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How to cite this paper: Ramis, E.Z. (2014) Semi-Auto-Open Portable Electric Vulcanizer (SAO-PEV): An Innovation. Open
Access Library Journal, 1: e956. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1100956
Semi-Auto-Open Portable Electric
Vulcanizer (SAO-PEV): An Innovation
E. Z. Ramis
University of Eastern Philippines, Catarman, Philippines
Received 26 July 2014; revised 16 September 2014; accepted 22 October 2014
Copyright © 2014 by author and OALib.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).
http://creativecommo ns.org/licenses/ by/4.0/
Abstract
In this 3rd study—Semi-Auto-Ope n Portable Electric Vulcanizer (SAO-PEV) is to minimize the de-
layed opening of the vulcanizing head for releasing and removing the vulcanized rubber tire and
to eradicate the haphazard operation after the post vulcanization process. This machine is made
of steel materials with GI pipes gauge 20 with a configuration of an elongated letter “C” with a mica
heating element that were attached to the vulcanizer head and the Electronic Control Unit (ECU);
thus, this machine weighted 9.25 kg. For post vulcanization process, the vulcanizer head was re-
leased by turning the lock latch in 1 to 2 minutes while in the 2nd study of Portable Electronic Vul-
canizer, it took 5 to 8 minutes to unscrew the lag bolt to remove the finished vulcanized rubber
tire. In constructing the product, special gadgets were installed and added with a safety fuse. The
level of effectiveness was based on the first study to avoid incons istencies of data. For Class A gum,
the best temperature which bonded exactly to the rubber tire was 60˚C in 1 minute while for Class
B gum it bonded at 60˚C in 2 minutes respectively. The rate of energy consumed by the electronic
vulcanizer, for Class A gum is Php 0.0757 and for Class B gum is Php 0.15 respectively with an
efficiency of 85.22% and for conventional vulcanizer for Class A gum is Php 1.08 with an efficiency
of 43.38% and for Class B gum is Php 1.52 respectively with an efficiency of 78.08%. The study re-
vealed that more tires can be vulcanized in a short period of time, therefore greater income over
time.
Keywords
Semi-Automatic Portable Electric Vulcanizer, Electronic Vulcanizer, Portable Vulcanizer
Subject Areas: Agricultural Engineering, Industrial Engineering
1. Introduction
This study is all about the modernization of the vulcanization process for automotive, motorcycle, bicycle and

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any inflatable tire tubes. Electronic operated vulcanizer is environmentally-friendly equipment. Modernization
of gadgets occurs for the benefit of human beings. Old things turn into new ones that are more accurate, easier to
operate, more comfortable and capable of doing their purposes; such that the fan turns into an air-conditioner,
abacus into a computer, and so many things have been improved with the advancement of technology. In the
industry and economy, worn-out tires are recycled instead of being disposed to the surroundings and the envi-
ronment. The production of rubber, specifically in tire making, may be lowered; manpower will increase and the
industry will gain more income.
The Portable Electronic Vulcanizer (PEV) uses heat energy to vulcanize the rubber but it does not exude any
harmful substances that may affect the environment in the vulcanization process. Therefore, it is an environ-
ment-friendly pro duc t.
In study 1—Design and Fabrication of Portable Electric Vulcanizer & study 2—Efficiency of Portable Elec-
tronic Vulcanizer (PEV), these machines had a letter G body configuratio n. An Electric Control Unit (ECU) was
added to have an easy operation and to get the exact bonding time to the inner tube rubber tires. The parts of
Portable Electric Vu lcan izer (PEV) machine that hold the heating element to th e rubber tire are the lag bolt tha t
tightens and loosens the vulcanizing gum to the rubber during the vulcaniza tion process.
The proper operation in tire vulcanization involved in pressing the inner tube rubber tire with the heating ele-
ment by means of a lag bolt through a circular handle. In tightening and loosening this lag bolt causes the de-
layed operation in the post vulcanization operation and sometimes is hazardous to the operator if he forgets to
wear the proper working gloves. In this process, it takes 5 to 8 minutes to un screw the lag bolt to remove the fi-
nished vulcanize d r u bber tire.
In this 3rd study—Semi-Auto-Open Portable Electric Vulcanizer (SAO-PEV) is the best solution for th ese de-
layed operations in releasing the vulcanizing head to remove the vulcanized rubber tire and to eradicate the ha-
phazard operati on a fter the post vulcani z a tion proce s s.
The living condition in the vulcanizing shop can be upgraded by modernizing the vulcanizing equipment.
Adding features such as buzzer, timer and temperature gauge may greatly increase the efficiency and accuracy
of the vulcanizing equipment. This study determined the accurate temperature and duration of the vulcanizing
process using the electric vulcanizer which eliminates the problem of gas emission (carbon dioxide) produced by
the conventional (gas fired) vulcanizer of about 2.772 kg of carbon dioxide for 1 litre of d iesel fuel and/or 2.331
kg of carbon dioxide for litre of petrol into the atmosphere [1].
Global warming is the current rise in the average temperature of earth’s oceans and atmosphere, and it is pro-
jected to be continually rising. The scientific consensus is that global warming is occurring and was initiated by
human activities, especially by those that increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such
as: 1) carbon dioxide (CO2), from deforestation and burning of fossil fuels; 2) methane (CH4), emissions from
livestock and other agricultural pr actices and by the decay of organic waste in municip al solid waste landfills; 3)
nitrous oxide (N2O), emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of fossil
fuels and solid waste; 4) fluorinated gases, such as hydro-fluorocarbons, per-fluorocarbons, and sulphur hexaf-
luoride which are synthetic, powerful greenhouse gases that are emitted from a variety of industrial processes
[1].
This experimental research was conceived to generally contribute to the mitigation of global warming, and
specifically, to provide empirical evidence and knowledge so that investor s in this small-scale busines s industry
can outri g ht start the business .
2. Technical Description
2.1. Rationale
The underlying principle of this study is to determine the ease of the operation of the SAO-PEV in order to up-
grade the living condition of the stakeholders of vulcanizing shops in Northern Samar in particular and Region
VIII and the country in general through a new design of the vulcanizing equipment called as the Semi-Auto-
Open Portable Electric Vulcanizer (SAO-PEV) of the post operation of the vulcanization process.
2.2. Objectives
The efficiency o f the Se mi-Auto-Open Por table E lec tri c Vu lcanizer will eventually help improve in the post vulca-

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nizing operation, which is beneficial to the community, the environment and industry. The product may help
the operation of businesses in the community, ease the labor and production cost.
Specifically, this study is conducted to:
1) Identify the design of a Semi-Auto-Open Portable Electric Vulcanizer (SAO-PEV);
2) Determine the material component for the innovation of the portable electric vulcanizer (SAO-PEV); and
3) Find out the efficiency between the existing vulcanizer to the new innovated Semi-Auto-Open Portable
Electric Vulcanizer (SAO-PEV) in terms of post vulcaniz a tion opera tion.
This SAO-PEV and the conventional vulcanizer (carbon dioxide emitting apparatus) has a common problem.
In removing the vulcanized product, its needs to loosen the lag bolt thorough its circular handle that sometimes
lock-up due to change in metal temperature that sligh tly expand during the heating process. Sometimes the mica
heating element portion is twisted causing the electrical wiring to be detached or cut-off. Likewise, the electric
vulcanizer if not watched properly during the vulcanization process, it can damage the rubber tire. Likewise, the
conventional vulcanizer, if the gas is not properly measured or controlled, burning of the rubber tire will occur.
To solve the aforementioned problems and the environmental concern, (gas emission), this innovative technol-
ogy (electric operated vulcanizer) is studied which is expected to be applied over time as technology changes.
2.3. Flow Chart of the Study
Figure 1, the flow c hart of the study, shows cons tru ction s teps of this inno vated machine in three steps. The first
steps is the input includes the raw materials in making the product; the second process includes the steps in
making the product and data gathering and the last steps output product Semi-Auto-Open Portable Electric Vul-
canizer (SAO-PEV).
2.4. Specific Basis/Theoretical Framework
McClelland classifies people in relation to their dominant need for achievement, power of affiliation, as viewed
by successful entrepreneurs.
McClelland explains that “people who are high in need achievement are highly motivated to strive for the sa-
tisfaction that is derived from accomplishing a trade or occupation which are most the times challenging task,
like in the design and fabrication of electric vulcanizer, were patience, endurance and dexterity must be present
on the individual” thus people are the graduates of technical education [2].
Former President Fidel V. Ramo s [3], he stressed that the living condition of the people in every sector of so-
ciety can be improved by initiating family investment or group. He wanted the Philippines to be a New Indu-
strialized Country (NIC) in Asia and the Pacific by 2000 and beyond. Thus, Executive Order No. 318, s. 1991,
was passed to reinforce functional program in the implementation toward industrial reform and development.
With this plans and standards, a national employment plan as basis for technical education and skills devel-
opment plan was recommended and provided for improvement, for the following problem, namely: enrollments,
workload distribution, poor quality of teaching skills of teachers, lack of fitness between programs and graduates,
limited time for the on-the-job training.
Our country today must recognize the present educational technologies status that these may be used when-
ever possible to enhance and equalize the opportunities in this field of technical education, lik e in the engineer-
Figure 1. Flow chart of the study.

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ing field, considering that license professional engineers, undermine the people who graduated technical educa-
tion only, even though that these people are sometime more skillful than them. The problem of mismatch does
not only embrace from technology graduates but they are included for some do not carry practical skills.
3. Review of Related Literature
The work environment refers to the aggregate of surrounding things and conditions that affect the quality of
work life and the individual itself being an employee or an entrepreneur.
Strengthening the so called technical and technician training and vocational training efficiency becomes and
essential to the Filipinos lives as nation, providing job opportunities among those who could not afford to pursue
higher education.
3.1. Implications for Engineering and Technology Education
Engineering and technology education is the advancement of technological capabilities and to nurture and pro-
motes the professionalism of those engaged in this field of education. This field of education opens the door to
discovery and offers a tremendous variety of careers options. This tends to search the best and less expensive
ways to utilized nature forces/energy to meet the today’s challenging world. Like for instance, about technology
changes, i.e. firewood to cooking gas; manual electrical operated machines to today’s fully automated pro-
grammable operations.
Engineering education is the activity of teaching knowledge and principles related to the professional practice
in engineering. It includes the initial education for becoming an engineer and any advanced education and spe-
cialization that follow [4].
In engineering and technology education goes hand in hands to the rapid pace of globalization pressures na-
tions to be competitive in order to survive. In this field of education its ushers the freer permeability of human
resources among countries. While it poses as a huge challenge to the survival of Filipino workforce in the global
market, it yields various opportunities. This challenge pushes for the continuing development and replenishment
of manpower through this field of education in order to ensure that there are workers of the right quality and
right quantity for jobs that are made available at any given instance. Further, it urges fo r a stronger l abor market
intelligence and technology development. Lastly, it encourages transformation of the Filipino workforce to be
knowledge-based and adaptable to shifting skills or even occupations [5].
Vulcanization is the chemical process by which the physical properties of natural or synthetic rubber are im-
proved; finished rubber has higher strength and resistance to swelling and abrasion, and elastic over a greater
range of temperature. In its simplest form, heating rubber with sulfur brings about vulcanization.
3.2. Vulcanization Meth ods [6]
A variety of methods exist for vulcanization. The economically most important method (vulcanization of tires)
uses high pressure and temperature. A typical vulcanization temperature for a passenger tire is 10 minutes at
170˚C. This type of vulcanization is called compression molding. The rubber article is intended to adopt the
shape of the mold. Other methods, for instance to make door profiles for cars, use hot air vulcanization or mi-
crowave heated vulcanization (both continuous processes). Six types of curing systems are in common use. They
are: 1) sulfur syste ms; 2) peroxides; 3) urethane crosslinkers; 4) metallic oxides; 5) deuce; 6) acetoxysilane.
3.3. The Discovery of Vulcani zat ion
Vulcanizing gum is a ready-made natural rubber that is vulcanized to bond the rubber tire. Vulcanization of
rubber is a chemical process of treating rubber or related polymers by adding sulfur or similar “curatives” at
great heat to improve elasticity and strength of rubber or to harden them. Therefore, vulcanization of rubber is a
curing process of rubber that involves high heat and the addition of sulfur or other equivalent curatives [7].
3.4. Rubber
Newly discovered rubber class such as vulcanizing gum is now utilized on repairing worn-out rubbers such as an
automobile tire. Vulcanizing gum is classified according to its texture, bonding temperature and the content of

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accelerators. The three classes of the gum were as follows [7]:
• Class A—usually bonds on the rubber 30˚C - 70˚C and is smooth; used small punctured and cracks in the
inner tube rubber tire.
• Class B—usually bonds on the rubber 35˚C - 80˚C and is moderately rough; used medium or punctured
holes and cracks/scars in the inner tube rubber tire.
• Clas s C—usually bonds on the rubber 45˚C - 90˚C and is very rough; seldom available in the market and is-
sued in tire repairing big punctured and cracks/scars in the inner tube rubber tire and mostly usually used for
tire recapping.
4. Related Studies
Research on the chemistry of natural rubber led in the 19th century to the isolation of isoprene, which could be
reconverted into a rubber-like substance by polymerization. This process by which long chainlike molecules
were created attracted continued research in early 20th century; in World War I, German scientists produced
some 2500 tons of useful synthetic rubber. In the 1930’s and in World War II, several polymerizing processes
were developed in Germany, the Soviet Union, Britain, and the United States [7].
The technological development begins with basic research, when a scientist discovers some new phenomenon
or advances new theory. Other reaches the examine the breakthrough for its potential utility. If further develop-
ment leads to a prototype and engineering refinement make commercial exploitation practical. Then, the tech-
nology is finally put to, use may be widely adopted [8].
Actually, there are vulcanizing equipments that are electric operated but don’t have any electric control gad-
gets. If not properly used, the vulcanizing gum may be burnt as for the tire; same as with the manually operated
vulcanizing equipment, and it also wastes more time, labor, money and manpower in the vulcanizing shop oper-
ation.
5. Methodology
This chapter discusses the processes that were done during the experiment and the tools that were used during
the experiment.
5.1. Research Design
The study utilized experimental research method which included the new design, selection and identification of
materials, assembly or fabr ication, and testing process:
1) New desig n. The new design of the SAO-PEV vulcanizing equipment was based on its portability and light
weight, and its post vulcan ization operation. The following nomenclature of this SAO-PEV machine are as fol-
lows:
a) The machine weights 9.25 kilograms; total length of 49 cm, height of 33.5 cm, back width (panel board) of
22 cm with front width (front base) of 14 cm and environment-friendly machine.
b) Its body configuration is an elongated letter C appearance. A movable arm is bolted at the top of the base,
that is made of GI pipe schedule 40 × 49 cm in length × 6.3 cm in diameter, and attached to it is a detachable
vulcaniz e r he ad of 15.5 cm in length × 6.5 cm in width × 1.5 cm in thickness.
c) The base was made of channel bar with dimension of 47 cm in length × 9 cm in w idth × 6.5 cm in height
and thickness of 0.30 cm that served as foundation of the equipment; an extension flat bar 6 cm b y 2 cm with a
center hole of 0.05 cm in diameter is welded at both sides end of the vulcanizer and intended for stationary posi-
tion of the machine.
d) A flat type 300 watts mica heating element is attached to the vulcanizer head and a box type panel board of
22 cm in length × 27 cm in width × 8 cm in thic kness.
e) This newly innovated vulcanizer called as Semi -Auto-Open Portab le Electric Vulcanizer (SAO-PEV) take
only 1 minute to 2 minutes to open the vulcanizer head by turning down the latch handle after the vulcanization
process is completed.
2. Selection and identification of materials. Selection and identification of materials were seriously consi-
dered for this study. The timer that controls the duration of the vulcanizing process; temperature gauge that con-
trols the temperature in the process; power switch that is used for cutting the power supply to the machine; fuse

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that di sconnec ts whe n cu rrent above thre shol d and protect the c ircuit from high c urrents, LED as light monitoring
device and the buzzer that sounds when the vulcanizing process is completed; a circular GI pipe is used as arm
and for pressing the heating element and the rubber tire and a flat type 300 watts mica heating element was con-
nected to the circuit which is enclosed by a panel board made of galvalum sheet to complete the portable elec-
tronic vulcanizer.
3. Fabrication. Based on the plans and design, the movable GI pipe arm was moulded in a pipe bender to
form a letter J configuration; the channel bar, angle bar and flat bar was cut to its desired length then welded to
form the base; the semi auto open mechanism is housed and bolted inside the safety lock hous ing located at the
front of the machine. Fabrication of the panel board was undertaken to house the circuit board of this ma-
chine.
4. Testing process. Testing of the machine was undertaken to determine the workability of the machine.
Figure 2 sh ows the sch ematic diagram of the electric vulcanizin g equipment that works simultaneously from
the power input to the electronic p arts that function accordingly until the vulc anization process is completed.
5.2. Materials
The materials used in the assembly in constructing the SAO-PEV were the following:
A. Materials:
• 1 pc—GI pipe—gauge 20 × 2.5” diameter × 17 inch long
• 1 pc—GI pipe—gauge 20 × 3/4” diameter × 2 inch long
• 1 pc—GI pipe—gauge 20 × 1/2” diameter 2 inch long
• 2 pcs—Flat bar—1/4 “× 2” × 17.5 inch
• 2 pcs—Flat bar—1/4 “× 4” × 6”
• 4 pcs—Ass ort ed bolts and nuts
• 1 set—Motorcycle seat lock switch
Figure 2. Schematic dia gram of electric vulcanizer.

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• 1 set—Mica heating element
• Tension spring
• LED
• 1 unit—Electric Control Unit (ECU)
 Digital time r
 Relay
 Buzzer
 Analog t e mperatur e gauge
 Safety fuse
B. Tools
• 1 set—Portable electric drill
• 1 set—welding machine
• 1 set—Stationary electric drill
• 1 set—Hacksaw
• 1 set—Electric Cutter
• 1 set—Electric Grinder
These are the materials were needed in shaping the innovated SAO-PEV. The parts were measured and
welded, boring of holes for bolts, tension spring and assembled as the new Semi -Auto-Open Portable Electric
Vulcanizer.
6. Timetable of Research
This study was conducted in school year 2007-2008 in the Bachelor of Technology Department, College of En-
gineering, Univers ity of E aster n Philippines, University Town, Northern Samar.
7. Expected Output
The design of this Semi-Auto-Open Portable Electric Vulcanizer crop-up after the utilization and actu al applica-
tion and operation of the 1st design. The res earcher found o ut technical d ifficulties in loosening th e vulcaniz-
ing head thru the lag bolt via circular handle to release the vulcanized inner tube rubber tire that takes 5 to 8
minutes operation. With this minor difficulties and sometimes half-hazard to the operator this design was de-
veloped.
The design of this Semi-Auto-Open Portable Electric Vulcanizer machine is made of steel materials with GI
pipes gauge 20 with a configuration of an elongated letter “C” with a mica heating element is attached to the
vulcanizer head and the ECU to control the vulcanization process that release the vulcanizer head in 1 minute to
2 minutes that weight 9.25 kg.
The function of the component parts of the SAO-PEV machine that comprises of 8 parts, namely:
1) Head—supports the mica heating element and the vulcanizer compressor lock;
2) Compressor Lock—controls the gum and the inner tire tu be patching;
3) Mica Heating Element—produces radiant heat for vulcanization process;
4) Bottom Plate—the bottom part of the vulcanizer processing unit where the material to be vulcanized is se-
cured for the best results in the vulcan iz ing operation;
5) Electric Control Unit—houses all the electric parts used for the efficient operation of the SAO-PEV;
6) Base—hold and supports all parts of t he SAO-portable electric vulcanizer;
7) Body—the main parts of the SAO-PEV that configure like a letter J that moves up and down and houses
the vulcanizer head;
8) Safety Latch—a semi automatic lock for easy and secured locking of the mica heating element and bottom
plate for best vulcanizing result.
The efficiency of the product in vulcanization operation, the existing PEV takes 5 to 8 minutes to open the
vulcanizer head by means of unscrewing or loosening the lag bolt to release the vulcanized tire. While the newly
innovated vulcanizer called as Semi-Auto-Open Portable Electr ic Vulcanizer (SAO-PEV) take only 1 minute to
2 minute s to open the vul c a nizer head by turnin g do wn the safety lock switch.
The efficiency of tir e vulcanization for Class A vulcanizing gum is bas e d on its original results of the 1st study
Design and Fabrication of Portable Electric Vulcanizer to get the best result and to avoid inconsistencies of da-

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ta’s result. This study have utilized and used the two classes o f vulcanizing gum, that is the Class A, and Class
B.
Table 1 shows the efficiency and rate of energy consumed by the electronic vulcanizer was compared with
the manual gas vulcanizer.
Data on Table 1 shows that the electronic vulcanizer had the best temperature in which the gum was bonded
exactly to the rubber tire. It was 60˚C in 1 minute for Class A gum with a power consumption of 0.005 kw-hr
valued at Php 0.0757 and an efficiency of 85.22%, while the Class B gum bonded at 2 minutes at 60˚C, with
power consumption of 0.10 kw-hr valued at Php 0.15 and an efficiency of 85.22%.
For the conventional vulcanizer, the best temperature in which the gum was bonded exactly to the rubber tire
was 60˚C in 5 minutes for Class A gum, with fuel con sumption of 20 ml valued at Php 1.08 and an efficiency of
43.38%, while the Class B gum bonded at 10 minutes at 60˚C, fuel consumption of 30 ml valued at Php 1.52 and
with an efficiency of 78.08%.
Figure 3 and Figure 4 compares the result of the vulcanizing process using the electronic and the conven-
tional vulcanizer at 60˚C temperature.
Figure 3, shows that the portable electronic vulcanizer is five (5) times efficient compared to the conventional
vulcaniz e r f or both Class A and B vulcanizing gum.
Likewise Figure 4, indicated that the conventional vulcanizer, its rate of energy consumes much higher than
the electric vulcanizer.
This study determined the accurate temperature and duration of the vulcanizing process using the electric
vulcanizer which eliminates the problem of gas emission (carbon dioxide) produced by the conventional (gas
fired) vulcanizer of about 2.772 kg of carbon dioxide for 1 liter of diesel fu el and/or 2.331 kg of carbon diox ide
Table 1. Efficiency & rate of energy consumed of electronic/conventional vulcanizing using Class A & Class B vulcanizing
gum.
Type of
Vulcanizer
Time in
Minutes Temperature in ˚C Power/Fuel Consumed Cost in kw-hr/gas-ml Rate of Energy Consumption Results Efficiency (%)
Class Class Class Class Class Class Class
A B A B A B A B A B A B A B
Electric 1 2 60 0.005 kw-hr 0.10 kw-hr Php 15.1441 Php 0.0757 Php 0.15 Good
Bonding
85.22%
Conventional 5 10 20 ml 30 ml Php 0.054 Php 1.08 Php 1.52 43.38% 78.08%
Figure 3. Electric vulcanizer.
Figure 4. Coventional vulcanizer.
0
20
40
60
80
100
Time in Min.
Temp*C
Power
Consumed
Cost(kw-hr)
Rate of enrgy
Efficie n c y
Class A
Class B
Electronic
Vulcanize r
0
20
40
60
80
Time in
Minute s
Temp.* C
Fuel
Consumed
Cost in ml
Rate of
Energy
consumed
Efficiency
Class A
Class B
Conventional
Vulcanizer

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for 1 liter of petrol into the atmosphere.
8. Summary
The experimental method of research was used. The researcher was responsible for the purchase of the materials
needed for t he s t udy.
This study revealed that the portable electric vulcanizer was effective in vulcanizing interior tires of the au-
tomobile, motorcycle and bicycles. In the post vulcanization operation in releasing the vulcanized rubber tire
that takes 1 to 2 minutes to open the vulcanizer head by turning down latch handle or the Semi-Auto-Open Me-
chanism.
The rate of energy consumed for the portable electronic vulcanizer was Php 0.0757 for Class A gu m and Php
0.15 for Class B gum with an efficiency of 85.22%, while the conventional vulcanizer for Class A gum con-
sumed a fuel equivalent to Php 1.08 with an efficiency of 43.38% while the Class B gum fuel co nsumption was
equivalent to Php 1.52 with an efficiency of 78.08%.
9. Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were derived:
1) The new design of the SAO-PEV vulcanizing equipment was based on its portability and light weight, and
its post vul c a nizati on operatio n. The following nomenclature of this SAO-PEV machine are as follows:
a) The machine weights 9.25 kilograms; total length of 49 cm, height of 33.5 cm, back width (panel board) of
22 cm with front width (front base) of 14 cm and environment-friendly machine.
b) Its body configuration is like a letter L in appearance. A movable arm is bolted at the top of the base, that is
made of GI pipe s chedule 40 × 49 cm in length × 6.3 cm in diameter, and attached to it is a detachable vulcaniz-
er head of 15.5 cm in length × 6.5 cm in width × 1.5 cm in thickness.
c) The base was made of channel bar with dimension of 47 cm in length × 9 cm in w idth × 6.5 cm in height
and thickness of 0.30 cm that served as foundation of the equipment; an extension flat bar 6 cm b y 2 c m with a
center hole of 0.05 cm in diameter is welded at both sides end of the vulcanizer and intended for stationary posi-
tion of the machine.
d) A flat type 300 watts mica heating element is attached to the vulcanizer head and a box type panel board of
22 cm in length × 27 cm in width × 8 cm in thi c kness.
2) Selection and identification of materials were seriously considered for this study. The timer that controls
the duration of the vulcanizing process; temperature gauge that controls the temperature in the process; power
switch that is used for cutting the power supply to the machine; fuse that disconnects when current above thre-
shold an d prot e ct the c irc uit from high c ur ren ts , LED as light monitoring device and the buzzer that sounds when
the vulcanizing process is completed; a circular GI pipe is used as arm and for pressing the heating element and
the rubber tire and a flat type 300 watts mica heating element was connected to the circuit which is enclosed by
a panel board made of galvalum sheet to complete the portable electronic vulcanizer.
3) This newly innovated vulcanizer called as S emi -Auto-Open Portable Electronic Vulcanizer (SAO-PEV)
take only 1 minute to 2 minutes to open the vulcanizer head by turning down the latch handle after the vulcani-
zation process is completed.
The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of the vulcanizing shop with capitalizatio n of Php 185100 .00 including this
new electronic vulcanizer is only 3 .3356 years ope r a t i on.
This study determined the accurate temperature and duration of the vulcanizing process using the electronic
vulcanizer which eliminates the problem of gas emission (carbon dioxide) produced by the conventional (gas
fired) vulcanizer of about 2.772 kg of carbon dioxide for 1 liter of diesel fu el and/or 2.331 kg of carbon diox ide
for 1 liter of petrol into the atmosphere.
10. Implication
The findings of this study have an important implication for future enhancement and improvement of the study.
More tires can be vulcanized in a short period of time; therefore greater income over time. It is environment-
friendly since it does not emit gas as compared to the conventional vulcanizing; and much more is lesser health
hazard to the operator.

E. Z. Ramis
OALibJ |
DOI:10.4236/oalib.1100956 10 October 2014 | Volume 1 |
e956
11. Recommendations
• It is recommended that this portable electric vulcanizer shall be used in every welding, automotive and ma-
chine shop to save time and investment in their ope rations;
• Small time businesses like vulcanizing shops in the Philippines are encouraged to provide this portable elec-
tric vulcanizing machine so that they can save money and labor in their operation;
• It is also recommended that this study can be innovated thru additional features like automatic shutting down
of power supply or may be a remote controlled operation on the power switch.
References
[1] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).
[2] Zulueta, F.M. (1999) Management Theories and Practices. Academic Publishing House Corporation.
[3] Ramos, F.V. (1991) Executive Order 318, s. 1991. Making Philippines Industrializing Country (NIC-Hood Philip-
pines).
[4] http://www.en.wikipedia.com
[5] Ramis, E.Z. (2012) Efficiency of Portable Electronic Vulcanizer. 3rd WIETE Annual Conference on Engineering and
Technology Education, Pattaya, 6-10 February 2012.
[6] http://www.answer.com/topic/vulcanization#ixzz1SL6NkxBq
[7] http://www.plasticrubbermachines.com/
[8] Ramis, E.Z. (2002) Determinants of Professionalism of Graduate School Students, Faculty and Administrator in State
Universities and Colleges in Region VIII. Technological University of the Philippines, Manila.