to the theory of ODEs as the algebraic system for is uniquely solvable and smoothly depends on. The value of depends on the quality of approximation.

1) Operator A

The operator has the same eigenfunctions as the operator:

The eigenvalues are1,

. The operator is (see [8]) positive and self-adjoint. Hence we can define its square root as for each.

Now we introduce some useful relations between the operator norms which we use in the next part. For more detailed derivation see [4]

(26)

(27)

(28)

(29)

To prove the convergence of the nonlinear Galerkin method we process the particular sequences in Equation (25).

2) Sequence

We multiply the second equation of (25) scalarly by

Using the Young inequality, we obtain

According to [1], the expression has its lower bound

and then we can write

Using estimates (24), we obtain

We use relations (27) and (28) on the left hand side of this inequality. Then we obtain the estimate for via the Poincaré inequality:

Hence for uniformly on the interval.

3) Sequence

a are linear operators. We suppose that initial condition. Using the Bessel inequality, we obtain following auxiliary estimates

(30)

We multiply the first equation of (25) scalarly by

Using the definition of the square root of operator A, we obtain

We use the Young inequality and (24) to estimate the left hand side and then we obtain the auxiliary estimate

(31)

4) Boundedness of in

We integrate the Equation (31) over:

Dropping the and using(30) we obtain

Hence the sequence is bounded in for each.

5) Boundedness of in

We integrate the Equation (31) over:

Dropping the integral of nonnegative function and using (30) we obtain

Hence the sequence is bounded in

for each.

6) Boundedness of

Using the relations (26) and (27) we get the inequality

The auxiliary relation (31) then leads to

Using the Grönwall lemma for, and we obtain

Hence the sequence is bounded in .

7) Sequence

We multiply the first equation of (25) scalarly by:

We use the Young inequality for on the last term and estimate the middle term.

Using the boundedness of the operator G (24) we obtain

We integrate this inequality over and use the relations (30):

Hence the sequence is bounded in

.

9) Passage to the limit

Considering the previous estimates (boundedness of and (27) particularly), we obtain the following properties

whereas

Hence the sequence is bounded in for each. This means that we can choose a subsequence, which converges weakly in.

Using the Aubin Lemma (see [9]) for following function spaces:

we obtain that the Banach space

with norm

is compactly embedded in.

Since the sequence is bounded in

and sequence is bounded in for each, there exists a subsequence, which converges strongly to the limit point p in. Knowing that the sequence converges weakly in, we obtain from uniqueness of the limit that.

10) Sequence

Since the operator satisfies the Lipschitz condition, we can perform the following estimate

Hence strongly in.

11) Existence and uniqueness of weak solution

In this part we prove the existence and uniqueness of the weak solution of the Scott-Wang-Showalter model. The existence is proven via the strong convergence of the sequence.

We multiply the first equation of (25) by for.

Multiplying the previous relation by the test function, and integrating it over we obtain

Integrating the left hand side per parts and passing to the limit we obtain

(32)

Additionally, we consider. Then

(33)

in sense of distributions.

Now, we multiply the Equation (33) by, and integrate it over. Using integration per parts we obtain

(34)

Subtracting (32) and (34) we get

which means that. Hence is the weak solution.

To show the uniqueness, we suppose there are two different weak solutions and, which satisfy

We denote. Then we subtract the previous equations, multiply it by and sum it over.

Hence

Finally, using the Young inequality for the last term and Lipschitz condition of operator, we obtain

Choosing and, we use the Grönwall lemma:

Hence for each, which is the contradiction.

5. Quantitative Analysis

In this paper we deal with the error measurement and computational time of the nonlinear Galerkin method aplied to a particular reaction-diffusion model. We are interested in the long-term behaviour in particular. It is clear that the accuracy and computational time of the nonlinear Galerkin method depends on the dimension of the function subspace, where the approximation of the solutions is searched. Before the application on the ScottWang-Showalter model, we use the single one-dimensional reaction-diffusion equation with the known analytical solution as a benchmark for the method. Consider the equation

(35)

for and satisfying the homogeneous Dirichlet boundary condition and initial condition

(36)

where f is a nonlinear function of u and g is a chosen function of time and space, such that u is the analytical solution of the problem (35)-(36). In all simulations we use either, (which is the case of the commonly known Faedo-Galerkin methodsee [4]) or, in the Galerkin approximation.

The explicit form of function for all discussed cases, equations for the nonlinear Galerkin approximation and enumerated scalar products can be easily derived or found in [4].

The systems of ordinary differential equations for approximation from the nonlinear Galerkin method are solved by means of time-adaptive Runge-Kutta-Merson method. The linear systems for correction are solved via Gauss elimination method since they are generally a systems with dense matrices.

We plot the norm of the difference between analytical solution and numerical approximation, i.e. in specific time intervals. Time is measured in seconds. Additionally, Table 1 of computational complexity is included.

5.1. Simulation 1

Consider equation

with initial condition and with the analytical solution u in form. The time evolution of error is on the Figures 1 and 2.

Table 1. Computational complexities for testing simulations.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 1. Time evolution of errors for the Faedo-Galerkin method. (a) Simulation 1; (b) Simulation 2; (c) Simulation 3.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 2. Time evolution of errors for the nonlinear Galerkin method. (a) Simulation 1; (b) Simulation 2; (c) Simulation 3.

5.2. Simulation 2

Consider equation

with initial condition and with analytical solution equals to

. The time evolution of error is on the Figures 1 and 2.

5.3. Simulation 3

Consider equation

with initial condition

and with analytical solution equals to

.

The time evolution of error is on the Figures 1 and 2.

6. Qualitative Studies

In this section we present the computational results for the Scott-Wang-Showalter model. Considering the homogeneous boundary condition problem (16)-(17), we investigate the behaviour of the model depending on various initial conditions and various sets of parameters. Additionally, deeper computational study can be found in [4]. The following figures show the time evolution of function.

6.1. Simulation 4

We solve the homogeneous boundary condition problem (16)-(17) with the following initial conditions

(37)

for. The parameters of the model are and the number of modes in the Galerkin approximation is. The time evolution of the problem is on the Figure 3.

6.2. Simulation 5

We solve the homogeneous boundary condition problem (16)-(17) with the following initial conditions

(38)

for. The parameters of the model are

(a)(b)(c)

Figure 3. Simulation 4—time evolution of the functions Θ (blue line) and α (red line). (a) τ = 0.00614; (b) τ = 0.01814; (c) τ = 0.02214.

and the number of modes in the Galerkin approximation is. The time evolution of the problem is on the Figure 4.

7. Conclusion

In this paper we applied nonlinear Galerkin method to

(a)(b)(c)

Figure 4. Simulation 5—time evolution of the functions Θ (blue line) and α (red line). (a) τ = 0.00511; (b) τ = 0.01311; (c) τ = 0.02025.

the particular system of reaction-diffusion equations in one spatial dimension. As the investigated reaction-diffusion system was chosen the Scott-Wang-Showalter model. We presented the system of differential-algebraic equations for the approximation of the weak solution, proof of existence and uniqueness of the weak solution and the proof of convergence of the nonlinear Galerkin method. We performed quantitative analysis among analytical solution and numerical approximations obtained via the nonlinear Galerkin method and the commonly known Faedo-Galerkin method. It indicates that the nonlinear Galerkin method is more efficient since it conserves the similar level of accuracy with respect to the shorter computational time.

8. Acknowledgements

Partial support of the project No. TA0102871 of the Technological Agency of the Czech Republic, No. SGS11/161/OHK4/3T/14 of the Czech Technical University in Prague, No. MSM 6840770010 of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport of the Czech Republic is acknowledged.

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NOTES

1Denoting the the largest one and the the smallest one.