 Journal of Environmental Protection, 2011, 2, 750-760 doi:10.4236/jep.2011.26087 Published Online August 2011 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/jep) Copyright © 2011 SciRes. JEP Methodology of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan Preparation—Case Study of Andaman Islands, India Devaraj Asir Ramesh1, Arumugam Senthil Vel2 1Training Officer, Society of Integrated Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, New Delhi, India; 2Director, Society of Integrated Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, New Delhi, India. Email: asiramesh@yahoo.com Received January 1st, 2011; revised April 28th, 2011; accepted June 14th, 2011. ABSTRACT Generally, approaches of coastal issues a re sectoral basis and solu tions have been form ed in adhoc fashions wh ich are not long lasting. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is conceived as a holistic management tool working across sectoral, disciplinary, and institutional boundaries. ICZM planning is a continuous process to achieve the goals and objectives by using alternative decisions. ICZM plan is providing boundary conditions for limitation, negotiation and implementation. Planning for coasta l managemen t is essentia lly requires integration of resour ces, uses, issues, an d tools for achieving the management objectives. The ultimate goal of ICZM is to improve the quality of life of human communities. Coastal area management needs integrated, interdisciplinary and multi-sectoral approaches for sustain- able utilization of resources, which is the fundamental objective of the resource planners and managers. Methodology for ICZM planning is differing in relation to the regional culture, society, economics, politics, nature, technology, sci- entific, human behavior , etc. Planning for coastal management is very easy by following the methodology or framework developed for the planning process. A case study of ICZM Plan for Andaman has been prepared by using the participa- tory methodology, which is the source of consensus for all stakeholders of the Andaman Islands. The tasks of ICZM Plan preparation for Andaman Islands includes, knowledgebase development, selection of ICZM plan preparation methodologies, conflict identification, risk analysis, cost benefit analysis, strategic and actio n plans, recommendations and institutional ch anges. This ICZM methodology could be used for compa ring and understanding the boundary con- ditions of union or federal developing nations towards comparative planning. Keywords: ICZM, Methodology, Database, Planning, Strategy, Andaman 1. Need of ICZM The coastal areas are assuming greater importance in recent years, owing to increasing human population, ur- banization and accelerated dev elopmental activities. These anthropogenic activities have put tremendous pressure on the fragile coastal env ironment. In all th e coastal states of India, coastal zone management has got growing impor- tance. The reasons for this are several: the density of people residing in the coastal zone is high and increasing and conflicts between coastal communities are obvious. Conflicts among user-groups competing for space are becoming more and more common [1]. The Coastal Zone is strategically important from environmental, economic and societal points-of-view. Therefore, solving or miti- gating some of its problems is of vital consideration when shaping policy for sustainable development, and needs integrated an d co-ordinated management policies [2]. General l y approac h of c oa s tal issues on a sectora l basis and solutions are formed in an adhoc fashion and inven- tories are not long lasting. Integration of knowledge, skills and information etc., at different levels within the ad- ministration and different stakeholders are neglected. The problem in policy coordination is a standard and recog- nized one in developed and developing countries. In all cases, where government is organized in sectoral minis- tries there is difficulty in coordinating issues. Hence, it could be argued that there is also a need for structural reforms if there is to be capacity for ICZM as a sustainable developm ent tool. I ntegrated coa stal managem ent (ICZM)
 Methodology of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan Preparation—Case Study of Andaman Islands, India751 is conceived as a holistic m anagement tool w orking across sectoral, disciplinary, and institutional boundaries [3]. The key challenge for ICZM is lack of integrated coastal policies and effective implementation, due largely to the difficulty of coordinating among several government agencies responsible for managing coastal activities [4]. Collaborative and integrated approach for decision mak- ing is required to secure the sustainable development of marine areas in a healthy envir onment [5]. IC ZM has been practiced in both developed and developing countries for decades [6]. There are large numbers of researches and contribu- tions for the development of ICZM plan for coastal zone towards sustainable development. However, resource managers are facing pressure to act positively in estab- lishing measures that will maintain sustainable develop- ment of the environment [7]. Many marine ecosystems have faced some degree of exploitation and any data compiled from them reflects a degree of alteration from human impacts, it is however important to establish cur- rent levels of diversity as a starting point for future man- agement plans. Sustainability has been given consequence by national governments through institu tional reform [8]. Identification of major interactions between CZM com- ponents and their dynamics allows the type of problem(s) to be assessed in conjunction with their impacts on stakeholders. Understanding the scale of influence of components of system and risk associated to changes taking plac e for m im portan t c onsiderations t o t he solution formulation process. Identification of a preferred solution is made from consideration of all the alternative solu tions and balances the possible outcomes of each solution against three objectives: sustainable development, mini- mizing risk to people and property, and minimizing the cost of sust a inable deve lopmen t [ 9]. ICZM is a continuous and dynamic process that unites governments and the communities, science and manage- ment, sectoral and public interests for developing and implementing an integrated plan. The ultimate goal of ICZM is to improve the quality of life of human commu- nities. Coastal area management needs an integrated, interdisciplinary and multisectoral approaches for sus- tainable utilisation of resources, which is the fundamental objective of the resource planners and managers. ICZM practices can enhance the nature’s contribution to human welfare and preventing undesirable effects. ICZM can suggest suitable legislation s, strategies and policies to the managers for conserving and managing the natural re- sources. ICZM can m inimise the costs and co stly delays in project implementation; minimise the losses to the various users; minimi se da m a ge t o th e marine en vi ro nm e nt; make the most efficient use of infrastructure and avoids con- flicting use of coastal and marine e nvironment. Successful ICZM depends on effective participation of government agencies, Non GovernmentalOrganisations (NGO’s), and all institutions of th e society. The tasks of ICZM plan preparation for Andaman Is- lands initiated by Government of India by conduction of case study in Andaman Islands to prepare an ICZM plan. The ICZM plan process of the Andamansincludes, data- base and knowledgebase development, framework of methodology, conflict identification, risk analysis, alter- native opportunities, cost benefit analysis, strategic and action plans, and recommendations of institutional changes etc. ICZM plan has been prepared and submitted to Gov- ernment of India. This manuscript describes the back- ground of methodology of preparation of ICZM plan in Andaman Islands of Government of India. 2. ICZM Plan and Requirements Coastal zone ma nagemen t has bee n practi ced fro m 1960 ’s as a managerial activity implemented through its regional, national, and sub-national programs [10]. ICZM has be- come the standard approach to coastal planning and management throughout the world. Planning is the im- portant consequence of ICZM. ICZM cannot be imple- mented unless clear planning processes with opportunities for community input are designated. Development and implementation of ICZM plan combines; 1) establishment of an ove rall p olicy fo r the su stainabl e devel opment of the coastal zone, 2) formulation of sectoral development policies and plans that are compatib le with the objectives of the overall policy, 3) integration of sectoral plans into statewide development plan and 4) coordination of de- velopment initiatives at th e state, district and local levels. A key principle that should also be adopted is the opti- misation of long-term productivity of resources. This requires greater cooperation among different sectors and levels of government, adjustment to legislation and im- provement of basic management skills. An institutional, organizational, legal, and financial framework is required for an integrated appro ach to materialize the management objectives. Creation of an enabling environment is a precondition for successful cooperation among different organizations for execution of multi-sector projects. The participating organizations or the stakeholders must have full control over the management of all aspects of their components, leaving only central coordination to the lead agency for participatory management planning [11]. ICZM plan process provides opportunities to find out the local communities needs and initiate participation in natural resource management. The key to comprehensive participation is not only to ensure public participation through consultation but also to have community repre- sentatives sitting directly on the decision-making bodies [12]. The planning model provides an essential first step Copyright © 2011 SciRes. JEP
 Methodology of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan Preparation—Case Study of Andaman Islands, India 752 in integrated management. There is no universal design for a marine-integrated management system. Different regions will have different suites of human activities drawing on different ecosystems on different scales [13]. 3. Andaman Islands—Significance of ICZM Planning The Andaman and Nicobar Islands comprise about 306 Islands of volcanic origin situated on a submerged moun- tainous hill range arching from ArakanYoma in Burma in the north and Sumatra in the south between 6˚ to 14˚ N Lat and 92˚ to 94˚ E Long, occupying an area of about 8249 sq·km in Bay of Bengal. The origin of the islan ds is believed to be from a single eruption, tentatively dated on late Pliocene period [14]. The coastline is about 1962 km long, which is highly irregular. Total length of the islands from north to south is 700 kms. The highest ele- vation of the island is Saddle Peak in North Andaman, which is elevated 732 meters above the sea level. Being oceanic islands, the continental shelf areas along these islands are limited to about 16,000 sq·km. The island have a tropical climate and the temperature ranges from 18˚C to 34˚C. The islands receive precipitation during both southeast and northwest monsoons, which together amount for 9 to 10 months/year and the annual rainfall in this area is 3180mm. Of the total islands only 38 Islands are inhabited, 11 in the Andaman group and rest in the Nicobar group. Number of named Island is 188 and un-named are 118; the number of named rocks in this island groups are 61 and the un-named rocks are 205 [15]. Primary production in Andaman and Nicobar coastal waters are ranging between 0.07 g C/sq·m/day. All the islands have variety of terrestrial ecosystems and fringed by mangroves, coral reefs, and sea-grass and seaweed ecosystem in the coastal and marine areas. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) (0.6 million mk2) of the island extending upto 200 nautical miles from the shoreline is 75 times larger than the islands. The flora of Andaman is predominately resembled with that of Burma and the Nicobar is resembling with Sumatra and Malaysia [16]. Dense forest covered 76% of the islands, 1.5% were open forests and 12% of the geographical area are mangroves. Forest type ranged from the giant evergreen to tropical evergreen moist, deciduous and littoral forests. Forests occupy 7606 km2 (92.2%) of the total geographical area, of this Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands possess- ing 5883 km2 and 1723 km2 respectively. Of the total forest cover, dense forests, open forest and mangroves constitutes 40%, 40% and 12.7% respectively [1 7]. Lega l forest area is 7170.69 km2, which constitutes 86.93% of the geographic area of these Islands. Out of this, 4242 km2 are protected forests and 2929 km2 are reserved for- ests [18]. The Islands are the third most significant area for bio- diversity in India. Andaman and Nicobar Islands are rich in endemic species because of their long isolation from the adjoining landmass. In total about 10,159 species of fauna and flora have been recorded from this island group, of this 856 are endemic to this islands [18]. Coral reefs of Andaman and Nicobar are the second biodiver- sity rich zone found in the world. Coral reef surrounded in this islands are about 11,939 sq·kms, possessing 197 coral species and 80% of coral diversity [19]. Mangrove distribution in this island groups are about 1011 sq·kms in Andaman Islands and 37 sq·km in the Nicobar islands [20]. The estimated fishery potential available in the coastal waters are 160,000 tons, of which tuna and tuna like fishes comprises about 1,00,000 tons. Of the total fish stock of this region only 13,200 tons have been har- vested. Tourism sector presently shares 2.03% turnover of the Andaman and Nicobar Union territory. Based on the Andaman Tourism Department report, the tourist arrival to the island was found to have increased by 776% for domestic tourists and 321% for international tourists in 18 years period [17]. Andaman and Nicobar Islands are opened for penal settlement during 1857. The activ ities of the early settlers were confined to some area around Port Blair. Due to the biological richness and conservation importance in the Islands, 94 sanctuaries, and 9 national parks have been established. Total human population of the island is 356,265. Andaman and Nicobar Islands have six varieties of indigenous people and tribal reserve area is 3265.87 km2. About 60% populations of the settlers are engaged in agriculture and allied activities. Of the available reve- nue land, only 21% is under intense cultivation, another 11% is classified as fallow and cultivable waste (land that is cultivable, but currently lies fallow). Plantation crops cover 45% of the revenue land. Licenced fishermen number in this island grou p is around 2,524 and they ply 1,983 craft on the sea. The gross domestic product GDP of the island has increased from Rs. 532.9 million (Years. 1980-1981) to 5,152.3 million (Years. 1996-1997) [21]. About 223,93 7 m3 of sand was officially quarried from the allotted 72 beaches of the island during between 1998 and 2001 to meet out the demand of con struction materi- als which influence over the coral population. These ar- eas are designated as one among the India’s bioregion, and have a variety of coastal ecosystems. Government of India has classified this area as “Class A”, “No Industrial Zone”. This policy protects the environment from large- scale industries, polluting the environment of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Tourist arrival to the island is in- creasing year by year hence, Department of Environment and Forests, and Department of Tourism, of Andaman Copyright © 2011 SciRes. JEP
 Methodology of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan Preparation—Case Study of Andaman Islands, India753 and Nicobar Islands are interested in utilizing the re- sources. The departments of the island have various de- velopmental plans related to the tourist attraction to the island. Department of Tourism is interested in high value tourism and the Department of Environment is interested in low value tourism. But, both departments are focusing on coastal tourism, which require CRZ relaxation from most of the areas and relaxation from forest and wild life Acts of Government of India. Fishery resources are under exploited in this island due to lack of man power in- volved in fishing sector. Aquaculture and mariculture development activities have significant potentials in this island and the fishery department is ready to assist through techniques, subsidies and incentives. Marketing of capture fisheries is the limitation for intensive coastal fishing and deep-sea fishing. Public Welfares such as transport, communication, drinking water, water storage, health and sanitation, education are important sectoral areas require developmental plans. Islands of Andaman are rich in natural resources, which have national conservation interest and importance in relation to forestry, wild life, bioactive components, marine flora and fauna, tourism, fishery, etc. The island natural resources are phasing threats due to the increase (4%/annum) of population and over harvest of natural resources. Inhabited population of the islands is totally dependent on the forest area and its resources. Since the demand has been increased by the population pressure, supply of natural resources are stagnant or limited by government actions through legislations which leading to violations and conflicts over various sectors of the com- munity. Illegal resource exploitation such as sand mining, forest felling, and habitat alteration are the major threats to the sustainability of the resources in this Islands. Poaching, human animal conflicts, tourism and inappro- priate management practices are the important conse- quences due to human pressure. Govern ment is initiating various developmental and conservation projects, the rate of benefits that, and reach to the focuss group is very meagre. Most of the natural resources in this island are under exploited, and few of them are over-exploited In- tegrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Plan prepa- ration is getting great significance. The fundamental purpose of all coastal management initiatives is to maintain, restore, or improve specified qualities of coastal ecosystems and their associated hu- man societies [3]. All the Government Departments of Andaman and Nicobar islands have sectoral plans, but they are not integrated with the other segments. The pre- sent ICZM Plan has success in integrating the activities of the departments. One dimension of integration is inte- gration among different levels of government. This typi- cally requires national mandates for ICZM and incentives that encourage appropriate action at lower levels in the governance hierarchy [22]. Benefits of ICZM is relevant to the plan area such as development of economic and environmental quality management programs and plans, integration of sectoral policies (f isheries, tour ism, energy , transport, agriculture, natural risks, waste disposal, etc.), integration of different levels of government, from local to internation al, integration of all in terest groups into the management process, integration of all management tools (the drawing up of plans, their implementation and eva- luation), integration of different disciplines (legal, eco- logical, geo-morphological, economic and social aspects, among others), integration of the administration’s re- sources in all the departments involved [23]. The Leutinon Governor (LG) governs the Islands with the help of a Secretariat headed by a Chief Secretary. The secretaries of the department’s head over the programs and policies with relate to the sectors. An elected Mem- ber of Parliament is representing the Andaman and Ni- cobar Islands in the lower house of Parliament (Lok- Sabha). The lowest administrative tier is composed of the Gram Panchayat at the village level. Above them is the Panchay at Samiti, which represents a group of villages. The highest tier is the Zilla Parishad or District Council, and is made up of members elected at the district level. 4. ICZM Planning Framework In general planning processes requires a framework methodology to include, consider, evaluate and reject the composition of resources, uses, issues and draft plan preparation for ICZM. ICZM Plan preparations for An- daman Islands have the following process in developing the planning methodology. Define the ProblemStaffing Data collection and storageDevelopment of know- ledgebaseCost benefit analysisRisk analysisDraft strategic plan preparation including decisionsWork- shop for managers and executives of the areaReport modificationsPublic hearing on ICZM reportRec- ommended ICZM plan. Methodology of planning frame- work is described in Chart 1. 5. Data Collection and Knowledgebase Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) requires accurate and replicable scientific data sets which can be used as a basis for informed decision making [24]. The planners need all kind of reliable data for synthesizing and justifying his ideas developed for every aspects or sectors. The decision makers and policy planners need data and tools to monitor and assess natural resource in- ventories, environmental change, and social change for sustainable development [25]. Satellite remote sensing techniques can routinely observe the coastal area and provide information about conditions and changes over Copyright © 2011 SciRes. JEP
 Methodology of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan Preparation—Case Study of Andaman Islands, India Copyright © 2011 SciRes. JEP 754 Chart 1. Methodology for ICZM plan pr e par ation of andaman islands. time. It has long been recognized that remote sensing is one of the most important approaches to the coastal problems, the other being in situ measurement programs and modeling studies. Coastal environmental change monitoring in China is particularly focused on the river deltas and coastlines. Remote sensing has been an im- portant component of those monitoring systems [26]. Science and practical ecological, social, and cultural knowledge may combined be able to fill in most of the data needs of ICZM plan preparation. Microlevel issues and their data shall be kept outside from the main ICZM database. Because, database could suffer by information overload and form a pile of junk data. More information is therefore not always better, if it is neither processed nor put to use [27]. Data are the raw material from which information is produced. Information is a collection of data relevant to a recipient at a given point in time. In- formation is data in context: it has meaning, relevance and purpose. An important con sequ ence of this definitio n is that information is seen as one element of a hierarchy through which sustainable management of the coast may be achieved, thus: Data + Context = Information, Infor- mation + Analysis = Understanding, Understanding + Management = Possibility of sustainable action [28]. Database development and information sharing is viewed as an important way to improve the state of the coastal areas [29]. Hardly any problem in the coastal zone is delimited by academic disciplines, coastal zo n e managers must tap on insights of multiple disciplines, as well as from informal, local sources of knowledge [30]. For the NOAA restoration center project, internet web sites of partner organizations, phone interviews with project managers, USGS maps, and progress reports for the pro- jects were used for collect ion of data [3 1] . Although the grant and allocations for Andaman and Nicobar islands are comparatively higher than the mainland states of India, the scientific activities and documentation were not sufficient to develop an ICZM plan. Available natural resources data for Andaman Is- lands were mostly qualitative, but ICZM plan requires site specific, thematic and time scale data. Primary and secondary data of Andman Islands were collected for ICZM plan preparation by 1) census and sampling meth- ods, 2) investigator and mail enquiries, 3) registration and 4) information from correspondence, 5) remote sens- ing data. The sources of secondary data are published materials usually 1) offcial publications of the central and state governments, 2) reports and official publica- tions of international bodies, 3) private publications, 4) publications, 5) remote sensing data brought out by the research people or scientists, universities, etc. All kind of historic data such as maps, texts, video clipping, ques-
 Methodology of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan Preparation—Case Study of Andaman Islands, India755 tionnaires, audiotapes etc., were collected to develop an ICZM database. Data available in library, individuals, departments, newspapers, journals, textbooks, etc., were collected and compiled for easy retrieval and evaluation. The data were verified for its quality, relevance and con- sistency toavoid duplications or replications. The com- piled data were computerized by developing a RDBMS database. Oracle is the suitable Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) experienced for ICZM plan process. The Andaman Islands database contains the parame- ters such as physical, chemical, revenue areas, island morphology, geology and geomorphology, mechanical analysis of sediment, island and global warming, re- sources, population, settlements, agriculture, civ il supp ly, secondary group, family, marriage institutions, economic status, tourism, fishing, livestock, housing, technology and development, communication and transport, indus- tries, heritage sites, near-shore\offshore structures, edu- cation and curriculum, health and san itation, disaster and mitigation, social control and security, legal control, lo- cal administration, NGO’s of the area, and research and development. In general the data-outputs are numerical, text and maps. Models were prepared for population growth, forecast of land conversion, suitable roads, water storage struc- tures, suitable agriculture sites, sand deposition etc., to- wards better or alternative management option or plans. Matrixes were developed for identification of cross sec- toral interactions, which has used for demonstrating the interactions at all knowledge levels. Matrix can be inter- active in that the impact of new changes (management interventions) can be feed back into the matrix to deter- mine subsequent secondary-level changes and whether they either produce or remove impacts upon stakeholders [32]. Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) were conducted for ICZM plan for Andaman Islands to find the rate of impact or influence over the other sectors, if the activity will implemented. Impact predictions con- tained in Environmental Impact Statement’s (EIS’s) the main output of the EIA process are taken into account by the decision-making body when determining the applica- tion for deve lopmen t consent [33]. Knowledgebase provides insight about the history and trend, which is essential for predicting and forecasting the issues and factors for the planners. Models have grown more sophisticated and better able to handle envi- ronmental dynamics at the regional and even local scale [34]. In general models were built for explaining, pre- dicting and supporting the plans, strategies and policies. Sometimes the models, which were applied for insuffi- cient or inadequate time series data lead to wrong judg- ment and failure. The models could not provide definite answers to all clarifications required by ICZM practitio- ners, but act as a reminder of some of the principles that need to be considered and interactions that might occur. 6. Cost Benefit Analysis and Risk Analysis When developing plans and especially in-relation to hard engineering options such as seawall construction, harbor construction, pipelines, dredging, resort development kind of activities etc., cost benefit analysis have been accom- plished. Cost benefit analysis is widely used for all kind of developmental plans because of its flexibility and broad applicability to analyze the costs and benefits of a range of interacting environmental, social and economic impacts. Cost benefit analysis and risk analysis have been made for Andaman Islands to draft decisions. It has proved its applicability for comparing the present values of benefits with the opportunity costs. Risk is pervasive at all stages of Andaman ICZM plan- ning, and risk management is a key objective of ICZM it is not a simple concept to incorporate for two main rea- sons. Firstly risk is difficult to measure scientifically; secondly, risk perception by individuals and communities is ingrained within the functioning and cultural values of their society and may not entirely confer with a scientific assessment of risk. However, the risk evaluation matrix can be used to support the assessment of management options. The matrix divides risk into the probability of the hazard and the impact of hazard (i.e. the scope of elements at risk and their vulnerability to hazard). The matrixes were used to demonstrate the selected manage- ment options in the workshop s to justify the comparative risk of the alter nati ve opt ions followed by [32]. 7. Draft Plan Preparation All the Government Departments of Andaman and Ni- cobar islands have sectoral plans, but they are not inte- grated with the other sectors/departments. To integrate the sectoral plans, interactive sessions such as workshops and meetings were conducted. Draft integrated plans were prepared, which contains information about plan area, status of the island, issues and benefits of the island, recommended strategies, alternative justification of the strategies, recommended developmental plan or action plan for the sectors and implementation mechanism. The draft plan was critically evaluated by the experts work ing in the ICZM subject. To strengthen the ideas, experts from various sectors were invited to contribute to the plan. The draft plan is prepared using simple and general statements for easy understanding to all kind of readers. Maps and color graphs were presented for easy access of information. The draft plan was circulated to all coastal managers and academicians for improving the structure and modifica- Copyright © 2011 SciRes. JEP
 Methodology of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan Preparation—Case Study of Andaman Islands, India 756 tion, prior to submission to the primary and secondary stakeholders. Local authorities consensus have been ar- rived, which was the important milestone for ICZM plan development process. Local authorities can play in im- plementing sustainable development is because much of the emphasis within policy statements is placed upon the local scale as the most relevant for action [35]. 8. Workshop for Evaluation of the Plan The draft ICZM plan was circulated to executives, man- agement departments, primary and secoundary stake- holders of Andaman and Nicobar islands to evaluate the application significance of the recommended plan. Twenty five departments such as Andaman and Nicobar Secre- tariat, Department of Environment, Department of Tour- ism, Department of Fisheries, Department of Industries, Department of Agriculture, Andaman and Nicobar De- velopmental Corporation (ANIDCO), Deputy Commis- sioner, Port Management Board, Department of Educa- tion, Department of Health, Department of Rural Devel- opment, Department of Animal Husbandry, Department of Ocean Development, etc., were invited to express their views of the plan. “W orkshop on Evaluation of the Dr aft Report” was conducted to extract their views and the required modifications of the plan. Since they were aware about the draft plan by the advance receipt of the draft copy, their recommendations and suggestions were considered for modifications. The information arrived from the workshop discussions were evaluated and the modified pages sent to the local administrative bodies of Andaman and Nicobar islands. Thus, coastal stakeholders encouraged to involve themselves in the decision-making process and to con- tribute their knowledge to participatory research. Such interactions were responding to the experiences and needs of the community, fosterin g collaboration between researchers and community in research activities, and promoting common knowledge and raising awareness among community members [36]. Interaction must occur at every stage, from the scoping process to strategy or plan development to implementation. The form of inter- action will vary at different phases, involving stake- holders throughout the process is important because power manifests itself during each phase. Sharing this power not only helps address the complexity of issues and reveals new options, but it also makes them more viable and supp orted [37]. 9. Public Hearing of the Plan Public hearing is an important role in the total develop- ment process for an active and dynamic public participa- tion in ICZM plan development of the Andaman. It is an integral part of planning process to make people free to express their needs and encourage their participation in ICZM plan process. The participatory planning has helped community based management or ecosystem management at decentralized management and governing system of the coastal resources. It is not only provides information to the public but, also create awareness among them. The ICZM plan of Andaman was distrib- uted to the mass medias to broadcast the views of the draft plan. Best coastal practices should be reviewed and shared among coastal managers, to promote integration of natural and social scientific knowledge with local knowledge in the formulation and implementation of integrated coastal management plans [29]. Resource us- ers and other coastal stakeholders must be encouraged to involve themselves in the decision-making process and to contribute their knowledge to participatory research. Such research consists of three key elements: responding to the experiences and needs of the community, fostering collaboration between researchers and community in research activities, and promoting common knowledge and raising awareness among community members [36]. The lack of interaction between administrative and sec- toral layers cannot be overcome by technology alone, but by tighter coupling and an ongoing dialogue between the research community and those with practical responsi- bilities for the coast [38]. 10. Indicative Plan Output Establishing ICZMP strategies on small islands has the positive thinking of starting a process, initiate dialogue, stress the need for a new style of governance, improve public participation on decision making, raise awareness for coastal problems, etc. The increase demand for regu- lations and decision support is producing a “boom” of plans an d strateg ies at di fferent scales and levels [3 9]. The aim of planning is to adopt rationale methods for so- cial/institutional needs or demand of Andaman Islands. Hence, ICZM plan for Andaman has been expected as the remedy to all socio-economic ills. The ICZM plan process has helped to identify the resources and supply chain of scarce products. Planning process also indicated distribution of resources and time frame use limits by strategies. In Andaman ICZM planning, “strategies” have been referred as the methods used in formulating a de- velopment plan. As like Government of India, Andaman ICZM plans does not have single strategy to achieve sustainable development. Planning in India is mixture of balanced and unbalanced growth techniques. The overall strategy in Indias’ planning has been one of the balanced developments of the economy. India’s five-year plans are attempting to develop balanced economy in order to achieve the balanced growth by priorities certain sectors in each plan. Even if spatialplanni ng is the best instrument Copyright © 2011 SciRes. JEP
 Methodology of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan Preparation—Case Study of Andaman Islands, India Copyright © 2011 SciRes. JEP 757 to address coastal problems in small islands, ICZM strategies are needed, at least aiming at it, and pavethe path to achieve it [38]. Recommended strategies developed for adopting deci- sions in environmental governance and forest have been discussed here to familiriaze the output of ICZM plan- ning for sustainable development. The recommended strategies for environmental governance are; 1) Natural resources of the inhabited island s should be protected. 2) Encourage developmental activities in inhabited is- lands. 3) Relax the statutes, towards development in the in- habited island. 4) Apply participatory management technique. To achieve the above strategies, the following deci- sions have been recommended for activities on the natu- ral resources. Activities Natural resource Tourism Fisheries AgricultureAquaculture/ Mariculture Jetties/ Harbor Energy producti Water harvest Forest L R R R E E Surface water E E E E E Streams L L E E E E Coral reef E L R R R Mangroves E E R R R R Beaches E L L Tribe R Fauna & Flora R E E E L = Limit, R = Restrict, E = Encourage, X = Relax. The recommended strategies for forests management are; 1) Adopt flexible protection policy in the inhabited is- lands. 2) Regulate and relax the coastal inv estments. 3) Encourage human welfare structures in the inhab- ited islands. 4) Encourage harvest of economically viable forest products in the inhabited islands. 5) Increase awareness and education camps. To achieve the above strategies, the following deci- sions ha ve be en recommended; Activities Forest control Tourism Fisheries AgricultureAqua/mari culture Jetties/ Harbour Energy production Water harvest Harvest forest products Reserve Forest L L L R R E E E Sanctuaries L L L R R E E E Coastal Regulation Zone X X X X X X E Forest Act X X X X X X Wildlife Act X X R R R R X Sensitive ecosystems X X X X X X X X L = Limit, R = Restrict, E = Encourage, X = Relax.
 Methodology of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan Preparation—Case Study of Andaman Islands, India 758 11. Implementation Hint Implementation of ICZM plan is a diplomatic phase, which requires involvement and participation of all stakeholders of the plan area. The stakeholders of the area should have thorough knowledge about the plan objectives and components. The ICZM plan should be a common implementation framework of all departments of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The actions of the ICZM implementation activities should be managed and monitored by one among the existing departments in- volved in ICZM planning process and the regional task force can support the implementation activities. Task force should have the representatives of the various de- partments of the administrative block and the people representatives. Cross-sectoral coordination and consul- tation towards the developmental activities of the de- partments shall be encouraged prior to actions. To in- crease the fund resources to implement the developmen- tal plans of the ICZM, central government ministries shall be approached. Local fund raising to share the de- velopment activities cou ld encourage public participation in management and monitoring. Sector wise develop- mental plans may implement by case-by-case basis, based on the access and reception of the inhabited popu- lation. Exchange of experts/specialists within the de- partment of different regions and between departments of Andaman are recommended for exchanging ideas to im- prove implementation techniques. External experts may be invited to get knowledge in special subjects case by case basis. Before implementing any developmental plan, the staff and peer group of Andaman and Nicobar islands shall be trained on ICZM plan implementation mecha- nism. Social institution strength ening an d political will to implement the ICZM plan shall be achieved among the public. 12. Conclusions ICZM plan is an essential long term tool offers direction s to the short term developmental and management plans of the nation. ICZM plans have the capacity to identify the changes in the so ciety and harmonize the institu tional adjustment. This not only helps to meet the local re- quirements but also offers prerequisite for the interna- tional charters towards globalization and millennium development goals. The recommended strategies and decisions are based on the studies conducted between 2001 and 2003 and the decisions and strategies are suit- able for short term. Assimilation of international pro- grams, treaties, conventions, charters etc. in the ICZM plans, sectoral plans and local level plans provides ad- vantageous for long term sustainable management goals. The case study of ICZM methodology prepared for Andaman Islands may be used for implementation in India and other coastal states of India. However, it is not essential to follow the methods and approached for ICZM plan preparation for Andaman Islands. ICZM plan preparation methods could be varied because coastal re- sources, issues, and manag ement options are not uniform all over the world. ICZM Plan is mandatory for CRZ (Coastal Regulation Zone) Notification (2011), which is the notification under Env ironmen t Protection Act (1986), Government of India. Hence, ICZM plan is essential le- gal document for all development and protection plans of all coastal states of India. Methodology of case study of ICZM plan preparation methods of Andaman Islands and its outputs are widely accepted by the practitioners. Planning is a continuous process based on social and institutional changes, since human wants are not always been satisfied. 13. Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank Prof. S. Ramachandran, Anna University, Chennai, India for conductin g the ICZM Plan preparation project and for developing this manuscript. 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