Received 4 April 2015; accepted 20 April 2015; published 28 April 2015

ABSTRACT

Klestadt’s cyst, more commonly known as the nasolabial cyst, is an uncommon, non-odontogenic, and soft tissue cyst. It is classified as a fissural cyst, found outside the bone, and on the region corresponding to the nasolabial furrow and alar nose. Following its description first by Zukuerkandl in 1882, only 267 cases have been found in English literature. In spite of the low occurrence of nasolabial cysts, it is important to recognize the clinical characteristics of this lesion. The purpose of this report is to review the literature and discuss the histomorphology and etiology of this condition, and also its management by surgical excision. As per our experience, sublabial approach is the best for complete and scarless excision of this cyst.

Keywords:

Klestadt’s, Nasolabial Cyst, Non-Odontogenic

1. Introduction

The nasolabial cyst is a rare nonodontogenic cyst originating in maxillofacial soft tissues [1] . Following its description first by Zukuerkandl in 1882, only 267 cases have been found in English literature [2] .

Rao revised the nomenclature and defined nasolabial cysts as lesions located entirely within soft tissue, different from nasoalveolar cysts, which caused maxillary bone erosion [3] .

There are two main etiological theories having been proposed. One holds that the lesion arises from trapped nasolacrimal duct tissue [4] , while the other affirms that it is an embryonic fissural cyst [5] . Klestadt [6] first postulated an embryologic origin for these cysts and considered that these lesions must originate from embryonic epithelium, entrapped in the developmental fissures between the lateral nasal and maxillary processes. Since then, many authors have classified this entity based on Klestadt’s embryologic theory as a fissural cyst [7] .

Klestadt’s cyst presents at an extraosseous location in the region of the nasolabial fold and can cause swelling in the furrow, alar nose elevation and upper lip projection.

Though uncommon, management of this cyst is based on its correct diagnosis. Hence, we report this case of nasolabial cyst.

2. Case Report

A 45-year-old woman presented to our ENT department with a right sided nasal mass (Figure 1) which she had noticed since last 2 years. She had complaints of partial nasal obstruction on the same side.

There was no h/o epistaxsis, nasal trauma or any previous surgery. On examination the mass was visible in the right nasal vestibule; the furrow of the alar cartilage was lost partially.

The swelling was cystic in consistency and could be palpated bimanually through the nose and the oral cavity. Rest of the oral cavity and the nose appeared to be normal.

A CT (computed tomography) with contrast of the paranasal sinuses revealed a 2.3 × 2.1 cm round mass like lesion in the right anteroinferior nasal cavity. CT attenuation value measured 59 HU on plain scan and 73 HU on post contrast study, with homogenous enhancement. There was minimal scalloping of the adjacent maxillary bone but no obvious erosion (Figure 2).

After routine pre-anaesthetic workup and patients consent excision of the mass was planned. Asublabial incision of approximately 4 cms was made on the right side and the cyst was finely dissected from the surrounding tissue (Figure 3 and Figure 4).

There was a small breach in the floor of the nose, the mucosa was reposited and sandwiched between a layer of betadine soaked gelfoam. The sublabial incision was sutured with vicryl 4 - 0. Postoperative period was insignificant. There is no evidence of recurrence 6months postoperatively.

The histopathological report stated that the cyst contained yellowish straw coloured fluid and it was lined by respiratory epithelium with squamous metaplasia and mucous glands in the fibrous stroma suggestive of a nasolabial cyst (Figure 5).

3. Discussion

Nasolabial cysts represent about 0.7% of all cysts in the maxillofacial region [2] , and 2.5% of non odontogenic cysts [1] . Many authors believe that its prevalence is actually higher than presented in the literature; however, due to misdiagnosis, indexes remain low [1] .

These cysts are usually unilateral, but bilateral cases have been also reported, it has been estimated that approximately 10% of the cases are bilateral [8] [9] . There is a sex predilection of incidence in females (3.7:1) and age predilection in 2nd to 7th decade though it frequently occurs during middle age [1] .

The clinical findings are fairly typical. Patients usually complain of a swelling adjacent to the nose, and sometimes the cyst may be observed on routine examination [10] [11] . The development of swelling in the maxillary buccal sulcus may reach great dimensions, causing discomfort with the use of dentures, breathing obstruction and facial asymmetry. In this report, the patient mainly complained about alar nose flaring, diminished nasolabial sulcus, and nasal mass which was actually the elevated floor of the nasal cavity.

Due to similar signs and symptoms, this lesion may be misdiagnosed as a dental or periodontal abscess, odontogenic cyst, tumor and choanal polyp [12] .

The odontogenic cysts that should be excluded are periapical inflammatory lesions (granuloma, cyst or abscess) that have thinned out the bone. Careful examination of the adjacent teeth and testing its vitality can help to rule out this possibility. Orthopantomogram (OPG) will show evidence of non vital tooth with radiolucency. OPG in our patient was normal.

Dentigerous cyst also needs to be excluded. Usual radiographic appearance of dentigerous cyst is that of a well-demarcated radiolucent lesion attached at an acute angle to the cervical area of an unerupted tooth.

Another possible cyst of non-odontogenic origin is the epidermoid or epidermal inclusion cyst. As opposed to the normal pink or bluish coloration of a nasolabial cyst, this cyst is yellow hue in colour and patient may have a history of trauma or previous surgery.

Also neoplasm that needs to be excluded in this area is minor salivary gland tumor. As oppose to nasolabial cyst, minor salivary gland tumors are usually non fluctuant.

CT scan can help to exclude mass lesions causing bony erosion and most of the differentials. Though in the literature, rare cases of radicular absorption due to these cysts do exist. However, minimal scalloping of the maxillary bone as observed in our case was also observed by other authors [13] [14] .

Histologically, the cyst may be lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium which is sometimes ciliated often with goblet cells and mucous cells, or by stratified squamous epithelium [15] .

Though marsupialisation has been done in some cases, surgical excision via the sublabial incision is the treatment of choice.

Because this cyst is usually closely related to the floor of the nose [16] [17] perforation of the nasal mucosa may be expected during its removal. When very small perforations are caused, they can be left untreated, as in our case. However, larger ones must be sutured.

Malignant transformation is rare and has been documented in only one case [18] .

4. Conclusion

Klestadt’s cyst is rare maybe due to its misdiagnosis and must be kept in mind in differential diagnosis of nasal vestibule, nasal base, and sublabial area lesions. Although uncommon in occurrence, it is imperative for the clinician to make an accurate diagnosis and provide appropriate treatment.

References