ABSTRACT

First, we calculate the minimum length for the creation of a 10⁴⁵ Hz relic Gravitational wave. Next, we look Padamababhan’s inflaton physics, and work done by the author for a modified Heisenberg Uncertainty principle for constraints on a minimum time step. Sciama’s work in “Black hole explosions” (1982) gives us a linkage between a decay rate for black holes, in terms of a life time, and the mass, M of the black hole, which when combined with a simple exposition from Susskind and Hrabovsky (2013) for the most basic evolution the time change in energy E(t), which is how we form a first order treatment of the square of a minimum time step. We then reference what was done by Ng (2008) as far as infinite quantum statistics, for entropy as a particle count, and from first principle get constraints upon entropy production, as a function of boundaries on minimum time step. We assume massive Gravity, and obtain a peak 10³⁶ Giga Hertz frequency range (10⁴⁵ Hertz) for relic Gravitational waves, and Gravitons.

Keywords:

Massive Gravity, Inflaton Physics, Infinite Quantum Statistics, Modified Poisson’s Equation

1. Introduction

First of all we calculate a minimum length, r, and this on the basis of a Poissons equation given in [1] , and then afterwards we will secondly get to calculation of the time step. This is to obtain a Pre inflationary value of the initial time step, , and then from there we will use an order of magnitude estimate as to the initial mass M of a black hole, to lead to our final conditions.

2. Modified Poissons Equation [1] Applied to Our Problem

We will first of all refer to two necessary and sufficient conditions for the onset of a massive graviton given in [1] , and combined with Padmanablan’s reference [2] . This heavily borrows from [3] . i.e. what we will be doing is to re do the reference calculations given in [1] with

(1)

Here, we will be using in the Pre-Planckian potential the inputs from the data usually associated with [2]

(2)

In other words, we will be using the inflation given by

(3)

If so, then our approximation is to call the Potential in Equation (2) to be the same as U in Equation (1), and then with re arrangements we come up with the following

(4)

Then, after algebra, we have the following

(5)

The quadratic Equation this engenders is, how to say

(6)

We will, in the latter part of this document, associate

(7)

And after defining as such work with Equation (7) put into Equation (6) we obtain

(8)

We will from here, insert, in the value of from the HUP given in [3] and also compare it to the work given by Susskind and Hrabovsky in [4] and from there get a linkage of a radial distance, inflaton physics, and a time step.

3. HUP, as Used in This Problem

Begin with [3]

(9)

In [3] we make the assumption, namely, then Equation (9) becomes

(10)

Then

(11)

This will be further elaborated upon in this document.

4. Examining the Consequences of Equation (10) and Equation (11)

Using the CRC tables, we obtain

(12)

Now, then, we can form a force equation, and do it via

(13)

The expression is formed from the inflaton, and we get From Padmanablah, using [1] if, then by [1]

(14)

Then, by Equation (13)

(15)

Now, the time derivative of energy, is [4]

(16)

Then, if the derivatives dE/dt become instead incremental

(17)

Then, using

(18)

Now, set, and assume in the Pre-Planckian regime, that

(19)

Then Equation (12) becomes

(20)

We then get a positive r value, and up to a point this is equal to Planck Length ~ 10⁻³³ centimeters

To covert this to time, remove the spatial component on the right hand side of Equation (20) and this is done via

(21)

We then get a positive r value, and up to a point this is equal to Planck Length ~ 10⁻³³ centimeters

This, above, puts an incredibly tight set of constraints upon the minimum time step. It also assume, that we are looking at a rest mass for the graviton of the order of 10⁻⁶² grams. The above Equation (21) is arguing for a peak 10³⁶ Giga Hertz frequency range (10⁴⁵ Hertz) for relic Gravitational waves, and Gravitons.

5. What Can Be Said Now about the Sciama Black Hole Explosion Idea? (1982)

Sciama [5] in 1982 argued for the lifetime of a black hole, of mass M, that the following holds

(22)

Here, if the time is about 10⁻⁴⁴ seconds (Planck time), then. If so, then, according to [6] , Calmert, et al. about 0.1% of the energy emitted, in the traditional 4 dimensional black hole (3 + 1 dimensions) would be gravitons

Then, becomes linked to Gravitons according to

(23)

This would mean then 1 primordial black hole would produce, if the mass of a graviton is 10⁻⁶² grams [7]

(24)

Assuming there would be say 10³ initial primordial black holes, we would then be obtaining 10⁵⁵ relic gravitons.

Note that if the size of the presumed expanded, this would lead to a commensurate increase in relic gravitons.

6. Conclusions

We will, as a start, incorporate Ng’s infinite quantum statistics idea, of entropy being equivalent to a count of particles, i.e. by [8]

(25)

For relic conditions this implies about 10⁵⁵ for relic entropy, as opposed to 10¹²⁰ today for the existing entropy and this also implies an enormously high initial graviton initial frequency a peak 10³⁶ Giga Hertz frequency range (10⁴⁵ Hertz) for relic Gravitational waves.

Relic graviton frequency, if produced in the beginning of inflation would be by necessity red shifted down, by inflation. i.e. conceivably, if the 10⁴⁵ Hz was de facto, it may mean present GW of the value of 10⁵ or so, i.e. a 40 magnitude drop in frequency range. i.e. if the generation of GW were at the very start of inflation, it may mean up to a 60 magnitude drop, and a correspondingly enormously low GW frequency. However, the degree of the drop, i.e. say with a 40 magnitude (low end) to a 62 magnitude drop, would say much about a proof about the degree and magnitude of the rapidity of inflation [9] . Which would be of critical import as to cosmology. Having said that there are some serious physical issues to keep in mind while doing this analysis.

Furthermore, we should keep in mind the physics incorporated in [10] [11] i.e. as to the work of LIGO. i.e. it is important to keep in mind that in addition, that [12] has confirmed that a subsequent analysis of the event GW150914 by the LSC constrained the graviton Compton wavelength of those alternative theories of gravity in which the graviton is massive and placed a level of 90\% confidence on the lower bound of 10^{13} km for a Compton wavelength of the graviton. Doing these sort of vetting protocols in line with being consistent with investigation as to a real investigation as to the fundamental nature of gravity. i.e. is this a way to show if general relativity is the final theory of gravitation. i.e., if massive gravity is confirmed, as give n in [13] then GR is perhaps to be replaced by a scalar-tensor theory, as has been shown by Corda.

In addition, note that [14] references how, in terms of refinement of gravitational wave detectors, that Second generation gravitational wave detectors require high power lasers with several 100W of output power and with very low temporal and spatial fluctuations would be helpful in terms of resolution perhaps aiding in obtaining resolution of the graviton mass as given in [11] , which is in turn also commensurate with [12] , as far as precise resolution of massive gravity’s foot print, which in turn will aid in using Corda’s insights as given in [13] .

Refinements of instrumentation may be doable if the nature of the graviton, and its primordial genesis are understood more thoroughly, i.e. as discussed in [14] .

Finally, all this may tie into experimental vetting and confirmation of the work by Corda, as given in [15] , i.e. the nature of the inflaton, as an observed experimental quantity. This in conjunction with refinements in instrumentation brought up in [16] .

Acknowledgements

This work is supported in part by National Nature Science Foundation of China grant No. 11375279.

Cite this paper

Beckwith, A.W. (2017) Examination of Minimum Time Step, from Modified Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, Inflaton Physics and Black Hole Physics. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 3, 39- 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2017.31007

References