Open Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation
Vol.04 No.03(2016), Article ID:69512,11 pages
10.4236/ojtr.2016.43015

Physical Activity Performance among Obese Adolescents Who Are Enrolled in the Obesity Treatment Program: A Comparative Study

Malak Al Qahtani1, Einas Al Eisa2

1Public Health, Directorate of Health Affairs in Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

2Rehabilitation Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Copyright © 2016 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Received 15 June 2016; accepted 2 August 2016; published 5 August 2016

ABSTRACT

Existing literature indicates that a weight-management program that includes diet modification, Physical Activity (PA) instructions and behavioral modification in weight reduction increases obese adolescents’ participation in PA. However, the effect of such a program on obese Saudi adolescents is unknown. Objective: To examine the effects of a weight-management program in terms of decreasing Body Mass Index (BMI) and improving participation in PA in obese Saudi adolescents, and to establish whether differences exist between genders in response to a weight-management program. PA was measured by Arab Teens Life Style (ATLS) questionnaire for both groups. Results: A wide range of differences in PA and sedentary time are evident between new and weight- managed patients and two genders. PA performance was significantly higher among the weight- managed patients compared with new patients. Also, for boys there were no differences between both groups in PA performance. While, girls’ PA was significantly higher among the girls in weight- managed group compared with girls in new patients group. Weight-managed patients spend significantly less time on the computer and/or the Internet per day compared with new patients. After treatment, the mean BMI among the weight-managed patients slightly decreased. Conclusion: The study findings suggest that the weight-management program could be effective in treating Saudi obese adolescents due to its effect in BMI reduction and greater improvement in PA performance. The surprising result from this study, PA differences between the groups were because of the total PA of girls only, meaning that obesity treatment program can lower the percentage of obesity among women and increase their levels of physical activity.

Keywords:

Obesity, Adolescents, Physical Activity, BMI, Weight-Management Program, Sedentary Behaviors

1. Introduction

Obesity in adolescents and children has risen to significant levels globally with serious public health consequences [1] . Adolescence is a critical period in human life because it is marked by decrease in physical activity levels and accumulation of fat cells especially in girls [2] . In a recent study, estimates of overweight and obesity prevalence among Saudi adolescents aged 13 - 18 years were 36.6% for males and 38.4% for females [3] . Also, the high prevalence of physical inactivity, sedentary behaviors and unhealthy diet among Saudi adolescents is a major health problem [4] . Physical inactivity and obesity are risk factors for many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and depression [5] . Participation in PA is a main component of energy expenditure in adolescents and leads to many health benefits such as improved cardiovascular and metabolic fitness as well as bone health [6] . Recent guidelines on recommended levels of PA for children and adolescents (5 - 18 years) indicate that they should engage in moderate to vigorous-intensity PA for at least one hour/daily and they should minimize the amount of time being sedentary [7] . Sedentary behavior where sitting or lying is the dominant mode of individual leads to lower energy expenditure [8] . In addition, recent research findings have shown that no relation between TV viewing hours and PA participation is independently associated with metabolic risk [9] . Weight management program based on behavioral modification that includes 3 primary components: diet, exercise, and behavior therapy has positive clinical outcomes in adults [10] , but in adolescents only few studies have reported successful weight management intervention [11] . Recent Cochrane review conducted by Luttikhuiss and colleagues (2009) found limited numbers of adolescent obesity treatment studies, none of which were from the Arab world. However, studies evaluating the effect of adolescent weigh management program on their PA are limited in both quantity and quality [12] . Measuring PA following obesity program is important for understanding how intervention affects behavior that influences energy expenditure in obese adolescents. Furthermore, studies about PA levels among Saudis remain inadequate. To our knowledge, there are no studies measuring PA levels among obese adolescents after an intervention. The major aims of this study were: 1) to measure the effectiveness of the obesity treatment program provided by the obesity clinic based on differences in PA performance and sedentary behaviors between the two groups and measuring the differences in BMI of the weight-managed obese group at their first visit to the clinic and after three months of treatment. 2) Does gender affect adolescents’ responses to an obesity treatment program? This study aims to verify the following hypotheses: The obesity treatment program will positively influence participation in PA and effectively reduce BMI. Also, boys in weight-managed group will participate in PA more than boys in new patients group while girls had similar level of PA in the two groups.

2. Materials and Methods

Data were collected in period from February until the end of May 2014.

2.1. Participants

One hundred obese adolescents were recruited in this study. Fifty weight-managed obese and fifty control obese adolescents from the first visit from the obesity clinic at King Khaled University Hospital at Riyadh (KKUH). A comparative cross-sectional study design was used for this study. For both groups, a convenient coverage sampling has been used. Obesity clinic in KKUH is a multidisciplinary clinic, where the patient can see all the subspecialties in a single visit. The weight-management program includes diet, promotion of PA, reduction in sedentary behavior particularly screen-media use. Program components: at the first visit patients see all specialist and the anthropometric measures taken. Then, the patients enrolled in the weight-management program for three months. Physical therapist explains all aspects of exercise and design a program for each patient after evaluation of their current level of PA. Aerobic exercises included three times a week for a minimum of 20 minutes per session like walking, jogging, cycling, swimming, and dancing. Recommend each patient to accumulate 60 minutes of moderate exercise daily. Behavioral modifications included such as using stairs instead of an elevator, and decrease the sitting time. Also, decrease the time spent in sedentary activities such as television viewing, use of the computer, and video game playing to 2 hours/daily according to American academy of pediatrics [13] . Also, dietitian recommended according to American heart association use of a reduced-energy diet (not less than 1200 kcal [5040 kJ]/day) and focus on fruit and vegetables [14] .

Inclusion criteria:

Age between 12 - 18 years male and female. BMI > 95th. BMI was classified according to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) criteria age and sex-specific BMI cut-offs from international guidelines [15] . Weight- managed obese adolescents enrolled in the weight-management program for three months (weight management group). Obese adolescents on their first visit to the same clinic (new patients group).

Exclusion criteria:

The exclusion criteria include patients who had bariatric surgery, mental retardation, participation in other obesity treatment programs, disorders interfering with growth and development or weight or medical conditions causing inability to participate in PA.

2.2. Instrumentation

2.2.1. Anthropometric Measurement

Body weight and height were obtained for all participants at baseline measurement from the patients’ medical records at the first visit and after a three-month weight-management program for the intervention group. For the new patients group, body weight and height were obtained from medical records for new patients on their first visit to the clinic. Digital weight and mechanical height scale (DetectoProDocSerries physician Digital Scale) was used in anthropometric measurement room by nurses while participants were barefooted and without excess outer clothing. BMI was calculated as weight kg/height m2.

2.2.2. PA Performance Measurement

A self-report questionnaire was used to assess the PA and sedentary activity of the both groups. This research tool was used in the Arab Teens Lifestyle Study (ATLS) [16] and contained 47 items relating to of PA, sedentary behaviors (television viewing time and computer use). The physical activity questionnaire was previously shown to have a high reliability (ICC = 0.85; 95% CL = 0.70 - 0.93) and an acceptable validity (𝑟 = 0. 3 0; p < 0.05) against pedometer on a sample of males 15 - 25 years old [16] . Also, it was found to have a validity coefficient of 0.37 (p < 0.05) in a study involving both males and females aged 14 - 19 years against pedometer [17] . The physical activity questionnaire covers all domains of physical activity including transport, household, fitness, and sports activities. Moderate Physical Activity (MPA) includes activities such as normal walking, brisk walking, recreational swimming, household activities, volleyball and table tennis. Vigorous Physical Activity (VPA) included activities such as stair climbing, jogging, running, cycling, self-defense, weight training, soccer, basketball, handball, and singles tennis. Physical activities were assigned metabolic equivalent (MET) values based on the compendium of physical activity [18] and the compendium of physical activity for youth [19] . Moderate-intensity recreational sports were assigned an average MET value equivalent to 4 METs. Vigorous- intensity sports were assigned an average MET value equivalent to 8 METs. Slow walking, normal pace walking, and brisk walking were assigned MET values of 2.8, 3.5, and 4.5 METs, respectively. The questionnaire allows the calculation of total energy expenditure per week based on MET values of all types of physical activities reported by the participant. To measure the participants’ levels of physical activity, the total METs min per week and the METs min per week spent in vigorous physical activity were used. The classifications for activity levels were based on 2 cut-off points of 30 minutes and 60 minutes per day of moderate level of physical activity. This was then converted into 3 activity categories based on total METs minute per week as follows: active >1680 METs per week (60 minutes × 7 days 4 METs). Minimally active: >840 <1680 METs per week (30 minutes × 7 days× 4 METs). In active: <840 METs min per week [20] .

2.3. Statistical Analysis

Data were presented using mean and Standard Deviation (SD) for continuous data and frequencies, and percentages for categorical data. Continuous variables (such as BMI or MET minutes per week) between groups (new patients and weight-managed patients) were tested using student t-test. Categorical variables (such as gender or watching TV) between groups were tested using chi-square test. The change of BMI between baseline and after treatment was examined using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. All p-values were two-tailed. Alpha level was set at p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. SPSS software (release 22, SPSS Inc., Chicago, U.S.) was used for all statistical analyses.

3. Results

The descriptive characteristics of the main dependent variables of the 100 participants are presented in Table 1.

3.1. Differences in PA Performance between the Two Groups

Total PA were significantly higher among the weight-managed patients compared with new patients (859.9 ± 972.5 METs min versus 507.9 ± 769.8 METs min, p = 0.048). The MET minutes per week of all types of vigorous physical activity was slightly higher among the weight-managed patients compared with new patients, however the difference was not significant (422.0 ± 655.7 versus 372.2 ± 662.2, p = 0.706). The MET minutes per week of all types of moderate physical activity was significantly higher among the weight-managed patients compared with new patients (437.9 ± 689.3 versus 135.7 ± 235.4, p = 0.004). Similar results were shown with walking and moderate-intensity sports (p = 0.001 and 0.026, respectively) as shown in Table 2. Table 3 shows the means (and standard deviations) of the time spent in physical activity (in minutes per week) by the study groups. The time spent in minutes per week on all types of vigorous physical activity was slightly higher among the weight-managed patients compared with new patients, however the difference was not significant (53.2 ± 82.3 versus 46.5 ± 82.8, p = 0.686). The time spent in minutes per week on all types of moderate physical activity was significantly higher among the weight-managed patients compared with new patients (142.0 ± 153.2 versus 81.2 ± 96.2, p = 0.019). The overall time spent in minutes per week on both moderate and vigorous physical activity was significantly higher among the weight-managed patients compared with new patients (195.2 ± 192.8 versus 127.7 ± 130.7, p = 0.043). Figure 1 shows the of physical activity levels based on MET minutes per week by study groups. Weight-managed patients were slightly less inactive than new patients (62.0% versus 80.0%), but the difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.154). Similarly, weight-managed patients were slightly more active than new patients (16.0% versus 10.0%), but the difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.154).

3.2. PA Differences between Groups by Gender

For boys, there were no differences between the two study groups in the MET minutes per week for any VPA, MPA, and total PA using two-sample t-test (p = 0.814, p = 0.192, p = 0.562, respectively). For girls, the MET minutes per week for any MPA and total PA (but not VPA alone) were significantly higher among the weight-managed patients compared with new patients (p = 0.003, p = 0.005, p = 0.136, respectively), as illustrated in Table 4.

Table 1. The descriptive characteristics of the main dependent variables of the participants.

*p-value of t-test ample.

Table 2. Mean and standard deviation of MET minutes per week by the study groups 1.

*p-value of two-sample t-test.

Table 3. Mean (and standard deviation) of time spent in physical activity (in minutes per week) by the study groups. Mean and standard deviation of MET minutes per week by the study groups 1.

*p-value of two-sample t-test.

Figure 1. Physical activity levels based on MET minutes per week by study groups. *p-value of chi-square.

Table 4. Mean (and standard deviation) of MET minutes per week by the study groups and gender.

*p-value of two-sample t-test.

3.3. Differences in Sedentary Behavior―(TV Viewing + Computer Usage)

Approximately 45% of the patients watch TV and/or DVD/Video for two hours or more per day, with no difference between the groups (p = 0.841). Approximately 50% of the patients spend 5 hours of more time on the computer and/or the internet per day, with weight-managed patients spend significantly less time on the computer and/or the internet per day as compared with new patients (p = 0.046) as illustrated in Table 5.

3.4. BMI before and after Treatment

Figure 2 shows the mean BMI before and after treatment among the weight-managed patients (N = 50). After treatment, the mean BMI slightly decreased from (from 38.91 to 38.34). The difference was significant using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test (value −2.196, p = 0.028) but did not reach statistical significance using the paired t-test (value 0.746, p = 0.459).

Figure 2. Physical activity levels based on MET min per week by the study group. *p-value of paired t-test.

Table 5. Time spent in TV and computer of the study groups.

*p-value of chi-square.

4. Discussion

A The purpose of the study was to compare PA performance between obese adolescents visiting the obesity clinic for the first time and weight-managed obese adolescents enrolled in an obesity treatment program for three months. In addition, the study aimed to measure the effectiveness of the obesity treatment program provided by the obesity clinic at KKUH based on differences in PA performance between the two groups and measuring the differences in BMI of the weight-managed obese group at their first visit to the clinic and after three months of treatment.

4.1. PA Performance Differences between Groups

Our study found that PA participation was significantly higher among the weight-managed patients compared with new patients. The foundation of successful weight loss involves caloric deficits, where the metabolic cost of exercise exceeds energy intakes, leading to reductions in body weight [21] . Many studies indicate that evidence-based multidisciplinary treatment that include diet, exercise and behavioral modification can increase daily PA among overweight and obese adolescents [22] - [25] . A review by Seo and Sa [26] looked at indirect comparisons of different weight management interventions (e.g., physical activity alone; diet and behavioral modification; and diet, physical activity, and behavioral modification). Diet, physical activity, and behavioral modification had the greatest mean effect size. In contrast, a review provides evidence that physical activity interventions have had only a small effect (approximately 4 minutes more walking or running per day) on children’s PA level [27] . The differences in physical activity measures between the weight managed group and new patients group were found in the MPA and total PA but not VPA. In terms of VPA, all participants of our study spent significantly less time per week engaged in vigorous activities. That may describe the small change of BMI between the first visit and after 3 months of treatment of weight-managed group. Numerous studies have shown a direct relationship between higher PA levels and lower prevalence rates of obesity-related health risks [5] , [28] . Although, current clinical guidelines specific to weight loss primarily focus on low to moderate intensity PA, however, this may not provide adequate time to allow the body to physiologically maintain for adequate duration to maintain this aerobic process to receive weight loss benefit [29] [30] . Overall, the participants’ PA percentage increased after participating in the program. For the weight-managed group, the inactivity percentage was 62% while 80% of the new patient group were inactive. 22% of weight-managed group are minimally active while only 10.0% of the new patient group are minimally active. 16.0% of weight-managed group are active and only 10% of the new patient group are active. A Quarter third of overall participants are inactive, which is consistent with the results of national study that used objective monitoring of daily PA levels of Saudi adolescents [31] .

4.2. PA Differences between Groups by Gender

The results provide support for all hypotheses except the hypothesis, which stated that boys would participate in PA more than girls after treatment. The current study found higher PA level in girls in weight-managed compared with girls in new patients group while; boys had almost similar level of PA in the two groups. These findings might be a sign that a weight-management program provided by the specialists in the clinic was effective in increasing participation of obese girls in PA; however, it is still too early to draw any firm conclusions of this nature until more results are proved by an objective scale. The literature suggests that the obesity treatment programs must be design with specific gender-based consideration [32] [33] . In a recent study conducted by Al Eisa et al. (2014) [34] found that the mean numbers of steps of Saudi female students increased in three weeks after an intervention based on PA recommendation. Also, a research indicates that female adolescents benefit from consultation with health providers regarding healthy life style to achieve or maintain a healthy body weight [35] . Possible reasons for differences in PA performance between boys and girls could be the self-reporting questionnaire that led to over-reporting of the levels of PA in order to meet the social expectations of movement. Furthermore, a person’s perception of the amount of effort required to perform an activity is also involved in their assessment of whether an activity should be characterized as being at a low, moderate or high level [36] . This means that weight management program programs should be customized to each individual, with gender as a primary consideration [37] . Hence, further studies are needed to understand the barriers preventing obese boys from engaging in more activities after a weight-management program.

4.3. Time Spent in TV and Computer of the Study Groups

The relationship between PA and sedentary behaviors plays a fundamental role in energy expenditure [38] . Approximately 45% of the patients in our study watch TV and/or DVDs/Videos for two hours or more per day, with no difference between the groups, while 50% of the patients spend five or more hours on the computer and/or the internet per day, with weight-managed patients spending significantly less time on the computer and/or the internet per day compared with new patients. A very high percentage (84% for males and 91.2% for females) of Saudi adolescents spent more than 2 hours on TV viewing and computer use [4] . There were significant associations between BMI, PA and sedentary behaviors; the youth with higher BMI reported lower levels of PA and higher amounts of sedentary time [39] . According to a study on adolescents there is a strong positive relationship between TV viewing hours and BMI [40] . Also, playing electronic games for more than one hour per day was significantly related to obesity in adolescents [41] . Consequently, increasing screen time will decrease the time of activity and increase unhealthy eating which lead to obesity among adolescents [42] .

4.4. BMI before and after Treatment

In this study, the mean BMI slightly decreased from 38.91 to 38.34 after treatment. The change in body weight status that might be desirable in an adolescent obesity treatment intervention is uncertain [43] . Some previous studies found a significant effect of 6 months of weight-management programs on lowering BMI [44] . Also, interventions of 10 to 12 weeks of weight-management program have significant reduction of BMI of obese adolescents [45] . In contrast, after 12 months of standard obesity rehabilitation plus planned individual PA, an improvement was observed in the PA of obese patients but no reduction of body weight compared with standard care [46] . In a Malaysian study there was no BMI reduction but no weight gain after obesity treatment program [47] .

5. Strength and Limitation of the Study

The KSA has witnessed significant lifestyle changes during the last three decades. Subsequently, physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle and an ever-increasing rate of obesity have become prevalent in Saudi society (Al Hazzaa, 2007). This study has a number of strengths including the use of appropriate tools for data collection; the PA questionnaire was validated on Saudi youths. Furthermore, there were no differences in the baseline characteristics between the participants in the intervention group and the control group. Also, the present study is the first of its kind to be conducted that provides comparative data on the PA performance of adolescents enrolled in a weight-management program with their peers who do not receive any intervention. However, our study has some limitations. For example, comparison between two different groups and short period of the intervention Longitudinal studies are needed to determine the effect of weight management program on BMI and PA.

6. Conclusion

The findings will help to give evidence-based information for health care providers regarding to obesity management and prevention in adolescents. This study found that obese adolescents reported significantly more minutes of physical activity per week when they enrolled in weight management program that includes diet, PA, and behavioral modification. The findings also suggest that the weight-management program may reduce the time of sedentary behaviors of obese Saudi adolescents. Our study demonstrated that weight management program was feasible for obese adolescents. Furthermore, the difference in BMI-SDS reduction between the new patients and weight managed patients is considered significant. Studies are needed to assess long-term weight loss efficacy and clinical significance.

Acknowledgements

The study was conducted in cooperation with the obesity clinic team in King Khaled University hospital and was funded by King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology.

Cite this paper

Malak Al Qahtani,Einas Al Eisa, (2016) Physical Activity Performance among Obese Adolescents Who Are Enrolled in the Obesity Treatment Program: A Comparative Study. Open Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation,04,163-173. doi: 10.4236/ojtr.2016.43015

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